HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

''Diya'' ( ar, دية; plural ''diyāt'', ar, ديات) in Islamic law, is the financial compensation paid to the victim or heirs of a victim in the cases of murder, bodily harm or property damage by mistake. It is an alternative punishment to '' qisas'' (equal retaliation). In Arabic, the word means both
blood money Blood money may refer to: * Blood money (restitution), money paid to the family of a murder victim Films * Blood Money (1917 film), ''Blood Money'' (1917 film), a film starring Harry Carey * Blood Money (1921 film), ''Blood Money'' (1921 film ...
and
ransom Ransom is the practice of holding a prisoner or item to extort money or property to secure their release, or the sum of money involved in such a practice. When ransom means "payment", the word comes via Old French ''rançon'' from Latin ''re ...
, and it is spelled sometimes as ''diyah'' or ''diyeh''. It only applies when murder is committed by mistake and secondly victim's family has the free consent to compromise with the guilty party; otherwise '' qisas'' applies. ''Diya'' compensation rates have historically varied based on the gender and religion of the victim. In the modern era, diya plays a role in the legal system of Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. In Iran and Pakistan, the diya is the same for Muslims and non-Muslims,Tellenbach, Sylvia (2014). ''The Oxford Handbook of Criminal Law'', Oxford University Press. pg. 261 while in Saudi Arabia it differs depending on the religion of the victim.


Basis in Scripture

The '' Qur'an'' specifies the principle of '' Qisas'' (i.e. retaliation) and compensation (''diyah'') in cases where one Muslim kills another Muslim. '' Hadith'' also mention it.
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ( ar, عمر بن عبد العزيز, ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz; 2 November 680 – ), commonly known as Umar II (), was the eighth Umayyad caliph. He made various significant contributions and reforms to the society, an ...
, an early caliph admired for his piety and scholarship, ruled on Diya:


In traditional Islamic law

Islamic law treats homicide and unintentional homicide (not just bodily injury and property damage), as a civil dispute between believers, rather than corrective punishment by the state to maintain order. The offender must either face equal retaliation known as ''Qisas'' ("Life for life, eye for eye, nose for nose, ear for ear, tooth for tooth, and wounds equal for equal." Quran 5:45), pay ''diyat'' to the victim or heirs of the victim, or be forgiven by the victim or victim's heir(s). In all cases of death, injury, and damage, under traditional sharia doctrine, the prosecutor is not the state, but only the victim or the victim's heir (or owner, in the case when the victim is a slave).Rudolph Peters (2006), Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law, Cambridge University Press, , pp. 44-49, 114, 186-187 ''Diyah'' is similar in practice to "out-of-court settlement" in a tort case, but with important differences. Under sharia practice, tort-like civil liability settlement is limited to property damage, while in the cases of bodily injury and death, the "blood money" diyah compensation is fixed by a formula (such as the value of certain number of camels). The victim, victim's heir or guardian may alternatively forgive the bodily injury or murder as an act of religious charity (expiation of their own past sins). The value of ''diyat'', under all schools of sharia, varied with the victim's religion and legal status (free or slave). For a free Muslim, the diyah value of their life was traditionally set as the value of 100 camels. This was valued at 1000 dinars or 12000 dirhams, corresponding to 4.25 kilograms of gold, or 29.7 to 35.64 kilograms of silver. The ''diyah'' value in case the victim was a non-Muslim (Dhimmi) or slave varied in the ''sharia'' of different schools of Islamic law.Rudolph Peters (2006), Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law, Cambridge University Press, , pp. 51 The ''diyah'' must be paid by the murderer or the estate of the murderer. In some cases, such as when the murderer is a juvenile, the ''diyah'' is owed by the family of the murderer (''Aqila''). In other cases, the group ('Aqila) that must pay ''diyah'' to the victim or victim's heirs is the tribe or urban neighbors of the culprit.


