The dialects of Macedonian comprise the
Slavic dialects spoken in the
Republic of North Macedonia
North Macedonia, ; sq, Maqedonia e Veriut, (Macedonia before February 2019), officially the Republic of North Macedonia,, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Yugoslavia. It ...
as well as some
varieties
Variety may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats
* Variety (radio)
* Variety show, in theater and television
Films
* ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont
* ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...
spoken in the wider geographic region of
Macedonia. They are part of the
dialect continuum
A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated vari ...
of
South Slavic languages
The South Slavic languages are one of three branches of the Slavic languages. There are approximately 30 million speakers, mainly in the Balkans. These are separated geographically from speakers of the other two Slavic branches ( West and Eas ...
that joins
Macedonian
Macedonian most often refers to someone or something from or related to Macedonia.
Macedonian(s) may specifically refer to:
People Modern
* Macedonians (ethnic group), a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group primarily associated with North Ma ...
with
Bulgarian to the east and
Torlakian
Torlakian, or Torlak is a group of South Slavic dialects of southeastern Serbia, Kosovo, northeastern North Macedonia, and northwestern Bulgaria. Torlakian, together with Bulgarian and Macedonian, falls into the Balkan Slavic linguistic ar ...
to the north into the group of the
Eastern South Slavic
The Eastern South Slavic dialects form the eastern subgroup of the South Slavic languages. They are spoken mostly in Bulgaria and North Macedonia, and adjacent areas in the neighbouring countries. They form the so-called Balkan Slavic li ...
languages. The precise delimitation between these languages is fleeting and controversial.
Macedonian authors tend to treat all dialects spoken in the geographical region of Macedonia as Macedonian, including those spoken in the westernmost part of Bulgaria (so-called
Pirin Macedonia), whereas
Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...
n authors treat all Macedonian dialects as part of the Bulgarian language.
Prior to the
codification of
standard Macedonian
Standard Macedonian or literary Macedonian ( mk, книжевен македонски јазик or македонски литературен јазик) is the standard variety of the Macedonian language and the official language of North Mace ...
in 1945, the dialects of Macedonia were for the most part classified as Bulgarian.
[Mazon, Andre. ''Contes Slaves de la Macédoine Sud-Occidentale: Etude linguistique; textes et traduction''; Notes de Folklore, Paris 1923, p. 4.] In
Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wi ...
, the identification of
the dialects spoken by the local
Slavophone minority with either Bulgarian or Macedonian is often avoided, and these dialects are instead described simply as "Slavic", ''Dopia'' ('Local'), Stariski (old) or Našinski (ours).
Linguistically, the dialects of Macedonia in the wider sense can be divided into Eastern and Western groups (the boundary runs approximately from
Skopje
Skopje ( , , ; mk, Скопје ; sq, Shkup) is the capital and largest city of North Macedonia. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre.
The territory of Skopje has been inhabited since at least 4000 BC; r ...
and
Skopska Crna Gora
tr, Karadağ, italics=no
, photo = Skopska Crna Gora-MKD.JPG
, photo_caption =
, photo_size = 250
, highest = Ramno
, elevation_m = 1651
, elevation_ref =
, prominence_m =
, prominence_ref =
, listing =
, location = North Macedonia ...
along the rivers
Vardar
The Vardar (; mk, , , ) or Axios () is the longest river in North Macedonia and the second longest river in Greece, in which it reaches the Aegean Sea at Thessaloniki. It is long, out of which are in Greece, and drains an area of around . Th ...
and
Crna) based on a large group of features. In addition, a more detailed classification can be based on the modern reflexes of the
Proto-Slavic
Proto-Slavic (abbreviated PSl., PS.; also called Common Slavic or Common Slavonic) is the unattested, reconstructed proto-language of all Slavic languages. It represents Slavic speech approximately from the 2nd millennium B.C. through the 6th ...
reduced vowels ("
yers"), vocalic sonorants and the back nasal (o). That classification distinguishes between the following 3 major groups:
Dialects
Northern dialects
* Western group:
#
Tetovo dialect
#
Skopska Crna Gora dialect
The Skopska Crna Gora dialect ( mk, Скопскоцрногорски дијалект, ) is a member of the western subgroup of the northern group of dialects of Macedonian. The dialect is spoken in a small territory north of Skopje on the hem ...
#
Gora dialect
The Gorani or Goranski, also Našinski ("Our language") language, is the variety of South Slavic spoken by the Gorani people in the border area between Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Albania. It is part of the Torlakian dialect group,Browne ...
