Dermatology is the branch of
medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care pr ...
dealing with the
skin
Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation.
Other animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton, have different ...
.
[''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.'' Random House, Inc. 2001. Page 537. .] It is a speciality with both medical and surgical aspects.
A
dermatologist is a specialist medical doctor who manages diseases related to skin, hair, nails, and some cosmetic problems.
Etymology
Attested in English in 1819, the word "dermatology" derives from the
Greek δέρματος (''dermatos''), genitive of δέρμα (''derma''), "skin" (itself from δέρω ''dero'', "to flay") and -λογία ''
-logia''. Neo-Latin ''dermatologia'' was coined in 1630, an anatomical term with various French and German uses attested from the 1730s.
History
In 1708, the first great school of dermatology became a reality at the famous
Hôpital Saint-Louis in Paris, and the first textbooks (Willan's, 1798–1808) and atlases (
Alibert's, 1806–1816) appeared in print around the same time.
[Freedberg, et al. (2003). ''Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine''. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. Page 3. .]
Training
United States
After earning a medical degree (
M.D. or
D.O.
Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO or D.O., or in Australia DO USA) is a medical degree conferred by the 38 osteopathic medical schools in the United States. DO and Doctor of Medicine (MD) degrees are equivalent: a DO graduate may become licens ...
), the length of training in the United States for a general dermatologist to be eligible for board certification by the
American Academy of Dermatology
The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) is a non-profit professional organization of dermatologists in the United States and Canada, based in Rosemont, Illinois, near Chicago. It was founded in 1938 and has more than 20,500 members. The Academ ...
,
American Board of Dermatology
American(s) may refer to:
* American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America"
** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America
** American ancestry, pe ...
, or
American Osteopathic Board of Dermatology
The American Osteopathic Board of Dermatology (AOBD) is an organization that provides board certification to qualified Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) who specialize in the medical and surgical treatment of disorders of the skin (dermatolo ...
is four years. This training consists of an initial medical, transitional, surgical, or pediatric intern year followed by a three-year dermatology residency.
Following this training, one- or two-year post-residency fellowships are available in
immunodermatology,
phototherapy,
laser medicine,
Mohs micrographic surgery,
cosmetic surgery,
dermatopathology, or pediatric dermatology. While these dermatology fellowships offer additional subspecialty training, many dermatologist proficiently provide these services without subspecialty fellowship training. For the past several years, dermatology residency positions in the United States have been one of the most competitive to obtain.
The United States has been experiencing a national shortage of dermatologists for more than a decade. A study published by the ''Journal of the American Medical Association'' reported fewer than 3.4 dermatologists for every 100,000 people.
United Kingdom
In the UK, a dermatologist is a medically qualified practitioner who has gone on to specialize in medicine and then subspecialize in dermatology. This involves:
* Medical school for five years to obtain an MBBS, MBBCh, MB, or BChir degree
* Two years of foundation rotations in various specialties
* Two to three years training in general medicine to obtain a higher degree in medicine and become a member of the
Royal College of Physicians
* Having obtained the
MRCP examination, applying to become a Specialty Registrar (StR) in Dermatology and training for four years in dermatology
* Passing the Specialty Certificate Examination in dermatology before the end of training
Upon successful completion of the four-year training period, the doctor becomes an accredited dermatologist and is able to apply for a consultant hospital post as a consultant dermatologist.
Fields
Cosmetic dermatology
Dermatologists have been leaders in the field of cosmetic surgery.
[James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology'' (10th ed.). Saunders. Page 895. .] Some dermatologists complete fellowships in surgical dermatology. Many are trained in their residency on the use of
botulinum toxin, fillers, and laser surgery. Some dermatologists perform cosmetic procedures including
liposuction,
blepharoplasty
Blepharoplasty ( Greek: ''blepharon'', "eyelid" + ''plassein'' "to form") is the plastic surgery operation for correcting defects, deformities, and disfigurations of the eyelids; and for aesthetically modifying the eye region of the face. With ...
