Equivalence or Equivalent may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

Album-equivalent unit The album-equivalent unit, or album equivalent, is a measurement unit in music industry to define the consumption of music that equals the purchase of one album copy. This consumption includes streaming and song downloads in addition to traditio ...

, a measurement unit in the music industry *

Equivalence class (music) In music theory, equivalence class is an equality ( =) or equivalence between properties of sets (unordered) or twelve-tone rows (ordered sets). A relation rather than an operation, it may be contrasted with derivation.Schuijer (2008). ''Ana ...

*''

Equivalent VIII ''Equivalent VIII'', 1966, 120 Firebricks, 5 x 27 x 90 ¼ inches, occasionally referred to as ''The Bricks'', is the last of a series of minimalist sculptures by Carl Andre. The sculpture consists of 120 fire bricks, arranged in two layers, in ...

'', or ''The Bricks'', a minimalist sculpture by Carl Andre *'' Equivalents'', a series of photographs of clouds by Alfred Stieglitz

Language

Dynamic and formal equivalence The terms dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence, coined by Eugene Nida, are associated with two dissimilar translation approaches that are employed to achieve different levels of literalness between the source and target text, as evidenc ...

in translation * Equivalence (formal languages)

Law

*The

doctrine of equivalents The doctrine of equivalents is a legal rule in many (but not all) of the world's patent systems that allows a court to hold a party liable for patent infringement even though the infringing device or process does not fall within the literal scope ...

in patent law *The equivalence principle as if impacts on the

direct effect of European Union law In European Union law, direct effect is the principle that Union law may, if appropriately framed, confer rights on individuals which the courts of member states of the European Union are bound to recognise and enforce. Direct effect is not ex ...

Logic

Logical equivalence In logic and mathematics, statements p and q are said to be logically equivalent if they have the same truth value in every model. The logical equivalence of p and q is sometimes expressed as p \equiv q, p :: q, \textsfpq, or p \iff q, depending on ...

, where two statements are logically equivalent if they have the same logical content * Material equivalence, a relationship where the truth of either one of the connected statements requires the truth of the other

Science and technology

Chemistry

Equivalent (chemistry) An equivalent (symbol: officially equiv; unofficially but often Eq) is the amount of a substance that reacts with (or is ''equivalent'' to) an arbitrary amount (typically one mole) of another substance in a given chemical reaction. It is an arch ...

Equivalence point The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction is the point at which chemically equivalent quantities of reactants have been mixed. For an acid-base reaction the equivalence point is where the moles of acid and the moles of ...

Equivalent weight In chemistry, equivalent weight (also known as gram equivalent) is the mass of one equivalent, that is the mass of a given substance which will combine with or displace a fixed quantity of another substance. The equivalent weight of an element is ...

Computing

Turing equivalence (theory of computation) In computability theory, a system of data-manipulation rules (such as a computer's instruction set, a programming language, or a cellular automaton) is said to be Turing-complete or computationally universal if it can be used to simulate any Tur ...

, or Turing completeness *

Semantic equivalence {{about, semantic equivalence of metadata, the concept in mathematical logic, Logical equivalence In computer metadata, semantic equivalence is a declaration that two data elements from different vocabularies contain data that has similar meaning. ...

in computer metadata

Economics

Certainty equivalent A risk premium is a measure of excess return that is required by an individual to compensate being subjected to an increased level of risk. It is used widely in finance and economics, the general definition being the expected risky return less ...

, a principle related to risk premium * Economic equivalence, a concept in engineering economics *

Ricardian equivalence The Ricardian equivalence proposition (also known as the Ricardo–de Viti–Barro equivalence theorem) is an economic hypothesis holding that consumers are forward-looking and so internalize the government's budget constraint when making their con ...

, or Ricardo–de Viti–Barro equivalence, a proposition in economics

Mathematics

Equality (mathematics) In mathematics, equality is a relationship between two quantities or, more generally two mathematical expressions, asserting that the quantities have the same value, or that the expressions represent the same mathematical object. The equality be ...

Equivalence relation In mathematics, an equivalence relation is a binary relation that is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. The equipollence relation between line segments in geometry is a common example of an equivalence relation. Each equivalence relatio ...

Equivalence class In mathematics, when the elements of some set S have a notion of equivalence (formalized as an equivalence relation), then one may naturally split the set S into equivalence classes. These equivalence classes are constructed so that elements a ...

Equivalence of categories In category theory, a branch of abstract mathematics, an equivalence of categories is a relation between two categories that establishes that these categories are "essentially the same". There are numerous examples of categorical equivalences fro ...

, in category theory *

Equivalent infinitesimal In calculus and other branches of mathematical analysis, limits involving an algebraic combination of functions in an independent variable may often be evaluated by replacing these functions by their limits; if the expression obtained after this su ...

Matrix equivalence In linear algebra, two rectangular ''m''-by-''n'' matrices ''A'' and ''B'' are called equivalent if :B = Q^ A P for some invertible ''n''-by-''n'' matrix ''P'' and some invertible ''m''-by-''m'' matrix ''Q''. Equivalent matrices represent the same ...

in linear algebra *

Turing equivalence (recursion theory) In computer science and mathematical logic the Turing degree (named after Alan Turing) or degree of unsolvability of a set of natural numbers measures the level of algorithmic unsolvability of the set. Overview The concept of Turing degree is fund ...

Physics

Equivalence principle In the theory of general relativity, the equivalence principle is the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and Albert Einstein's observation that the gravitational "force" as experienced locally while standing on a massive body (s ...

in the theory of general relativity

Other uses

* Equivalence (trade) *

Moral equivalence Moral equivalence is a term used in political debate, usually to deny that a moral comparison can be made of two sides in a conflict, or in the actions or tactics of two sides. The term had some currency in polemic debates about the Cold War, and ...

, a term used in political debate *

The Equivalent The Equivalent was a sum negotiated at £398,085 10s. 0d. paid to Scotland by the English Government under the terms of the Acts of Union 1707. Proposals for it first emerged in the course of abortive Union negotiations in 1702 to 1703. The Equiva ...

, a sum paid from England to Scotland at their Union in 1707