* Eastern group:
#
Kumanovo dialect
#
Kratovo dialect
Kratovo may refer to:
*Kratovo, North Macedonia, a town
*Kratovo Municipality
Kratovo ( mk, Кратово ) is a municipality in eastern part of North Macedonia. '' Kratovo'' is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. The m ...
#
Kriva Palanka dialect
#
Ovče Pole dialect
Western Dialects:
* Central group:
#
Prilep-Bitola dialect
The Prilep-Bitola dialect ( mk, Прилепско-битолски дијалект, ''Prilepsko-bitolski dijalekt'') is a member of the central subgroup of the western group of dialects of Macedonian. This dialect is spoken in much of the Pel ...
#
Kičevo-Poreče dialect
The Kičevo-Poreče dialect ( mk, Кичевско-поречки дијалект, ''Kičevsko-porečki dijalekt'') is a member of the central subgroup of the western group of dialects of Macedonian. The dialect is spoken in a vast area in Nort ...
#
Skopje-Veles dialect
The Skopje-Veles dialect ( mk, Скопско-велешки дијалект, ) is a member of the central subgroup of the Western group of dialects of Macedonian. The dialect is spoken by a larger group of people in the cities Skopje and Veles ...
* Western and north western group:
#
Gostivar dialect
The Gostivar dialect ( Macedonian: гостиварски дијалект, ''gostivarski dijalekt'' ) is a member of the western and north western subgroup of the western group of dialects of Macedonian. The dialect is mainly spoken in the area a ...
#
Reka dialect
The Reka dialect ( mk, Рекански дијалект, ''Rekanski dijalekt'') is a member of the west and north-west subgroup of the western group of dialects of Macedonian. The dialect is mainly spoken on the territory of the region Reka in ...
#
Galičnik (Mala Reka) dialect
#
Debar dialect
The Debar dialect ( mk, Дебарски дијалект, ''Debarski dijalekt'') is a member of the subgroup of the western and north-western dialects of the western group of dialects of Macedonian. The dialect is mainly spoken in the city of ...
#
Drimkol-Golo Brdo dialect
#
Vevčani-Radožda dialect
#
Struga dialect
#
Ohrid dialect
#
Upper Prespa dialect
#
Lower Prespa dialect
Eastern and Southern dialects
* Eastern group:
#
Tikveš-Mariovo dialect
#
Štip-Kočani dialect
#
Strumica dialect
#
Maleševo-Pirin dialect
* South-western group:
#
Nestram-Kostenar dialect
The Nestram-Kostenar dialect ( mk, Нестрамско-Костенарски дијалект, ''Nestramsko-Kostenarski dijalekt'') is a Macedonian Slavic dialect spoken in parts of northwestern Greece, in the area around the village of Nestori ...
#
Korča (Gorica) dialect
#
Kostur dialect
* South-eastern group:
#
Solun-Voden dialect[str. 249- 252 Makedonski jazik za srednoto obrazovanie- S. Bojkovska, D. Pandev, L. Minova-Ǵurkova, Ž.Cvetkovski- Prosvetno delo AD- Skopje 2001]
#
Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect
Most linguists classify the dialects in the
Pirin
, photo=Pirin-mountains-Bansko.jpg
, photo_caption=Pirin scenery in winter
, country= Bulgaria,
, parent=
, geology= granite, gneiss, marble, limestone
, area_km2=2585
, range_coordinates =
, length_km=80 , length_orientation= north-s ...
(
Blagoevgrad
Blagoevgrad ( bg, Благоевград ) is а town in Southwestern Bulgaria, the administrative centre of Blagoevgrad Municipality and of Blagoevgrad Province. With a population of almost inhabitants, it is the economic and cultural centre ...
) region of
Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...
and in the far east of
Greek Macedonia
Macedonia (; el, Μακεδονία, Makedonía ) is a geographic and former administrative region of Greece, in the southern Balkans. Macedonia is the largest and Greek geographic region, with a population of 2.36 million in 2020. It is ...
as
Bulgarian and the dialects in the rest of
Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wi ...
and in
Republic of North Macedonia
North Macedonia, ; sq, Maqedonia e Veriut, (Macedonia before February 2019), officially the Republic of North Macedonia,, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Yugoslavia. It ...
as Macedonian.
[Schmieger, R. 1998. "The Situation of the Macedonian Language in Greece: Sociolinguistic Analysis", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131, 125–55.
