ex officio

An ''ex officio'' member is a member of a body (notably a board, committee, or council) who is part of it by virtue of holding another office. The term '' ex officio'' is Latin, meaning literally 'from the office', and the sense intended is 'by right of office'; its use dates back to the Roman Republic.

According to '' Robert's Rules of Order'', the term denotes only how one becomes a member of a body. Accordingly, the rights of an ''ex officio'' member are exactly the same as other members unless otherwise stated in regulations or bylaws. It relates to the notion that the position refers to the position the ex officio holds, rather than the individual that holds the position. In some groups, ''ex officio'' members may frequently abstain from voting.

Opposite notions are dual mandate, when the same person happens to hold two offices or more, although these offices are not in themselves associated; and personal union, when two states share the same monarch.

For profit and nonprofit use

Any ''ex officio'' membership (for example, of committees, or of the board) is as defined by the nonprofit association's bylaws or other documents of authority. For example, the bylaws quite often provide that the organization's president will be ''ex officio'' a member of all committees, except the nominating committee.

Governmental examples

Andorra

The President of the French Republic and the Catholic Bishop of Urgell are by virtue of office (''ex officio'') appointed Co-Princes of Andorra.

Australia

Within the Australian political system, the Liberal–National Coalition is an alliance of centre-right political parties that forms one of the two major groupings in Australian federal politics. The two major partners in the Coalition are the Liberal Party of Australia and the National Party of Australia with each partner being a stand-alone organisation that elects its own leadership. The leader of the Liberals generally serves as the ''ex officio'' Leader of the Coalition whereas the leader of the Nationals serves as the ''ex officio'' Deputy Leader of the Coalition.

In the above arrangement, when a Coalition is elected to government in Australia or the countries States or territories, convention is that the larger partner, usually the Liberals, hold the office of Prime Minister, Premier or Chief Minister whereas the smaller partner, usually the Nationals, hold office as the Deputy Prime Minister or Deputy Premier. The respective offices are determined based on the size of the respective alliance partner and their independently of one another chosen leader.

The Coalition generally results in the Prime Minister or Premier from the respective jurisdiction being from a metropolitan area (the Liberals) and guarantees a rural or regional Deputy Prime Minister or Premier (from the Nationals). The Leader of the Nationals is usually given the right to choose his or her ministry within government by virtue of being the second-most senior position within the Coalition partnership.

Botswana

In Botswana's unicameral National Assembly, the President of Botswana and the Speaker of the National Assembly serve as the chamber's two ''ex-officio'' members.

Brazil

In the Empire of Brazil, some princes became members by right of the Imperial Senate once they turned 25. In the current Constitution of Brazil, the President of the Federal Senate is an ''ex officio'' President of the National Congress, even though this office doesn't exist officially.

Canada

Judges of the Federal Court are ''ex officio'' members of the Federal Court of Appeal, and vice versa.

China

According to the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party, the General Secretary of the Central Committee must be a member of Politburo Standing Committee.

Hong Kong

, the Executive Council of Hong Kong is still composed of ''ex officio'' members (official members since 1997) and unofficial members (non-official members since 1997). By practice the ''ex officio'' members include the secretaries of departments, i.e. the Chief Secretary, the Financial Secretary and the Secretary for Justice. Since 2002 all secretaries of bureaux are also appointed by the Chief Executive to be official members of the Executive Council. But since 2005 the secretaries of bureaux attend only when items on the agenda concern their portfolios.

India

The Vice-President of India is ''ex officio'' Chairman of Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Indian Parliament.

The Prime Minister of India is ''ex officio'' Chairman of NITI Aayog. Other ''ex officio'' members of NITI Aayog are the Minister of Home Affairs, the Minister of Finance, the Minister of Railways, and the Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare.

Italy

Former Presidents are ''ex officio'' members for life of the Senate.

Philippines

In Congress, the presiding officers and their deputies, and the majority and minority leaders, are ''ex officio'' members of all committees. The chairman on each chamber's committee on rules is the majority leader. The Senate President is the ''ex officio'' chairman of the Commission on Appointments, but can only vote on ties. In the Judicial and Bar Council, several positions are due to occupying another office.

In provincial boards, the provincial presidents of the League of Barangays (villages), Sangguniang Kabataan (youth councils) and of the Philippine Councilors League sit as ''ex officio'' board members. In city and municipal councils, the city and municipal presidents of the League of Barangays and the youth councils sit as ''ex officio'' councilors. In barangays, the youth council chairman is an ''ex officio'' member of the barangay council. The ''ex officio'' members have the same rights and privileges as the regular members of each legislature. The deputies of local chief executives (vice governors and vice mayors) are ''ex officio'' presiding officers of their respective legislatures, but can only vote when there is a tie.

Russia

Russian Prime Minister, chairmans of State Duma and Federation Council, Chief of Staff and heads of federal subjects are ''ex officio'' members of State Council (an advisory body to the head of state). President of Russia is an ''ex officio'' chairman of it, as well as Security Council.

United Kingdom

House of Lords

In the House of Lords, the bishops of the five Great Sees of Canterbury, York, London, Durham, and Winchester are ''ex officio'' members, and are entitled to vote just as any other Lord Spiritual.

Formerly, anyone holding a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom was ''ex officio'' a member of the House of Lords. This entitlement was abolished in 1999. Since then, only the Earl Marshal and the Lord Great Chamberlain (offices that are themselves hereditary) remain ''ex officio''; another 90 hereditary peers are elected by and from among those eligible.

Prime Ministers

The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is ''ex officio'' the First Lord of the Treasury.

Scotland

The Lord President of the Court of Session is by virtue of office appointed as Lord Justice General of Scotland. As such, they are both head of the judiciary of Scotland, president of the Court of Session (the most senior civil court in Scotland), and president of the High Court of Justiciary (the most senior criminal court in Scotland).

United States

Federal government

The Vice President of the United States, who also serves as President of the Senate, may vote in the Senate on matters decided by a majority vote (as opposed to a three-fifths vote or two-thirds vote), if the votes for passage and rejection are equally divided. Also the leader of the parties in both houses are ''ex officio'' members of the House and Senate intelligence committees. Many committee chairs in the House of Representatives are ''ex officio'' members of subcommittees.

Colorado

In most Colorado counties, the county sheriff is elected by the citizens of the county. However, in the City and County of Denver, the mayor of Denver appoints a "Manager of Safety" who oversees the Department of Safety (including the Fire, Police, and Sheriff Departments) and is the ''ex officio'' sheriff of the jurisdiction. Similarly, in the City and County of Broomfield, Colorado, near Denver, the police chief (an appointed position) also acts ''ex officio'' as the county sheriff.

New York City

The Speaker of the New York City Council, and its Majority and Minority Leaders, are all ''ex officio'' members of each of its committees. Furthermore, each member of the Council is a non-voting ''ex officio'' member of each community board whose boundaries include any of the council member's constituents.

Catholic Church example

Portugal

The Bishop of Coimbra is by virtue of office (''ex officio'') entitled to the Countship of Arganil, a title they have never renounced after Portugal became a republic.

References

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Organizational structure