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''Tuồng cải lương'' (, Hán-Nôm: 從改良) often referred to as cải lương ( Chữ Hán: 改良), roughly "reformed theater") is a form of modern folk opera in
Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...
. It blends southern Vietnamese folk songs, classical music, '' hát tuồng'' (a classical theatre form based on Chinese opera), and modern spoken drama.


History and description

Cải lương originated in
Southern Vietnam Southern Vietnam ( vi, Nam Bộ) is one of the three geographical regions of Vietnam, the other two being Northern and Central Vietnam. It includes 2 administrative regions, which in turn are divided into 19 ''First Tier units'', of which 17 ar ...
in the early 20th century and blossomed in the 1930s as a theatre of the middle class during the country's
French colonial French colonial architecture includes several styles of architecture used by the French during colonization. Many former French colonies, especially those in Southeast Asia, have previously been reluctant to promote their colonial architectur ...
period. Cải lương is now promoted as a national theatrical form. Unlike the other folk forms, it continued to prove popular with the masses as late as the 1970s and the 1980s, although it is now in decline. Beyond remedy for Cai luong. VietNamNet Bridge. 21 August 2008 Cải lương can be compared to a sort of play with the added aspect of Vọng cổ. This term literally means "nostalgia for the past", it is a special type of singing with the background music often being the ''
đàn tranh The ''đàn tranh'' (, ) or ''đàn thập lục''Le, Tuan Hung. Dan Tranh Music of Vietnam : Traditions and Innovations. Melbourne, Tokyo : Australia Asia Foundation, 1998. (hard back); (paperback), page 1 is a plucked zither of Vietnam, bas ...
'' zither or the '' đàn ghi-ta'' (Vietnamized guitar). In a typical ''cải lương'' play, the actresses and actors would use a combination of regular spoken dialogue and ''vọng cổ'' to express their thoughts and emotions. Cải lương normally highlights/praises Vietnamese moral values. There are mainly two types of ''cải lương'': ''cải lương tuồng cổ'' (ancient) and ''cải lương xã hội'' (modern). ''Cải lương xã hội'' ("society reformed theater" 改良 社會) consists of stories about modern Vietnamese society. The plots deal with a romantic love story blended with family or social relationships. The stories also explore cultural norms, social norms, and other aspects of Vietnamese society, e.g. ''Đời Cô Lựu'', ''Tô Ánh Nguyệt''. This type can be somehow described as tragedy, but with a happy ending. However, a few ''cải lương xã hội'' such as "Ra Giêng Anh Cưới Em" are comedic and light. In ''Cải lương tuồng cổ'', The actor/actress dresses in an old fashioned costume. The plot is based on a tale, legend or historical story of the feudal system, where kings and warriors still existed. For example, ''Bên Cầu Dệt Lụa'', ''Lục Vân Tiên'', ''Tiếng Trống Mê Linh'' etc. Many plots come from Chinese historic or ancient legends. ''Lương Sơn Bá-Chúc Anh Đài'' is based on the Chinese legend of
butterfly lovers The Butterfly Lovers is a Chinese legend of a tragic love story of a pair of lovers, Liang Shanbo () and Zhu Yingtai (), whose names form the title of the story. The title is often abbreviated to Liang Zhu (). The story was selected as one o ...
. In ''Cải lương tuồng cổ'', ''Hồ Quảng'' a kind of Chinese opera may be mixed. Hence, some ''Cải lương tuồng cổ'' may be called ''Cải lương Hồ Quảng'', which is more like a musical. In addition to regular speech, ''ca cải lương'', and ''Vọng cổ'', several melodies are incorporated into the play. These melodies are reused through different plays, however the words are changed to fit the context of the plays. ''Cải lương tuồng cổ'' can be characterized by beautiful, elaborate costumes comprising beautiful and colorful dress pieces; large, beautiful glittery hairpieces; elaborate warrior armor; and elaborate warrior head pieces.