]
Variation in consonants
As far as consonantal features are concerned, the entire Western region is distinguished from the East by loss of (except
Tetovo,
Gora and
Korča) and the loss of in the intervocalic position (except Mala Reka and parts of
Kostur-Korča): (head) = , (heads) = . The Eastern region preserves (except
Tikveš-
Mariovo
Mariovo ( mk, Мариово) is a historic region in the southern part of North Macedonia, with an area of 1,390 square km and an elevation 1,050 m, situated among mountains.
Geography Mountains
* Selečka (highest peak - ''Visoka'' 1,471 m) ...
and
Kumanovo
Kumanovo ( mk, Куманово ; also known by other alternative names) is a city in North Macedonia and the seat of Kumanovo Municipality, the largest municipality in the country. Kumanovo lies above sea level and is surrounded by the Kar ...
-
Kriva Palanka
Kriva Palanka ( mk, Крива Паланка ) is a town located in the northeastern part of North Macedonia. It has 14,558 inhabitants. The town of Kriva Palanka is the seat of Kriva Palanka Municipality which has almost 21,000 inhabitants.
...
) and intervocalic . The East is also characterised by the development of epenthetic before original where the West has epenthetic : Eastern (''coal'') but Western . The diphonemic reflexes are most characteristic of the dialects of
Greek Macedonia
Macedonia (; el, Μακεδονία, Makedonía ) is a geographic and former administrative region of Greece, in the southern Balkans. Macedonia is the largest and Greek geographic region, with a population of 2.36 million in 2020. It is ...
and
Blagoevgrad Province
Blagoevgrad Province ( bg, област Благоевград, ''oblast Blagoevgrad'' or Благоевградска област, ''Blagoevgradska oblast''), also known as Pirin Macedonia or Bulgarian Macedonia ( bg, Пиринска Маке� ...
, Kostur-Korča and
Ohrid
Ohrid ( mk, Охрид ) is a city in North Macedonia and is the seat of the Ohrid Municipality. It is the largest city on Lake Ohrid and the List of cities in North Macedonia, eighth-largest city in the country, with the municipality recording ...
-
Prespa
Prespa ( mk, Преспа, sq, Prespa, el, Πρέσπα) is a region shared between North Macedonia, Albania and Greece. It shares the same name with the two Prespa lakes which are situated in the middle of the region. The largest town is Rese ...
. The
Serres – Nevrokop dialects have a series of phonemically palatalised consonants.
Variation in word stress and its effects on vowels
The Western dialects generally have fixed stress, antepenultimate in the
Republic of North Macedonia
North Macedonia, ; sq, Maqedonia e Veriut, (Macedonia before February 2019), officially the Republic of North Macedonia,, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Yugoslavia. It ...
, and penultimate in
Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wi ...
and
Albania
Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and share ...
. The Eastern region, along with the neighbouring
Bulgarian dialects
Bulgarian dialects are the nonstandard dialect, regional varieties of the Bulgarian language, a South Slavic language. Bulgarian dialectology dates to the 1830s and the pioneering work of Neofit Rilski, ''Bolgarska gramatika' ...
, has various non-fixed stress systems. In Lower
Vardar
The Vardar (; mk, , , ) or Axios () is the longest river in North Macedonia and the second longest river in Greece, in which it reaches the Aegean Sea at Thessaloniki. It is long, out of which are in Greece, and drains an area of around . Th ...
and
Serres
Sérres ( el, Σέρρες ) is a city in Macedonia, Greece, capital of the Serres regional unit and second largest city in the region of Central Macedonia, after Thessaloniki.
Serres is one of the administrative and economic centers of Northe ...
-
Nevrokop unstressed are reduced (raised) to . The reduction of unstressed vowels (as well as the aforementioned allophonic palatalisation of consonants) is characteristic of East Bulgarian as opposed to West Bulgarian dialects, so these dialects are regarded by Bulgarian linguists as transitional between East and West Bulgarian.
External links
Digital resources of Macedonian dialectsAudio recordings, examples from the collection of Bozhidar Vidoeski— Center for areal linguistics -
MANU
Manu may refer to:
Geography
* Manú Province, a province of Peru, in the Madre de Dios Region
**Manú National Park, Peru
** Manú River, in southeastern Peru
* Manu River (Tripura), which originates in India and flows into Bangladesh
*Manu Tem ...
Map of Macedonian dialects with sample texts and audio recordings— Center for areal linguistics -
MANU
Manu may refer to:
Geography
* Manú Province, a province of Peru, in the Madre de Dios Region
**Manú National Park, Peru
** Manú River, in southeastern Peru
* Manu River (Tripura), which originates in India and flows into Bangladesh
*Manu Tem ...
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dialects Of The Macedonian Language
Macedonian language