, and
face lift
A facelift, technically known as a rhytidectomy (from the Ancient Greek () "wrinkle", and () "excision", the surgical removal of wrinkles), is a type of cosmetic surgery procedure used to give a more youthful facial appearance. There are mul ...
s. Most dermatologists limit their cosmetic practice to minimally invasive procedures. Despite an absence of formal guidelines from the
American Board of Dermatology
American(s) may refer to:
* American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America"
** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America
** American ancestry, pe ...
, many cosmetic fellowships are offered in both surgery and laser medicine.
Dermatopathology
A dermatopathologist is a
pathologist
Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury. The word ''pathology'' also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of biology research fields and medical practices. However, when used in th ...
or dermatologist who specializes in the
pathology
Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury. The word ''pathology'' also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of biology research fields and medical practices. However, when used in ...
of the skin. This field is shared by dermatologists and pathologists. Usually, a dermatologist or pathologist completes one year of dermatopathology fellowship. This usually includes six months of general pathology and six months of dermatopathology. Alumni of both specialties can qualify as dermatopathologists. At the completion of a standard residency in dermatology, many dermatologists are also competent at dermatopathology. Some dermatopathologists qualify to sit for their examinations by completing a residency in dermatology and one in pathology.
Trichology
Trichology specializes in diseases, which manifest with hair loss, hair abnormalities,
hypertrichosis and scalp changes.
Trichoscopy is a medical diagnostic method that is used by dermatologists with a special interest in trichology.
Immunodermatology
This field specializes in the treatment of immune-mediated skin diseases such as
lupus,
bullous pemphigoid,
pemphigus vulgaris, and other immune-mediated skin disorders. Specialists in this field often run their own immunopathology labs. Immunodermatology testing is essential for the correct diagnosis and treatment of many diseases affecting epithelial organs including skin, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. The various diseases often overlap in clinical and histological presentation and, although the diseases themselves are not common, may present with features of common skin disorders such as urticaria, eczema and chronic itch. Therefore, the diagnosis of an immunodermatological disease is often delayed. Tests are performed on blood and tissues that are sent to various laboratories from medical facilities and referring physicians across the United States.
Mohs surgery
The dermatologic subspecialty called Mohs surgery focuses on the excision of skin cancers using a technique that allows intraoperative assessment of most of the peripheral and deep tumor margins. Developed in the 1930s by Dr.
Frederic E. Mohs
Frederic Edward Mohs (March 1, 1910 – July 2, 2002) was an American physician and general surgeon who developed the Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) technique in 1938 to remove skin cancer lesions while still a medical student at the University ...
, the procedure is defined as a type of
CCPDMA processing. Physicians trained in this technique must be comfortable with both pathology and surgery, and dermatologists receive extensive training in both during their residency. Physicians who perform Mohs surgery can receive training in this specialized technique during their dermatology residency, but many seek additional training either through formal preceptorships to become fellows of the American Society for Mohs Surgery or through one-year Mohs surgery fellowship training programs administered by the American College of Mohs Surgery. In 2020, the American Board of Dermatology (ABD) received approval from the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) to establish a board-certification exam in the subspecialty of Micrographic Dermatologic Surgery (Mohs Surgery). The exam was first offered in October 2021 to any US board-certified dermatologist who practices Mohs surgery, regardless of whether they received their training in dermatology residency or as part of a fellowship.
This technique requires the integration of the same doctor in two different capacities - surgeon and pathologist. In case either of the two responsibilities is assigned to another doctor or qualified health-care professional, it is not considered to be Mohs surgery.
Pediatric dermatology
Physicians can qualify for this specialization by completing both a pediatric residency and a dermatology residency. Or they might elect to complete a post-residency fellowship. This field encompasses the complex diseases of the
neonates, hereditary skin diseases or
genodermatoses
Genodermatosis is a hereditary skin disease with three inherited modes including single gene inheritance, multiple gene inheritance and chromosome inheritance. There are many different types of genodermatosis, the prevalence of genodermatosis rang ...
