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An episcopal conference, sometimes called a conference of bishops, is an official assembly of the
bishops A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is ca ...
of the
Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwide . It is am ...
in a given territory. Episcopal conferences have long existed as informal entities. The first assembly of bishops to meet regularly, with its own legal structure and ecclesial leadership function, is the Swiss Bishops' Conference, which was founded in 1863. More than forty episcopal conferences existed before the
Second Vatican Council The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, commonly known as the , or , was the 21st ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church. The council met in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome for four periods (or sessions), each lasting between 8 and ...
. Their status was confirmed by the Second Vatican Council and further defined by Pope Paul VI's 1966 ''
motu proprio In law, ''motu proprio'' (Latin for "on his own impulse") describes an official act taken without a formal request from another party. Some jurisdictions use the term '' sua sponte'' for the same concept. In Catholic canon law, it refers to a d ...
'', '' Ecclesiae sanctae''. Episcopal conferences are generally defined by geographic borders, often national ones, with all the bishops in a given country belonging to the same conference, although they may also include neighboring countries. Certain authority and tasks are assigned to episcopal conferences, particularly with regard to setting the liturgical norms for the
Mass Mass is an intrinsic property of a body. It was traditionally believed to be related to the quantity of matter in a physical body, until the discovery of the atom and particle physics. It was found that different atoms and different ele ...
. Episcopal conferences receive their authority under universal law or particular mandates. In certain circumstances, as defined by
canon law Canon law (from grc, κανών, , a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is t ...
, the decisions of an episcopal conference are subject to ratification from the
Holy See The Holy See ( lat, Sancta Sedes, ; it, Santa Sede ), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the Pope in his role as the bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of R ...
. Individual
bishops A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is ca ...
do not relinquish their immediate authority for the governance of their respective
diocese In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop. History In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associ ...
s to the conference.


Theological and juridical status

The operation, authority, and responsibilities of episcopal conferences are currently governed by the
1983 Code of Canon Law The 1983 ''Code of Canon Law'' (abbreviated 1983 CIC from its Latin title ''Codex Iuris Canonici''), also called the Johanno-Pauline Code, is the "fundamental body of ecclesiastical laws for the Latin Church". It is the second and current com ...
(see especially canons 447–459) In addition, there are assemblies of bishops which include the bishops of different rites in a nation, both Eastern Catholic and
Latin Catholic , native_name_lang = la , image = San Giovanni in Laterano - Rome.jpg , imagewidth = 250px , alt = Façade of the Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran , caption = Archbasilica of Saint Joh ...
; these are described in canon 322 §2 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. The nature of episcopal conferences, and their
magisterial The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law. In ancient Rome, a ''magistratus'' was one of the highest ranking government officers, and possessed both judici ...
authority in particular, was subsequently clarified by
Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II ( la, Ioannes Paulus II; it, Giovanni Paolo II; pl, Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła ; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his ...
in his 1998 ''
motu proprio In law, ''motu proprio'' (Latin for "on his own impulse") describes an official act taken without a formal request from another party. Some jurisdictions use the term '' sua sponte'' for the same concept. In Catholic canon law, it refers to a d ...
'', ''Apostolos suos'', which stated that the declarations of such conferences "constitute authentic magisterium" when approved unanimously by the conference; otherwise the conference must achieve a two-thirds majority and seek the , that is, recognition of approval, of the Holy See, which they will not receive if the majority "is not substantial". In the 2013 apostolic exhortation, '' Evangelii Gaudium'',
Pope Francis Pope Francis ( la, Franciscus; it, Francesco; es, link=, Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio, 17 December 1936) is the head of the Catholic Church. He has been the bishop of Rome and sovereign of the Vatican City State since 13 March 2013 ...
expressed his concern that the intent of the Second Vatican Council, which would give episcopal conferences "genuine doctrinal authority, has not yet been sufficiently elaborated." On September 9, 2017, Pope Francis modified
canon law Canon law (from grc, κανών, , a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is t ...
, granting episcopal conferences specific authority "to faithfully prepare … approve and publish the liturgical books for the regions for which they are responsible after the confirmation of the Apostolic See." The Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, which formerly had primary responsibility for translations, was ordered to "help the Episcopal Conferences to fulfil their task." On October 22, 2017, the Holy See released a letter that Pope Francis had sent to the Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, Cardinal Robert Sarah, clarifying that the Holy See and its departments would have only limited authority to confirm liturgical translations recognized by a local episcopal conference. In late February, 2018, the
Council of Cardinals The Council of Cardinals (called C9 due to the fact it contained 9 cardinal members for some time), also known as the Council of Cardinal Advisers, is a group of cardinals of the Catholic Church appointed by Pope Francis to serve as his advise ...
and Pope Francis undertook a consideration of the theological status of episcopal conferences, re-reading Pope John Paul II's ''Apostolos Suos'' in the light of Pope Francis's ''Evangelii Gaudium''.