Notable singers


Before 1975

* Tám Danh (1901-1976) * Ba Du (1904-1980) * Năm Phỉ (1906-1954) * Năm Châu (1906-1977) * Ba Vân (1908-1988) * Phùng Há (1911-2009) * Tư Sạng (1911-1955) * Bảy Nam (1913-2004) * Út Trà Ôn (1919-2001) * Lê Thanh Trí (1924-2002) * Viễn Châu (1924-2016) * Kim Chưởng (1926-2014) * Văn Chung (1928-2018) * Hữu Phước (1932-1997) * Phi Hùng (born 1932) * Thành Được (born 1934) * Út Bạch Lan (1935-2016) * Hùng Cường (1936-1996) * Thanh Hương (1936-1974) *
Kim Cương Kim or KIM may refer to: Names * Kim (given name) * Kim (surname) ** Kim (Korean surname) *** Kim family (disambiguation), several dynasties **** Kim family (North Korea), the rulers of North Korea since Kim Il-sung in 1948 ** Kim, Vietnamese fo ...
(born 1937) * Nam Hùng (1937-2020) * Minh Cảnh (born 1938) * Tấn Tài (1938-2011) * Ngọc Nuôi (1939-2002) * Út Hiền (1940-1986) * Diệp Lang (born 1941) * Dũng Thanh Lâm (1942-2004) * Ngọc Hương (1942-2017) * Thanh Nga (1942-1978) * Kim Ngọc (1943-2011) * Thanh Sang (1943-2017) * Phương Quang (1942-2018) * Thanh Thanh Hoa (1943-2009) * Minh Phụng (1944-2008) *
Bạch Tuyết Bạch is a Vietnamese language surname, which means "white".''Behind the Name''"Surname Bạch" Retrieved on 26 January 2016. The name is transliterated as Bai in Chinese, and as Baek (also often spelled Baik, Paek or Paik) in Korean. Bach ...
(born 1945) * Hồng Nga (born 1945) * Ngọc Giàu (born 1945) * Diệu Hiền (born 1945) * Phương Bình (born 1947) * Phượng Liên (born 1947) * Thanh Nguyệt (born 1947) * Bo Bo Hoàng (born 1947) * Thanh Tòng (1948-2016) * Lệ Thủy (born 1948) * Thanh Tuấn (born 1948) * Minh Vương (born 1949) * Bảo Quốc (born 1949) * Mỹ Châu (born 1950) * Tô Kim Hồng (born 1950) * Bạch Lê (born 1951) * Chí Tâm (born 1952) * Giang Châu (1952-2019) * Bích Hạnh (born 1953) * Thoại Miêu (born 1953) * Thanh Kim Huệ (1955-2021) * Hương Lan (born 1956)


After 1975

* Phượng Mai (born 1956) * Vũ Linh * Tài Linh * Châu Thanh * Thanh Hằng * Phương Hồng Thủy * Linh Tâm * Thanh Thanh Tâm * Phượng Hằng * Phượng Loan * Cẩm Tiên * Kim Tử Long * Thoại Mỹ * Vũ Luân * Chí Linh * Vân Hà * Tú Sương * Trinh Trinh * Lê Thanh Thảo * Quế Trân * Ngọc Huyền * Thanh Ngân * Trọng Phúc * Tấn Giao * Kim Tiểu Long *
Phi Nhung Phạm Phi Nhung (10 April 1970 – 28 September 2021) was a Vietnamese-American singer, actress and humanitarian. She specialised in Dan Ca and Tru Tinh music. She sang for Paris By Night and Van Son and also acted in their plays and Tinh p ...
(1970-2021) * Mạnh Quỳnh *
Hương Thủy Hương Thủy is a County-level town (''thị xã'') of Thừa Thiên–Huế province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2020 the town had a population of 95,299. The town covers an area of 426.96 km². This district ...
* Linh Tuấn * Thanh Huyền


See also

*
Music of Vietnam Traditional Vietnamese music encompasses a large umbrella of Vietnamese music from antiquity to present times, and can also encompass multiple groups, such as those from Vietnam's ethnic minority tribes. History Traditional Vietnamese music has ...
*
Cao Văn Lầu Cao Văn Lầu (1892–1976), also known as Sáu Lầu (''Lầu the Sixth'' in Vietnamese), was a Vietnamese musician. He was the original composer of the song vọng cổ which started a new genre of cải lương music in the 1920s. He was ...
songwriter ** Dạ cổ hoài lang "Night song of the missing husband" 1919 ** Vọng cổ "nostalgia"


References


External links


Encyclopedia of Vietnamese Music
(wiki)
Cai Luong VietnamDan Ca VietVideo cai luongThe best reformed theater songs , Các bài tân cổ cải lương hay nhất
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cai Luong Vietnamese traditional theatre Dance in Vietnam Vietnamese music Vietnamese styles of music Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity Folk opera