, and the many difficulties of working with the
pediatric population.
Teledermatology
Teledermatology is a form of dermatological practice in which telecommunication technologies are used to exchange medical information and treatment through audio, visual, and data communication, including photos of dermatologic conditions, between dermatologists and nondermatologists who are evaluating patients, along with dermatologists directly with patients via distance. In India, during the severe coronavirus situations, some dermatologists have initiated online consultation with their patients using some of popular apps, such as Practo, Apollo Pharmacy, Skin Beauty Pal, Lybrate, etc. This subspecialty deals with options to view skin conditions over a large distance to provide
knowledge exchange, to establish second-opinion services for experts, or to use this for follow-up of individuals with chronic skin conditions. Teledermatology can reduce wait times by allowing dermatologists to treat minor conditions online while serious conditions requiring immediate care are given priority for appointments.
Dermatoepidemiology
Dermatoepidemiology is the study of skin disease at the population level. One of its aspects is the determination of the global burden of skin diseases.
From 1990 to 2013, skin disease constituted about 2% of total global disease disability as measured in disability-adjusted life-years.
Therapies
Therapies provided by dermatologists include:
* Excision and treatment of
skin cancer
*
Cryosurgery for the treatment of warts, skin cancers, and other dermatoses
* Cosmetic filler injections
* Intralesional treatment with steroid drugs or
chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents or alkylating agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen. Chemother ...
*
Laser therapy for the management of birth marks, skin disorders (like
vitiligo),
tattoo removal, and cosmetic resurfacing and rejuvenation
* Chemical peels for the treatment of
acne
Acne, also known as ''acne vulgaris'', is a long-term skin condition that occurs when dead skin cells and oil from the skin clog hair follicles. Typical features of the condition include blackheads or whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, and ...
,
melasma, and sun damage
*
Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of skin cancer and precancerous growths
*
Phototherapy including the use of narrowband UVB, broadband UVB, psoralen, and UVB
*
Tumescent liposuction
Tumescent liposuction is a technique that provides local anesthesia to large volumes of subcutaneous fat and thus permits liposuction.
While the suctioned fat cells are permanently gone, after a few months overall body fat generally returned to th ...
: Invented by a
gynecologist, a dermatologist (Dr.
Jeffrey A. Klein) adapted the procedure to local infusion of dilute anesthetic called tumescent liposuction. This method is now widely practiced by dermatologists, plastic surgeons, and gynecologists.
*
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy or radiotherapy, often abbreviated RT, RTx, or XRT, is a therapy using ionizing radiation, generally provided as part of cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells and normally delivered by a linear accelerator. Rad ...
, although rarely practiced by dermatologists, some continue to provide it in their offices.
* Vitiligo surgery includes procedures such as autologous melanocyte transplant,
suction blister grafting, and punch grafting.
*
Allergy testing
Allergy testing can help confirm or rule out allergies and consequently reduce adverse reactions and limit unnecessary avoidance and medications.Boyce, J ''et al''., "Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy in the United States: ...
uses "patch" testing for contact dermatitis.
* Systemic therapies include antibiotics, immunomodulators, and novel injectable products.
* Topical therapies use many of the numerous products and compounds used topically.
Most dermatologic pharmacology can be categorized based on the
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system, specifically the
ATC code D.
See also
*
Cutaneous condition
*
History of dermatology Readily visible alterations of the skin surface have been recognized since the dawn of history, with some being treated, and some not. One of the earliest known sources documenting skin ailments is the Ebers Papyrus, a medical document from ancien ...
*
List of cutaneous conditions
*
List of dermatologists
*
Centro Studi GISED
Centro Studi GISED is an Italian research association with legal personality registered with no. 2096/2004 at the R.E.A. Register in Bergamo ( Italy). It is a non-profit association established in 2002, and it develops research and educational p ...
References
External links
*
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