List of episcopal conferences


National episcopal conferences

Source:


Africa

* Episcopal Conference of Angola and São Tomé * Episcopal Conference of Benin *
Conference of Bishops of Burkina Faso and of Niger The local assembly of bishops is the Episcopal Conference of Burkina Faso and of Niger ( French: Episcopal Conférence du Burkina-Niger, CEBN). Its purposes are to coordinate and make dynamic pastoral activities of the Catholic Church in the nation ...
*
Conference of Catholic Bishops of Burundi The bishops are represented by the Conference of Catholic Bishops of Burundi ( French: Conférence des évêques catholiques du Burundi, CECAB). The CECAB is a member of the Association des Conférences Episcopal de l'Afrique Centrale (ACEAC) and ...
* National Episcopal Conference of Cameroon * Central African Episcopal Conference * Episcopal Conference of Chad * Episcopal Conference of the Congo *
Episcopal Conference of the Democratic Republic of the Congo The National Episcopal Conference of the Congo (French language, French: ''Conférence Épiscopale Nationale du Congo'' or CENCO) is the national episcopal conference of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The conference is a member of the Asso ...
* Episcopal Conference of the Côte d'Ivoire * Episcopal Conference of Equatorial Guinea * Assembly of Catholic Hierarchs of Ethiopia and Eritrea * Episcopal Conference of Gabon * Inter-territorial Catholic Bishops' Conference of The Gambia and Sierra Leone * Ghana Bishops' Conference *
Episcopal Conference of Guinea The local assembly of bishops is the Episcopal Conference of Guinea ( French: Conférence Episcopal de la Guinée, CEG). The ECG is a member of the Regional Episcopal Conference of Francophone West Africa and Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of ...
* Episcopal Conference of the Indian Ocean * Kenya Conference of Catholic Bishops *
Lesotho Catholic Bishops' Conference The Lesotho Catholic Bishops' Conference is a member of the Inter-Regional Meeting of Bishops of Southern Africa (IMBISA) and Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM). The local bishops are members of the Conference of ...
* Catholic Bishops' Conference of Liberia * Episcopal Conference of Madagascar * Episcopal Conference of Malawi * Episcopal Conference of Mali * Episcopal Conference of Mozambique * Namibian Catholic Bishops' Conference * Catholic Bishops' Conference of Nigeria * Regional Episcopal Conference of North Africa * Conference of Catholic Bishops of Rwanda * Conference of Bishops of Senegal, Mauritania, Cape Verde, and Guinea Bissau * Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference (SACBC) * Sudan Catholic Bishops' Conference * Tanzania Episcopal Conference * Episcopal Conference of Togo * Uganda Episcopal Conference * Zambia Episcopal Conference * Zimbabwe Catholic Bishops' Conference


