Commercial broadcasting (also called private broadcasting) is the
broadcasting
Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model. Broadcasting began wi ...
of
television program
Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication Media (communication), medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of Transmission (telecommunications), television tra ...
s and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state sponsorship. It was the United States′ first model of radio (and later television) during the 1920s, in contrast with the public television model in
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, which prevailed worldwide, except in the United States and Brazil, until the 1980s.
Features
Advertising
Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on the practice of airing radio advertisements and
television advertisement
A television advertisement (also called a television commercial, TV commercial, commercial, spot, television spot, TV spot, advert, television advert, TV advert, television ad, TV ad or simply an ad) is a span of television programming produce ...
s for profit. This is in contrast to
public broadcasting
Public broadcasting involves radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Public broadcasters receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing ...
, which receives government subsidies and usually does not have paid advertising interrupting the show. During pledge drives, some public broadcasters will interrupt shows to ask for donations.
In the United States, non-commercial educational (NCE) television and radio exists in the form of
community radio
Community radio is a radio service offering a third model of radio broadcasting in addition to commercial and public broadcasting. Community stations serve geographic communities and communities of interest. They broadcast content that is popu ...
; however,
premium cable
Pay television, also known as subscription television, premium television or, when referring to an individual service, a premium channel, refers to subscription-based television services, usually provided by multichannel television providers, but ...
services such as HBO and Showtime generally operate solely on subscriber fees and do not sell advertising. This is also the case for the portions of the two major
satellite radio
Satellite radio is defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)'s ITU Radio Regulations (RR) as a '' broadcasting-satellite service''. The satellite's signals are broadcast nationwide, across a much wider geographical area than t ...
systems that are produced in-house (mainly music programming).
Radio broadcasting originally began without paid commercials. As time went on, however, advertisements seemed less objectionable to both the public and government regulators and became more common. While commercial broadcasting was unexpected in radio, in television it was planned due to commercial radio's success. Television began with commercial sponsorship and later transformed to paid commercial time. When problems arose over patents and corporate marketing strategies, regulatory decisions were made by the
Federal Communications Commission
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that regulates communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable across the United States. The FCC maintains jurisdicti ...
(FCC) to control commercial broadcasting.
Paid programming
Commercial broadcasting overlaps with paid services such as
cable television
Cable television is a system of delivering television programming to consumers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables, or in more recent systems, light pulses through fibre-optic cables. This contrasts with bro ...
,
radio
Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a tr ...
and
satellite television
Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to viewers by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the viewer's location. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna com ...
. Such services are generally partially or wholly paid for by local subscribers and is known as leased access. Other programming (particularly on cable television) is produced by companies operating in much the same manner as advertising-funded commercial broadcasters, and they (and often the local cable provider) sell commercial time in a similar manner.
The FCC's interest in program control began with the chain-broadcasting investigation of the late 1930s, culminating in the "Blue Book" of 1946, ''Public Service Responsibility For Broadcast Licensees''. The Blue Book differentiated between mass-appeal sponsored programs and unsponsored "sustaining" programs offered by the radio networks. This sustained programming, according to the Blue Book, had five features serving the public interest:
*Sustaining programs balanced the broadcast schedule, supplementing the soap operas and popular-music programs receiving the highest ratings and most commercial sponsors
*They allowed for the broadcast of programs which, by their controversial or sensitive nature, were unsuitable for sponsorship
*They supplied cultural programming for smaller audiences
*They provided limited broadcast access for
non-profit
A nonprofit organization (NPO) or non-profit organisation, also known as a non-business entity, not-for-profit organization, or nonprofit institution, is a legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit, in co ...
and civic organizations
*They made possible artistic and dramatic experimentation, shielded from the pressures of short-run rating and commercial considerations of a sponsor.Boddy, William. ''Fifties Television: the Industry and Its Critics.'' University of Illinois Press, 1992.
Commercial time has increased 31 seconds per hour for all prime time television shows. For example, ABC has increased from 9 minutes and 26 seconds to 11 minutes and 26 seconds.
Ratings
Programming on commercial stations is more ratings-driven—particularly during periods such as
sweeps
Nielsen Media Research (NMR) is an American firm that measures media audiences, including television, radio, theatre, films (via the AMC Theatres MAP program), and newspapers. Headquartered in New York City, it is best known for the Nielsen rati ...
in the US and some Latin American countries.