Diyah for Non-Muslims

''Diyah'' is not the same for non-Muslims and Muslims in ''sharia'' courts. Muslims and non-Muslims are treated as unequal in the sentencing process, in cases of unintentional deaths. In early history of Islam, there were considerable disagreements in Muslim jurist opinions on applicability of ''qisas'' and ''diyah'' when a Muslim murdered a non-Muslim (
dhimmi ' ( ar, ذمي ', , collectively ''/'' "the people of the covenant") or () is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection. The word literally means "protected person", referring to the state's obligati ...
,
musta'min Mustaʾmīn or Musta'man ( ar, مستأمن) is a historical Islamic term for a non-Muslim foreigner temporarily residing in Muslim lands with and ''aman'' or guarantee of short-term safe-conduct ('' aman mu'aqqat'') affording the protected status ...
or a slave). Most scholars of Hanafi school of sharia ruled that, if a Muslim killed a ''dhimmi'', ''qisas'' was applicable against the Muslim, but this could be averted by paying a ''diyah''. In one case, the '' Hanafi'' jurist
Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Ibrahim al-Ansari () better known as Abu Yusuf ( ar, أبو يوسف, Abū Yūsuf) (d.798) was a student of jurist Abu Hanifa (d.767) who helped spread the influence of the Hanafi school of Islamic law through his writings and the gove ...
initially ordered ''qisas'' when a Muslim killed a ''dhimmi'', but under Caliph
Harun al-Rashid Abu Ja'far Harun ibn Muhammad al-Mahdi ( ar , أبو جعفر هارون ابن محمد المهدي) or Harun ibn al-Mahdi (; or 766 – 24 March 809), famously known as Harun al-Rashid ( ar, هَارُون الرَشِيد, translit=Hārūn ...
's pressure replaced the order with ''diyah'' if the victim's family members were unable to prove the victim was paying ''
jizya Jizya ( ar, جِزْيَة / ) is a per capita yearly taxation historically levied in the form of financial charge on dhimmis, that is, permanent non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Islamic law. The jizya tax has been understood in Isl ...
'' willingly as a ''dhimmi''. The Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali code of sharia have historically ruled that Qisas does not apply against a Muslim, if he murders any non-Muslim (including ''dhimmi'') or a slave for any reason.Rudolph Peters and Peri Bearman (2014), ''The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law'', , pp. 169-170 A ''diyah'' was payable instead. The early Hanafi jurists considered the payable ''diyah'' for Muslim and non-Muslim victims to be same, while the Maliki and Hanbali schools considered a non-Muslim value of life as worth half of a Muslim, and the Shafi'i school considered it worth a third. The '' Ja'fari'' school considered a non-Muslim victim's value to be only 800 dirhams in contrast to 10000 dirhams for a Muslim victim. The compensation value payable to the owner of a slave by a Muslim murderer, was the market price paid for the slave. In the Hanafi and Maliki sharia doctrines, a ''diyah'' was not payable to a non-Muslim from a murderer's estate, if the murderer dies for natural or other causes during the trial. If the victim was ''musta'min'' (non-Muslim foreigner visiting), or an
apostate Apostasy (; grc-gre, ἀποστασία , 'a defection or revolt') is the formal disaffiliation from, abandonment of, or renunciation of a religion by a person. It can also be defined within the broader context of embracing an opinion that ...
(converting from Islam to another religion), neither diya nor ''qisas'' applied against the Muslim who killed the victim.Yohanan Friedmann (2006), ''Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition'', Cambridge University Press, , pp. 42-50Rudolph Peters and Peri Bearman (2014), ''The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law'', , pp. 129-130 Jurists of different schools of Islamic jurisprudence assign different values to non-Muslims. According to the Hanbali sharia, the life of a Christian or Jew is worth half that of a Muslim, and thus the ''diyah'' awarded by modern-era Hanbali courts is half that awarded in case of Muslim's death. Hanafi and Maliki fiqh also consider the life of a Christian or Jew to be worth half a Muslim's life, but Shafi'i schools of jurisprudence consider it to be worth a third that of a Muslim. The legal schools of Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki and Shafi'i Sunni Islam as well as those of Shia Islam have considered the life of polytheists and atheists as one-fifteenth the value of a Muslim during sentencing.Anver M. Emon (2012), ''Religious Pluralism and Islamic Law: Dhimmis and Others in the Empire of Law'', Oxford University Press, , pp. 234-235