Asia

* Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions * Catholic Bishops' Conference of Bangladesh * Bishops' Conference of Central Asia (includes the bishops of
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...
,
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan,, pronounced or the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and the People's Republic of China to the ea ...
,
Tajikistan Tajikistan (, ; tg, Тоҷикистон, Tojikiston; russian: Таджикистан, Tadzhikistan), officially the Republic of Tajikistan ( tg, Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Jumhurii Tojikiston), is a landlocked country in Centr ...
,
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan ( or ; tk, Türkmenistan / Түркменистан, ) is a country located in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the s ...
and
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, ; uz, Ozbekiston, italic=yes / , ; russian: Узбекистан), officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( uz, Ozbekiston Respublikasi, italic=yes / ; russian: Республика Узбекистан), is a doubly landlocked co ...
) *
Chinese Regional Bishops' Conference The Chinese Regional Bishops' Conference (CRBC; ), is the episcopal conference of Taiwan and is the highest organ of the Roman Catholic Church in Greater China. Catholics in the independent jurisdictions of Hong Kong, Macau and Mongolia are rep ...
* Conference of Catholic Bishops of India (CCBI) *
Bishops' Conference of Indonesia The Bishops' Conference of Indonesia (BCI; Indonesian: KWI/Konferensi Waligereja Indonesia) is the episcopal conference of the Catholic bishops of Indonesia. It was constituted in November 1955, in Surabaya with the name MAWI. KWI is a part of the ...
(KWI) * Catholic Bishops' Conference of Japan * Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea * Episcopal Conference of Laos and Cambodia * Catholic Bishops' Conference of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei (CBCMSB) * Catholic Bishops' Conference of Myanmar *
Catholic Bishops' Conference of Pakistan The Pakistan Catholic Bishops' Conference (PCBC) is the episcopal conference of the Catholic bishops of Pakistan. Its objectives are to facilitate coordinated study and discussion of issues affecting the Church, and adoption of a common policy and e ...
*
Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines; ceb, Hugpong sa mga Obispo nga Katoliko sa Pilipinas; bcl, Komperensya kan mga Obispo Katoliko kan Pilipinas; hil, Komperensya sang mga Obispo Katoliko sang Pilipinas; ilo, Kumperensya ti ...
* Catholic Bishops' Conference of Thailand * Episcopal Conference of Turkey * Catholic Bishops' Conference of Sri Lanka * Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam


Europe

* Episcopal Conference of Albania *
Austrian Bishops' Conference The Austrian Bishops' Conference (german: Österreichische Bischofskonferenz) is the official assembly of the Roman Catholic bishops of Austria. It is the supreme authority of the Roman Catholic Church in Austria, established as a formal body und ...
* Conference of Catholic Bishops of Belarus *
Episcopal Conference of Belgium The Belgian Bishops' Conference or the Episcopal Conference of Belgium ( nl, Belgische Bisschoppenconferentie; french: Conférence épiscopale de Belgique; german: Belgische Bischofskonferenz) is the permanent organ of the Roman Catholic bishops i ...
* Bishops' Conference of Bosnia and Herzegovina * Episcopal Conference of Bulgaria * Croatian Bishops' Conference *
Czech Bishops' Conference The Czech Bishops' Conference () is the standing conference of the Catholic bishops of the Czech Republic. Based in Prague, the CBC represents the Catholic Church in the Czech Republic, both in Bohemian and Moravian provinces of the Roman Catholic ...
*
Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales The Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales (CBCEW) is the episcopal conference of the Catholic Church in England and Wales. Overview The Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales is the permanent assembly of Catholic Bishop ...
* Bishops' Conference of France (CEF) * German Bishops' Conference * Holy Synod of Catholic Bishops of Greece * Catholic Bishops' Conference of Hungary *
Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference The Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference ( ga, Comhdháil Easpag Caitliceach Éireann) is the episcopal conference of the Roman Catholic bishops in Ireland. The conference meets a number of times a year in Maynooth which is the location of St P ...
*
Italian Episcopal Conference The Italian Episcopal Conference ( it, Conferenza Episcopale Italiana) or CEI is the episcopal conference of the Italian bishops of the Catholic Church, the official assembly of the bishops in Italy. The conference was founded in 1971 and carr ...
(CEI) * Latvian Bishops' Conference * Lithuanian Bishops' Conferencebr>
* Maltese Episcopal Conference * Bishops' Conference of the Netherlands *
Polish Episcopal Conference The Polish Episcopal Conference or Polish Bishops' Conference ( pl, Konferencja Episkopatu Polski) is the central organ of the Catholic Church in Poland. It is composed of 2 cardinals, 28 archbishops and 118 bishops. Members ** President – abp ...
* Portuguese Episcopal Conference * Romanian Episcopal Conference * Conference of Catholic Bishops of the Russian Federation * International Bishops' Conference of Saints Cyril and Methodius (called "Bishops' Conference of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" between 1997 and 2005. Includes the bishops of
Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hu ...
,
Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = ...
,
Kosovo Kosovo ( sq, Kosova or ; sr-Cyrl, Косово ), officially the Republic of Kosovo ( sq, Republika e Kosovës, links=no; sr, Република Косово, Republika Kosovo, links=no), is a international recognition of Kosovo, partiall ...
, and Macedonia.) ** Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia (1918—1993) * Scandinavian Bishops Conference (includes the bishops of
Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establish ...
,
Finland Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bot ...
,
Iceland Iceland ( is, Ísland; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which (along with its ...
,
Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of ...
and
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic countries, Nordic c ...
) *
Bishops' Conference of Scotland The Bishops' Conference of Scotland (BCOS), under the trust of the Catholic National Endowment Trust, and based in Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, is an episcopal conference for archbishops and bishops of the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland. The ...
* Conference of Slovak Bishops *
Slovenian Bishops' Conference Slovenian Bishops' Conference (SBC; sl, Slovenska škofovska konferenca, ) is the supreme authority of the Roman Catholic Church in Slovenia, which combines all the bishops of Slovenian dioceses and archdioceses: Archdiocese of Ljubljana, Arc ...
* Spanish Episcopal Conference * Swiss Bishops Conference * Ukrainian Episcopal Conference