Other factors
Commercial broadcasting (especially
free-to-air
Free-to-air (FTA) services are television (TV) and radio services broadcast in unencrypted form, allowing any person with the appropriate receiving equipment to receive the signal and view or listen to the content without requiring a subscripti ...
) is sometimes controversial. One reason is a perceived lack of quality and risk in the programming (to which more conservative elements respond that it is too risqué much of the time), an excessively high ratio of advertising to program time (especially on children's television), and a perceived failure to serve the local interest due to media consolidation. Commercial radio (in particular) is criticized for a perceived homogeneity in programming, covert politically motivated censorship of content, and a desire to cut costs at the expense of a station's identifiable personality. Politics is a major force in media criticism, with an ongoing debate (especially in the United States) as to what moral standards – if any – are to be applied to the airwaves.
Global commercial broadcasting
Americas
Commercial broadcasting is the dominant type of broadcasting in the United States and most of Latin America. "The US commercial system resulted from a carefully crafted cooperation endeavor by national corporations and federal regulators."
The best-known commercial broadcasters in the United States today are the ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBCtelevision networks, based in the United States. Major cable television in the United States operators include
Comcast
Comcast Corporation (formerly known as American Cable Systems and Comcast Holdings),Before the AT&T merger in 2001, the parent company was Comcast Holdings Corporation. Comcast Holdings Corporation now refers to a subsidiary of Comcast Corpora ...
Cox Communications
Cox Communications, Inc. (also known as Cox Cable and formerly Cox Broadcasting Corporation, Dimension Cable Services and Times-Mirror Cable) is an American digital cable television provider, telecommunications and home automation services. It i ...
DirecTV
DirecTV (trademarked as DIRECTV) is an American multichannel video programming distributor based in El Segundo, California. Originally launched on June 17, 1994, its primary service is a digital satellite service serving the United States. I ...
and Dish Network.
In an hour of broadcast time on a commercial broadcasting station, 10 to 20 minutes are typically devoted to
advertising
Advertising is the practice and techniques employed to bring attention to a product or service. Advertising aims to put a product or service in the spotlight in hopes of drawing it attention from consumers. It is typically used to promote a ...
. Advertisers pay a certain amount of money to air their commercials, usually based upon program ratings or the audience measurement of a station or network. This makes commercial broadcasters more accountable to advertisers than
public broadcasting
Public broadcasting involves radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Public broadcasters receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing ...
, a disadvantage of commercial radio and television.
Europe
In Europe, commercial broadcasting coexists with public broadcasting (where programming is largely funded by broadcast receiver licences, public donations or government grants).
In the UK,
Sky UK
Sky UK Limited is a British broadcaster and telecommunications company that provides television and broadband Internet services, fixed line and mobile telephone services to consumers and businesses in the United Kingdom. It is a subsidiary of ...
is available and WorldSpace Satellite Radio was available.
Asia
The best-known commercial services in Asia are one of the South Korean radio and television network SBS along with one of the Hong Kong television network TVB.
SBT
sbt is an open-source build tool for Scala and Java projects, similar to Apache's Maven and Gradle.
Its main features are:
*Native support for compiling Scala code and integrating with many Scala test frameworks
*Continuous compilation, te ...
CTV
CTV may refer to:
Television
* Connected TV, or Smart TV, a TV set with integrated internet
North America and South America
* CTV Television Network, a Canadian television network owned by Bell Media
** CTV 2, a secondary Canadian televisio ...
Noovo
Noovo is a Canadian French-language terrestrial television network owned by the Bell Media subsidiary of BCE Inc. The network has five owned-and-operated and three affiliated stations throughout Quebec, although it can also be seen over-the-a ...
Telecanal
Telecanal is a private owned TV channel of Chile, launched on December 5, 2005. It currently airs in Santiago on VHF channel 2. The station for the channel mostly airs American films and TV series.
History Launch (2005–2010)
Following the s ...
Teletica
Televisora de Costa Rica S.A., known as Teletica is a Costa Rican television broadcaster, founded in 1958. It operates Teletica Canal 7, XperTV Canal 33, and, since 1991 (partially since 2018), CableTica (now called Liberty).
History
In Octobe ...
Gamavisión
Gamavisión is a state-owned Ecuadorian television network. The network was one of Televisa
Grupo Televisa is a Mexican multimedia mass media company. A major Latin American mass media corporation, it often presents itself as the largest prod ...
TC Televisión
TC Televisión is a state-owned television network in Ecuador. The network was founded in 1969 and was commercially funded for many years until 2011 when The Isaias Group went into a lawsuit and was sold to a state government unit, Since then the ...