Application in contemporary Muslim countries

In the modern era, diya plays a role in the legal system of Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. For example, in Saudi Arabia, the heirs of a Muslim victim have a right to settle for Diya instead of the execution of the murderer. The amount of diya is calculated differently by different states where it makes part of the legal code. In Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, the amount is determined by the judge. In the United Arab Emirates, the government negotiates the amount with the family or heirs of the victim on behalf of the offender. In Iran, the family or heirs of the victim negotiate it directly with the offender. In Pakistan, the diya for Muslim citizens, non-Muslim citizens and foreigners is the same. Iran made the diya for Muslims and non-Muslims equal in 2003. Nonetheless, the diyah compensation rights of Muslims and non-Muslims have varied among Muslim nations and were unequal in some countries in the late 20th century, remaining unequal in the 2010s in Saudi Arabia. The customary law of the
Somali people The Somalis ( so, Soomaalida 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒆𐒖, ar, صوماليون) are an ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa who share a common ancestry, culture and history. The Lowland East Cushitic Somali language is the shared mo ...
also recognizes the obligation of ''diyah'', but defines it as being between subgroups, or ''mag'', who may be part of different clans or even the same clan. Some of these countries also define, by lawful legislation, a hierarchy of compensation rates for the lives of people; religious affiliation and gender are usually the main modulating factors for these Blood Money rates.


Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, when a person kills another, intentionally or unintentionally, the prescribed blood money must be decided by sharia court. The amount of compensation is based on the percentage of responsibility. Blood money is to be paid not only for murder, but also in the case of unnatural death, interpreted to mean death in a fire, industrial or road accident, for instance, as long as the responsibility for it falls on the accused. The ''diyah'' compensation amount depends on the religion of the victim.I. DISPOSAL OF MORTAL REMAINS (LOCAL BURIAL/DESPATCH TO INDIA)
Consulate General of India, Jeddah, Retrieved on September 3, 2010.
Human Rights Watch and United States' Religious Freedom Report note that in sharia courts of Saudi Arabia, "The calculation of accidental death or injury compensation is discriminatory. In the event a court renders a judgment in favor of a plaintiff who is a Jewish or Christian male, the plaintiff is only entitled to receive 50 percent of the compensation a Muslim male would receive; all other non-Muslims (Buddhists, Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, Animists, Atheists) are only entitled to receive one-sixteenth of the amount a male Muslim would receive".State Department of the U.S. Government (2012)
SAUDI ARABIA 2012 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT
p. 4
Human Rights Watch (2004)

/ref> While Saudi judges have the last say in any settlement, as of 2011, diya price for a Muslim man, in Saudi Arabia, was SR300,000 ($80,000) for an accidental death and SR400,000 ($106,666) in premeditated murder. (The price was raised that year due to a rise in the price of camels.) Diyah in Saudi has been controversial, as in a 2013 case, where a father molested and murdered his five-year-old daughter, but avoided jail by paying money to her mother.


Iran

During the four '' haraam'' months; namely
Dhu al-Qi'dah Dhu al-Qa'dah ( ar, ذُو ٱلْقَعْدَة, ', ), also spelled Dhu al-Qi'dah or Zu al-Qa'dah, is the eleventh month in the Islamic calendar. It could possibly mean "possessor or owner of the sitting and seating place" - the space occupied w ...
, Dhu al-Hijjah, Muharram, and
Rajab Rajab ( ar, رَجَب) is the seventh month of the Islamic calendar. The lexical definition of the classical Arabic verb ''rajaba'' is "to respect" which could also mean "be awe or be in fear", of which Rajab is a derivative. This month is re ...
; when wars and killings were traditionally discouraged in the
Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula, (; ar, شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّة, , "Arabian Peninsula" or , , "Island of the Arabs") or Arabia, is a peninsula of Western Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate. ...
and later in the larger Islamic world, the blood money rates is increased by a third. Iran's 1991 Islamic Penal Code originally only specified the diya for a Muslim man. In the absence of a specification of diya for non-Muslims, Iranian judges referred to traditional Shi'ite fiqh. In 2003, Article 297 of the 1991 Code was amended according to a fatwa by Ayatollah Khamenei. This resulted in recognition of equal diya for Muslims and non-Muslims.Tavana, Mohammad H (2014). ''Three Decades of Islamic Criminal Law Legislation in Iran: A Legislative History Analysis with Emphasis on the Amendments of the 2013 Islamic Penal Code''. Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law (EJIMEL), 2(9):24-38. pg. 35-6 However, according to the 2006
US State Department The United States Department of State (DOS), or State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs of other nat ...
Religious Freedom Report on Iran, women and Bahais were excluded from the equalization provisions of 2003 and that Baha'i blood was considered "Mobah, meaning it can be spilled with impunity". The 2013 Islamic Penal Code (which replaced the 1991 code), recognizes the equality between Muslims and non-Muslims in article 554. The 2013 penal code also makes diya for men and women equal in cases of homicide. However, according to Mohammad H. Tavana, it is unclear if the diya between men and women is equal in cases of bodily harm; that has been left to the Iranian courts to decide.