Oceania

* Australian Catholic Bishops Conference * New Zealand Catholic Bishops' Conference * Episcopal Conference of the Pacific (C.E. PAC.) * Catholic Bishops' Conference of Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands


North America

*
Antilles Episcopal Conference The Antilles Episcopal Conference (AEC) is a Roman Catholic episcopal conference. Its members are bishops and archbishops from current and former British, Dutch, and French colonies and dependencies in the Caribbean (excluding Haiti), Central Amer ...
* Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB) * Episcopal Conference of Costa Rica * Conference of Catholic Bishops of Cuba * Conference of the Dominican Episcopate (CED) * Episcopal Conference of El Salvador * Episcopal Conference of Guatemala * Episcopal Conference of Haiti * Episcopal Conference of Honduras * Conference of the Mexican Episcopate (CEM) *
Episcopal Conference of Nicaragua The Episcopal Conference of Nicaragua ( es, Conferencia Episcopal de Nicaragua, CEN) is the episcopate of Nicaragua. The CEN is a member of the Latin American Episcopal Conference and the Central Episcopal Secretariate of America (CESA). Bishops L ...
*
Episcopal Conference of Panama The Episcopal Conference of Panama is the union of all the bishops of Panama, which in turn are the holders of each diocese. The Episcopal Conference of Panama forms a single Ecclesiastical Province, which consists of: An Archdiocese: * Roman Catho ...
* Puerto Rican Episcopal Conference (CEP) * United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB)The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops includes the bishop of the U.S. Territory of the Virgin Islands, but ''not'' the bishops of the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the three U.S. dependencies in the Pacific (U.S. Commonwealth of the
Northern Mariana Islands The Northern Mariana Islands, officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI; ch, Sankattan Siha Na Islas Mariånas; cal, Commonwealth Téél Falúw kka Efáng llól Marianas), is an unincorporated territory and commonw ...
, U.S. Territory of
American Samoa American Samoa ( sm, Amerika Sāmoa, ; also ' or ') is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of the island country of Samoa. Its location is centered on . It is east of the Internatio ...
, and U.S. Territory of
Guam Guam (; ch, Guåhan ) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States (reckoned from the geographic cent ...
).