*
Canal Uno
Canal 1 ( en, Channel 1; pronounced "Canal Uno") is a Colombian state-owned television channel. It is owned by the Government of Colombia and managed by Plural Comunicaciones, S.A.S, a private company. From 1957 to 2017, the channel was administe ...
TV Azteca
TV Azteca, S.A.B. de C.V. is a Mexican multimedia conglomerate owned by Grupo Salinas. It is the second-largest mass media company in Mexico after Televisa. It primarily competes with Televisa as well as some local operators. It owns two natio ...
Telemetro
Telemetro is a television network headquartered in Panama City, Panama, with repeaters throughout the country. The station broadcasts in NTSC format and in Panama City also in DVB-T format. In 1996 Telemetro and RPC TV merged and formed Corpora ...
Paravisión
Paravisión, sometimes known as Canal 5, is a Paraguayan free-to-air television channel owned by Albavisión which broadcasts news programs, sports, entertainment, imported TV shows, among others. It also employs the European Teletext system.
...
The CW
''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the ...
Estrella TV
Estrella TV () is an American Spanish-language broadcast television network owned by the Estrella Media subsidiary of HPS Investment Partners, LLC. The network primarily features programs, the vast majority of which are produced by the network ...
Univision
Univision () is an American Spanish-language free-to-air television network owned by TelevisaUnivision. It is the United States' largest provider of Spanish-language content. The network's programming is aimed at the Latino public and include ...
Teledoce
Teledoce Televisora Color, also known as Canal 12 is a Uruguayan free-to-air television network, located in the capital of Uruguay, Montevideo. It is owned by Grupo Disco. Television transmissions commenced in 1962.
History
It was the third a ...
Venezuela
*
Venevisión
Venevisión () is a Venezuelan free-to-air television channel and one of Venezuela's largest television networks, owned by the Cisneros Media division of Grupo Cisneros.
History
The company's roots date back to June 1, 1953, with the establis ...
Meridiano Televisión
Meridiano Televisión is a 24-hour sports network in Venezuela.
History
Meridiano Televisión was created in 1996 as a privately owned television network in Venezuela, exclusively dedicated to national and international sports. Its owned by Blo ...
Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a List of cities in China, city and Special administrative regions of China, special ...
,
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...
Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a List of cities in China, city and Special administrative regions of China, special ...
Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a List of cities in China, city and Special administrative regions of China, special ...
Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a List of cities in China, city and Special administrative regions of China, special ...
Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a List of cities in China, city and Special administrative regions of China, special ...
,
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...
Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a List of cities in China, city and Special administrative regions of China, special ...
Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a List of cities in China, city and Special administrative regions of China, special ...
Television Broadcasts Limited
Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) is a television broadcasting company based in Hong Kong SAR. The Company operates five free-to-air terrestrial television channels in Hong Kong, with TVB Jade as its main Cantonese language service, and TVB ...
Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a List of cities in China, city and Special administrative regions of China, special ...
,
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...
Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a List of cities in China, city and Special administrative regions of China, special ...
Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a List of cities in China, city and Special administrative regions of China, special ...
Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a List of cities in China, city and Special administrative regions of China, special ...
Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a List of cities in China, city and Special administrative regions of China, special ...
TVB Finance, Sports & Information Channel
TVB Finance, Sports & Information Channel (formerly TVB Finance Channel and TVB Finance & Information Channel, ) is a 24-hour non-stop Cantonese finance information channel based in Hong Kong and operated by TVB. The channel provides financial, ...
(無綫財經·體育·資訊台) -
Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a List of cities in China, city and Special administrative regions of China, special ...
/ 24-hour clock Finance, Sport and Information Channel
Star Plus
StarPlus is an Indian Hindi language general entertainment pay television channel owned by Disney Star (formerly ''Star India''), a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company India. The network's programming consists of family dramas, comedi ...
Sony Entertainment Television
Sony Entertainment Television (SET) is an Indian Hindi-language general entertainment pay television channel, that was launched on 30 September 1995, and is owned by Culver Max Entertainment, a subsidiary of the Japanese Sony.
SET India's ...
Money FM 89.3
SPH Media Trust (SMT), commonly known as SPH Media, is a media organisation with businesses in print, digital, radio, and outdoor media in Singapore. Legally a company limited by guarantee, it was incorporated on 19 July 2021, and begin estab ...