Iraq

In Iraq, the
Bedouin The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu (; , singular ) are nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia. The Bedouin originated in the Syrian Desert and Ar ...
tribes carry on the practice of demanding blood money, though this does not necessarily obviate the proceedings of the secular judicial system.


Pakistan

Pakistan, which is predominantly Sunni Muslim nation, introduced Qisas and Diyat Ordinance in 1990, amending sections 229 to 338 of Pakistan Penal code.Pros and cons of Qisas and Diyat law
Dawn, Pakistan (September 16, 2013)
The new Ordinance replaced British era criminal laws on bodily hurt and murder with sharia-compliant provisions, as demanded by the Shariat Appellate Bench of Pakistan's Supreme Court. The Criminal Procedure Code was also amended to give legal heirs of a murdered person to enter into compromise and accept ''diyah'' compensation, instead of demanding ''qisas''-based retaliatory penalties for murder or bodily hurt. The democratically elected government of Nawaz Sharif, in 1997, replaced the Ordinance by enacting the ''qisas'' and ''diyah'' ''sharia'' provisions as the law, through an Act of its Parliament.Stephanie Palo
A Charade of Change: Qisas and Diyat Ordinance Allows Honor Killings to Go Unpunished in Pakistan
15 U. C. Davis Journal Int'l Law & Policy, Vol. 15 (2008-2009), pp. 93-118
The sharia-compliant ''Qisas'' and ''Diyat'' law made murder a private offense, not a crime against society or state, and thus the pursuit, prosecution, and punishment for murder has become the responsibility of the victim's heirs and guardians. The Pakistan Penal Code modernized the Hanafi doctrine of ''qisas'' and ''diya'' by eliminating distinctions between Muslims and non-Muslims. Controversies arising from the Diyat law of Pakistan involve cases of honor killings of girls, where the killers were employed by the same family members of the victim who under the Diyyah law have the power to forgive the killer the loophole was corrected in 2016. Another issue is the intentional murder or bodily harm of poor people by wealthy individuals, where the only punishment the perpetrators suffer is paying monetary compensation that constitutes a small fraction of their income or wealth.


Somalia, Djibouti & Somaliland

Somalis The Somalis ( so, Soomaalida 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒆𐒖, ar, صوماليون) are an ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa who share a common ancestry, culture and history. The Lowland East Cushitic Somali language is the shared mo ...
whether in
Djibouti Djibouti, ar, جيبوتي ', french: link=no, Djibouti, so, Jabuuti officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red S ...
, Somalia or Somaliland are all predominantly Sunni Muslim.Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, ''Culture and Customs of Somalia'', (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.1 Different groups within Somali society undertake
oral agreement An oral contract is a contract, the terms of which have been agreed by spoken communication. This is in contrast to a written contract, where the contract is a written document. There may be written, or other physical evidence, of an oral contrac ...
s with each other to define '' xeer'' law. Despite this informal nature, there is a series of generally accepted principles, agreements, and ideas that constitute ''xeer'', referred to collectively as "''xissi adkaaday''". Diya is one of these principles and is referred to in Somali as ''mag''. It is generally paid by the collective group (clan, sub-clan, lineage, or ''mag'' group) from which an offender originates as compensation for the crimes of murder, bodily assault, theft, rape, and
defamation of character Defamation is the act of communicating to a third party false statements about a person, place or thing that results in damage to its reputation. It can be spoken (slander) or written (libel). It constitutes a tort or a crime. The legal defi ...
, given to the victim or victim's family.''Mag'' payment most often takes the form of livestock usually
camels A camel (from: la, camelus and grc-gre, κάμηλος (''kamēlos'') from Hebrew or Phoenician: גָמָל ''gāmāl''.) is an even-toed ungulate in the genus ''Camelus'' that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back. C ...
which are found in the highest concentration in Somali inhabited territories and prized as a measure of wealth. As such victims will readily accept the animal as a form of compensation.