South America

*
Argentine Episcopal Conference The Argentine Episcopal Conference ( es, Conferencia Episcopal Argentina) is an episcopal conference of the Roman Catholic Church of Argentina that gathers the bishops of the country in order to discuss pastoral issues and in general all matters tha ...
(CEA) * Bolivian Episcopal Conference * National Conference of Bishops of Brazil (CNBB) *
Episcopal Conference of Chile The Catholic Church in Chile is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope, the curia in Rome, and the Episcopal Conference of Chile. The Church is composed of 5 archdioceses, 18 dioceses, 2 territ ...
(CECh) * Episcopal Conference of Colombia * Ecuadorian Episcopal Conference * Paraguayan Episcopal Conference * Peruvian Episcopal Conference * Episcopal Conference of Uruguay * Venezuelan Episcopal Conference


Other episcopal bodies

In addition to the episcopal conferences as defined by the Holy See, there are a number of other regional groupings of bishops:


Synods of eastern rite churches

Synods of Bishops of the Patriarchal and Major Archiepiscopal Churches *Synod of the Armenian Catholic Church *Synod of the Chaldean Church *Synod of the Catholic Coptic Church *Synod of the Greek-Catholic Ukrainian Church *Synod of the Greek-Melkite Catholic Church *Synod of the Romanian Church *Synod of the Syrian Catholic Church *Synod of the Syro-Malabarese Church *Synod of the Syro-Malankarese Church *Council of the Ethiopian Church *Council of the Ruthenian Church, U.S.A. *Council of the Slovakian Church


Assemblies of bishops

National assemblies of Hierarchs of Churches Sui Iuris (including eastern Catholic as well as Latin ordinaries) *Assembly of the Catholic Hierarchy of Egypt *Assembly of the Catholic Bishops of Iraq *Assembly of the Patriarchs and Bishops of Lebanon *Assembly of the Catholic Hierarchs of Syria *Assembly of the Catholic Ordinaries of the Holy Land *Iranian Episcopal Conference *
Catholic Bishops' Conference of India The Catholic Bishops' Conference of India (CBCI) is the permanent association of the Catholic bishops of India. It was established in September 1944, in Chennai. The CBCI Secretariat was located in Bangalore until 1962, when it was shifted to t ...
(CBCI)


International Meetings of Episcopal Conferences

*
Council of Catholic Patriarchs of the East The Council of Catholic Patriarchs of the Orient ( French: Conseil des Patriarches Catholiques d'Orient, CPCO) is an agency of the Catholic Church that meets the patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches and the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. Permanen ...
*
Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar The Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar or SECAM (French: Symposium des Conférences Épiscopales d'Afrique et de Madagascar) is an agency of the Catholic Church which includes the bishops of Africa and Madagascar. Hist ...
* Regional Episcopal Conference of Francophone West Africa *Association of Episcopal Conferences of Central Africa * Association of Episcopal Conferences of the Region of Central Africa * Association of Member Episcopal Conferences in Eastern Africa *Inter-Regional Meeting of Bishops of Southern Africa *Reunion of Episcopal Conferences of West Africa * Federation of Asian Bishops' Conferences * Federation of Catholic Bishops' Conferences of Oceania ( FCBCO) * Council of European Bishops' Conferences (CCEE) *
Commission of the Bishops' Conferences of the European Community The Commission of the Bishops' Conferences of the European Union, formerly the Commission of the Bishops' Conferences of the European Community, ( la, Commissio Episcopatuum Communitatis Europaeae; COMECE) is the association of Catholic Church e ...
(COMECE) * Latin American Episcopal Council (CELAM) *Episcopal Secretariate of Central America and Panama


See also

*
Catholic Church hierarchy The hierarchy of the Catholic Church consists of its bishops, priests, and deacons. In the ecclesiological sense of the term, "hierarchy" strictly means the "holy ordering" of the Church, the Body of Christ, so to respect the diversity of gifts ...
* Collegiality in the Catholic Church *
Episcopal see An episcopal see is, in a practical use of the phrase, the area of a bishop's ecclesiastical jurisdiction. Phrases concerning actions occurring within or outside an episcopal see are indicative of the geographical significance of the term, mak ...
* Roman Curia * Dicastery


References


Further reading

*


External links


List of all episcopal conferences
by Giga-Catholic Information
The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church
by David M. Cheney {{Authority control Catholic canonical structures