One FM 91.3
SPH Media Trust (SMT), commonly known as SPH Media, is a media organisation with businesses in print, digital, radio, and outdoor media in Singapore. Legally a company limited by guarantee, it was incorporated on 19 July 2021, and begin estab ...
China Television
China Television Company, Ltd. (CTV; ) (Formerly called Taiwan Daytime TV (TDT) in 1969-1975) is a television broadcasting company based in Taipei, Taiwan. It was established on September 3, 1968, by the then-ruling Nationalist Party (KMT) of ...
CTS Main Channel
CTS Main Channel is the flagship free-to-air terrestrial television channel of the Chinese Television System network and is the third oldest free-to-air terrestrial television channel in the Republic of China (Taiwan) after TTV Main Channel an ...
**
CTS News and Info
CTS News and Info () is a digital television 24-hour news channel operated by Chinese Television System (CTS) in Taiwan. It used to be CTS Recreation () until September 10, 2012.
On April 19, 2021, CTS News and Info Channel took over Taiwan's C ...
*
Formosa Television
Formosa Television () is a television station based in New Taipei, Taiwan. Established on March 27, 1996, FTV began broadcasting on June 11, 1997.
Formosa Television is also the first free-to-air television station which was established w ...
FTV News
FTV News (, Pinyin: Mín shì xīnwén tái) is a digital television news channel operated by Formosa Television (FTV) in Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a Country, country in East Asia, at the junction of the E ...
**
FTV One
FTV One (), is a digital television channel operated by Formosa Television (FTV) in Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a Country, country in East Asia, at the junction of the East China Sea, East and South China Se ...
Vietnam Television Corporation
Vietnam Multimedia Corporation is a Vietnamese multimedia corporation, founded in February 1988 for the purpose of building television stations. In July 2003, the Vietnam Ministry of Post and Telematics purchased VTC.
Origin
In February 1988, ...
TV 2 Zebra
TV 2 Zebra is a Norwegian television channel showing entertainment programmes, interactive programmes and live sport mainly targeted towards a male audience. The channel was started as TV 2 Xtra on 24 January 2004, but before that the channel wa ...
**
TV 2 Nyheter
TV 2 Nyheter (''TV 2 News'') is a 24-hour Norwegian language television news channel which started broadcasting on 15 January 2007. It is Norway's first national news network in Norwegian, although Nyhetskanalen did exist from 1997 to 1998.
The ...
TV 2 Livsstil
TV 2 Livsstil is a Norwegian TV channel owned by the TV 2 Group. The channel replaces the previous channel TV 2 Bliss.
Contents
The channel is focusing on lifestyle programs. Some of the regular shows are Keeping up with the Kardashians
...
TV3 Norway
TV3 Norway is a commercial television channel targeting Norway owned by Viaplay Group. It was separated from the earlier Pan-Scandinavian version in 1990.
Unlike its main rivals, NRK, TV 2 and TVNorge, the channel does not broadcast from Norway ...
TV3 Max
TV3 MAX is a Danish TV channel dedicated to male viewers. The channel launched on 31 October 2017 and replaced TV3 Sport 2. The channel is owned by Viaplay Group.
Programming
TV3 MAX broadcasts sports like the Danish Superliga, Premier League, La ...
Sjuan
Sjuan ( en, The Seven; formerly TV4 Plus) is a sister channel of Swedish TV4, owned by TV4 AB. The main focus of the channel is on entertainment, sports and lifestyle programmes. The channel started as ''TV4 Plus'' in 2003 but changed name to Sju ...
TV4 Film
TV4 Film is a Swedish film channel owned by TV4 Group.
TV4 applied for a licence to broadcast a film channel terrestrially in the autumn of 2003 and was granted a licence in December. The channel was launched as TV4 Film in April 2004. The first f ...
**
TV4 Guld
TV4 Guld is a Swedish television channel devoted to "classic" programmes such as older television dramas.
The channel launched on November 3, simultaneously with its sister channel TV4 Komedi, on satellite from Canal Digital and cable from Com He ...
*Viaplay Group
** TV3
** TV6
** TV8
** TV10
*Warner Bros. Discovery Sweden
** Kanal 5
**
Kanal 9
Kanal 9 (''Channel 9'') is a Swedish free-to-air television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. It targets the 25-59 age group, which is a slightly older age group than the sister channel Kanal 5. The channel launched on 25 February 2007. ...