Related concepts

Daaif notes that a concept similar to ''diyah'' was present in
pre-Islamic Arabia Pre-Islamic Arabia ( ar, شبه الجزيرة العربية قبل الإسلام) refers to the Arabian Peninsula before the emergence of Islam in 610 CE. Some of the settled communities developed into distinctive civilizations. Information ...
, where it was paid in terms of goods or animals rather than cash.Lahcen Daaif, "Le prix du sang (diya) au premier siècle de l’islam" dans Hypothèses 2006, (Panthéon – Sorbonne), 2007, p.339-340 At least one western scholar of Islam ( Joseph Schacht) translates ''diya'' as
weregeld Weregild (also spelled wergild, wergeld (in archaic/historical usage of English), weregeld, etc.), also known as man price ( blood money), was a precept in some archaic legal codes whereby a monetary value was established for a person's life, to ...
(Weregeld is also known as "man price", and was a value placed on every being and piece of property to be paid—in the case of loss—as restitution to the victim's family or to the owner of the property. It was used, for example in the
Frankish Frankish may refer to: * Franks, a Germanic tribe and their culture ** Frankish language or its modern descendants, Franconian languages * Francia, a post-Roman state in France and Germany * East Francia, the successor state to Francia in Germany ...
Salic Code).


See also

*
Blood money Blood money may refer to: * Blood money (restitution), money paid to the family of a murder victim Films * Blood Money (1917 film), ''Blood Money'' (1917 film), a film starring Harry Carey * Blood Money (1921 film), ''Blood Money'' (1921 film ...
*
Éraic Éraic (or ''eric'') was the Irish equivalent of the Welsh galanas and the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian weregild, a form of tribute paid in reparation for murder or other major crimes. The term survived into the sixteenth century as ', by then ...
*
Galanas ''Galanas'' in Welsh law was a payment made by a killer and his family to the family of his or her victim. It is similar to éraic in Ireland and the Anglo-Saxon weregild. The compensation depended on the status of the victim, but could also be af ...
*
Główszczyzna Główszczyzna () in Polish tradition was a name for a fine, paid by a killer or his family to the family of his/her victim. The name is derived from ''głowa'', meaning head. See also * Blood money *Diyya * Ericfine * Galanas *Weregild Weregi ...
* Hudud * Qisas * Sharia *
Weregild Weregild (also spelled wergild, wergeld (in archaic/historical usage of English), weregeld, etc.), also known as man price ( blood money), was a precept in some archaic legal codes whereby a monetary value was established for a person's life, to ...
* Zina


References

{{reflist, 2


External links


Paralysis or blood money? Skewed justice in Saudi Arabia
The Guardian (April 5, 2013)
Blood-money for women, slaves and non-muslims
Al-Muwatta, Book 43, Maliki Fiqh
The Reemergence of Qisas and Diyat in Pakistan
Evan Gottessman, Columbia Human Rights Law Review (1992)
Islamic Law in Practice: The Application of Qisas and Diyat Law in Pakistan
Tahir Wasti, Y.B. Islamic & Middle Eastern Law (2007)
The Modern Interpretation of the Diyat Formula for the Quantum of Damages: The Case of Homicide and Personal Injuries
S.Z. Ismail, Arab Law Quarterly, Volume 26, Issue 3, pp. 361–379
When Blood Has Spilled: Gender, Honor, and Compensation in Iranian Criminal Sanctioning
Arzoo Osanloo (2012), Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 35(2), pp. 308–326.
Death Penalty in Saudi Arabia - Diya and Qisas
Amnesty International (2008)
The Reintroduction of Islamic Criminal Law in Northern Nigeria
R. Peters, Study conducted on behalf of the European Commission, Nigeria (2001) Islamic criminal jurisprudence Punishments in religion Compensation for victims of crime Islamic terminology