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Earthquake environmental effects are the effects caused by an 
# Primary effects: which are the surface expression of the seismogenic source (e.g., surface faulting), normally observed for crustal earthquakes above a given magnitude threshold (typically =5.5–6.0);
# Secondary effects: mostly this is the intensity of the ground shaking (e.g., landslides, liquefaction, etc.).
The importance of a tool to measure earthquake Intensity was already outlined early in the 1990s.Serva, L. (1994). The effects on the ground in the intensity scales, Terra Nova, 6, 414–416. In 2007 the
INQUA TERPRO Commission on Paleoseismology and Active Tectonics
Earthquake engineering
earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, from ...
, including surface faulting
In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements. Large faults within Earth's crust result from the action of plate tectoni ...
, tsunami
A tsunami ( ; from ja, 津波, lit=harbour wave, ) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explo ...
s, soil liquefaction
Soil liquefaction occurs when a cohesionless saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress such as shaking during an earthquake or other sudden change in stress condition, i ...
s, ground resonance, landslide
Landslides, also known as landslips, are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows. Landslides occur in a variety of environments ...
s and ground failure, either directly linked to the earthquake source or provoked by the ground shaking.
These are common features produced both in the near and far fields, routinely recorded and surveyed in recent events, very often remembered in historical accounts and preserved in the stratigraphic record (paleo earthquakes). Both surface deformation and faulting and shaking-related geological effects (e.g., soil liquefaction, landslides) not only leave permanent imprints in the environment, but also dramatically affect human structures. Moreover, underwater fault ruptures and seismically-triggered landslides can generate tsunami waves.
EEE represent a significant source of hazard, especially (but not exclusively) during large earthquakes. This was observed for example during more or less catastrophic seismic events recently occurred in very different parts of the world.
Earthquake environmental effects are divided into two main types:
# Primary effects: which are the surface expression of the seismogenic source (e.g., surface faulting), normally observed for crustal earthquakes above a given magnitude threshold (typically =5.5–6.0);
# Secondary effects: mostly this is the intensity of the ground shaking (e.g., landslides, liquefaction, etc.).
The importance of a tool to measure earthquake Intensity was already outlined early in the 1990s.Serva, L. (1994). The effects on the ground in the intensity scales, Terra Nova, 6, 414–416. In 2007 the Environmental Seismic Intensity scale
The Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI 2007) is a seismic scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake on the basis of the effects of the earthquake on the natural environment (Earthquake Environmental Effects).
Overview
The in ...
(ESI scale) was released, a new seismic intensity scale based only on the characteristics, size and areal distribution of earthquake environmental effects.
A huge amount of data about associated with modern, historical and paleoearthquakes worldwide, a infrastructure developed in the framework of the INQUA TERPRO Commission on Paleoseismology and Active Tectonics.
See also
* Earthquake light *Electromagnetic field
An electromagnetic field (also EM field or EMF) is a classical (i.e. non-quantum) field produced by (stationary or moving) electric charges. It is the field described by classical electrodynamics (a classical field theory) and is the classical co ...
* Richter magnitude scale
The Richter scale —also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale—is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Francis Richter and presented in his landmark 1935 ...
References
{{reflistExternal links
INQUA TERPRO Commission on Paleoseismology and Active Tectonics
Earthquake engineering