MTV3
MTV3 ( fi, MTV Kolme, sv, MTV Tre) is a Finnish commercial television station. It had the biggest audience share of all Finnish TV channels until Yle TV1 (from Yle) took the lead. The letters MTV stand for Mainos-TV (literally "Advertisem ...
Hero
A hero (feminine: heroine) is a real person or a main fictional character who, in the face of danger, combats adversity through feats of ingenuity, courage, or strength. Like other formerly gender-specific terms (like ''actor''), ''her ...
Virgin Media More
Virgin Media More is an Irish television channel from Virgin Media Television. The channel is exclusive to Virgin Media Ireland customers and is not available on other digital television platforms.
The channel focuses on broadcasting first see ...
NRJ Group
The NRJ Group (NRJ is an acronym read as ''énergie'' in French, pronounced ) () is a French multimedia group based in Paris. Its founders are Jean-Paul Baudecroux and Max Guazzini. Since its foundation in 1981 as a French pop music radio ...
Rete 4
Rete 4 (in English Network 4) is an Italian free-to-air television channel operated by Mediaset Italia and owned by MFE - MediaForEurope. Presently the director is Sebastiano Lombardi.
Programs
TV Programmes (currently)
Rete 4's streng ...
Boing
Boing may refer to:
Places
* Boing, South Sudan, a town in Upper Nile state on the Yabus River
Arts, entertainment, and media Music
* "Boing", a song by Ween from the album ''The Pod''
* "Boing!" (song), a 2006 song by Nik & Jay
* "Boing!", ...
**Cartoonito
**
Italia 2
Mediaset Italia Due, commonly known as Italia 2 (pronounced ''Italia Due'' ), is an Italian television channel, operated by Mediaset and owned by MFE - MediaForEurope. It was founded, and started to broadcast, in 2011.
Italia 2 currently broadcas ...
Mediaset Extra
Mediaset Extra is an Italian entertainment television channel, operated by the media company Mediaset and owned by MFE - MediaForEurope, launched on 26 November 2010.
It is broadcast in Italy on Digital terrestrial television, DTT Virtual channel ...
Giallo
In Italian cinema, ''Giallo'' (; plural ''gialli'', from ''giallo'', Italian for yellow) is a genre of mystery fiction and thrillers that often contains slasher, crime fiction, psychological thriller, psychological horror, sexploitation, and, ...
Motor Trend
''MotorTrend'' is an American automobile magazine. It first appeared in September 1949, and designated the first Car of the Year, also in 1949.
Petersen Publishing Company in Los Angeles published ''MotorTrend'' until 1998, when it was sold to ...
Sky Italia
Sky Italia S.r.l. is an Italian satellite television platform owned by the American media conglomerate Comcast. Sky Italia also broadcasts three national free-to-air television channels: TV8, Cielo and Sky TG24. As of 2018, following an agre ...
**
Cielo
Cielo (Spanish and Italian for "heaven" or "sky"), El Cielo (in Spanish) or Il Cielo (in Italian) may refer to:
Art, entertainment, and media
* ''Cielo'' (film), a 2017 Chile-Canadian documentary film
* Cielo (TV channel), an Italian television ...
**Sky Arte
**Sky Atlantic
** Sky Cinema
**Sky Documentaries
**Sky Investigation
**Sky Nature
**Sky Serie
** Sky Sport
**
Sky TG24
Sky TG24 is Italy's second all-news channel, owned by Sky Italia.
Launched on 31 July 2003, it provides non-stop rolling news, weather forecasts and sports stories with half-hourly updates.
Overview
Part of Sky TG24's programming is available ...
RTL Deutschland
RTL Deutschland (formerly known as ''Mediengruppe RTL Deutschland'') is a German media company based in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia. It was founded in 2007 as a holding company for the German television, broadcasting and content productio ...
**
RTL Television
RTL (from '), formerly RTL plus and RTL Television, is a German-language free-to-air television channel owned by the RTL Group, headquartered in Cologne. Founded as an offshoot of the German-language radio programme '' ,'' RTL is consider ...
RTLup
RTLup (formerly RTLplus) is a German free-to-air television channel of the RTL Group
RTL Group (for "Radio Television Luxembourg") is a Luxembourg-based international media conglomerate, with another corporate centre in Cologne, Germany. ...
**
Nitro
Nitro may refer to:
Chemistry
*Nitrogen, a chemical element and a gas except at very low temperatures, with which many compounds are formed:
**Nitro compound, an organic compound containing one or more nitro functional groups, -NO2
**Nitroalkene, ...
Toggo Plus
Super RTL is a German free-to-air television network owned by the RTL Group. The channel originally launched in 1995 as a joint venture between RTL Group predecessor company CLT-UFA and Disney's Buena Vista International Television Investments ...
ProSiebenSat.1 Media
ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE (officially abbreviated as P7S1, formerly ProSiebenSat.1 Media AG) is a German mass media & digital company. It operates in three segments: Entertainment, Dating and Commerce & Ventures. The company is listed on the Fran ...
Sat.1 Gold
Sat.1 Gold is a German free-to-air television channel aimed at a females aged between 49 and 65. It is ProSiebenSat.1 Media's sixth channel in Germany. The channel manager is Marc Rasmus. Sat.1 Gold received a broadcast licence from the ''Kommis ...
kabel eins Doku
kabel eins Doku is a free-to-air television channel owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media. The channel is a sister station of kabel eins and went on air on 22 September 2016. It broadcasts documentaries.
History
Programming
*''American Lawmen'' ...
RTL 4
RTL 4 (Radio Télévision Luxembourg 4) is a Dutch free-to-cable television channel; it is the most-watched commercial station in the country, popular especially with those aged between 20 and 49. RTL 4 is a general entertainment channel with in ...
RTL 7
RTL 7 is a Dutch free-to-cable television channel that was launched as ''Veronica'' on 1 September 1995. RTL 7 is RTL Nederland's "men's channel" with action films, reality television about crime and professions, soccer, motorsport and tal ...
**
RTL 8
RTL 8 is a Dutch free-to-cable television channel that was launched on 18 August 2007 replacing Tien, previously known as Talpa. RTL 8's main target audience consists of women. It broadcasts soap operas, talk shows, films and reruns of programm ...
**
RTL Z
RTL Z is a Dutch free-to-cable business and financial news television channel. It displays economic changes and the stock exchange news in a banner at the bottom of the screen in the daytime. In the evenings the programming consists of documenta ...
RTL Telekids
RTL Telekids is a Dutch pay television kids channel owned by RTL Nederland. In addition, RTL Telekids was broadcasting as a youth block on television channel RTL 8 during daytime till 31 December 2020. Like the rest of the Dutch RTL network, RTL T ...
Divinity
Divinity or the divine are things that are either related to, devoted to, or proceeding from a deity.divine< ...
**
Energy
In physics, energy (from Ancient Greek: ἐνέργεια, ''enérgeia'', “activity”) is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of ...
**
Boing
Boing may refer to:
Places
* Boing, South Sudan, a town in Upper Nile state on the Yabus River
Arts, entertainment, and media Music
* "Boing", a song by Ween from the album ''The Pod''
* "Boing!" (song), a 2006 song by Nik & Jay
* "Boing!", ...
SIC Mulher
SIC Mulher (lit. ''SIC Woman'') is a Portuguese basic cable and satellite television channel owned by Sociedade Independente de Comunicação (SIC) and launched on March 8, 2003. Its target audience are women.
Programming
*''Alas Smith and Jone ...
SIC Caras
SIC Caras is a Portuguese digital cable and satellite television channel owned by SIC. It features talk-shows, biographies and documentaries programming related to celebrities and royalty, reflecting ''Caras'' magazine content. ''Passadeira Verm ...
**
SIC Internacional
SIC Internacional is SIC's international channel, which officially launched in September 1997 in France and has since expanded throughout the world. SIC Internacional is aimed at Portuguese viewers who live abroad and features programming from SIC ...
TVI Ficção
TVI Ficção is a Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of t ...
CNN Portugal
CNN Portugal is a Portuguese basic cable and satellite television news channel owned by Media Capital, launched on 26 February 2009 as TVI 24, the 24-hour news channel of the terrestrial network Televisão Independente. The network's name was c ...
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TVI África
TVI África is a Portuguese television station owned and operated by Televisão Independente.
References
TVI Announced That In 2020 TVI África Will Shutdown To A Feed Of TVI International To Angola And Mozambique.
Television channels i ...
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TVI Internacional
TVI Internacional is the international television service of TVI. It is available in Europe, Africa, North America and Oceania. Programming is taken from the main channel as well as TVI 24 and original programming. As a leading channel producing ...
*Video CURRENTLY UNAVAILABLE AS OF 29 APRIL 2011 -- Video audio interview with Ray Fitzwalter on commercial TV in Britain, ''The rise and fall of ITV'', Frontline Club, London, May 2008.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Commercial Broadcasting
Broadcasting