ciao

''Ciao'' ( , ) is an informal salutation in the Italian language that is used for both "hello" and "goodbye".

Originally from the Venetian language, it has entered the vocabulary of English and of many other languages around the world. Its dual meaning of "hello" and "goodbye" makes it similar to ''shalom'' in Hebrew, ''salaam'' in Arabic, '' annyeong'' in Korean, ''aloha'' in Hawaiian, ''Drud'' (''Bedrud'') in Persian, and chào in Vietnamese (the latter is a false cognate; the two words are not linguistically related despite sounding similar to each other).

Etymology

The word derives from the Venetian phrase ''s-ciào vostro'' or ''s-ciào su'' literally meaning "(I am) your slave". This greeting is analogous to the medieval Latin '' servus'' which is still used colloquially in parts of Central/Eastern Europe or the antiquated English valediction "Your Obedient Servant." The expression was not a literal statement of fact, but rather a perfunctory promise of good will among friends (along the lines of "at your service" in English). The Venetian word for "slave", ''s-ciào'' or ''s-ciàvo'', derives from Medieval Latin ''sclavus'', a loanword from Medieval Greek ''Σκλάβος'', related to the ethnic "Slavic", since most of the slaves came from the Balkans.

This greeting was eventually shortened to ''ciào'', lost all its servile connotations and came to be used as an informal salutation by speakers of all classes. In modern Italian language, the word is used (in addition to the meaning of salutation) as an exclamation of resignation (also in a positive sense), as in ''Oh, va be', ciao!'' ("Oh, well, never mind!"). A Milanese tongue-twister says ''Se gh'hinn gh'hinn; se gh'hinn nò, s'ciào'' ("If there is oney/nowiki>, there is; if there isn't, farewell! here's nothing we can do/nowiki>").

Spread

The Venetian ''ciào'' was adopted by Northern Italian people during the late 19th and early 20th century. Later it became common elsewhere in Italy with the spelling ''ciao''. It has since spread to many countries in Europe, along with other items of the Italian culture. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the greeting (spelled 'chau' and only meaning 'bye') spread to the Americas—especially Colombia, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Brazil (as 'tchau'), Venezuela, Panama and Argentina—largely by way of Italian immigrants. In today's Cuba, "ciao" as a closing in letters has largely replaced the more traditional " adiós," with its religious implications, for many young people. 'Ciao' has also permeated Australian culture, becoming a popular greeting among descendants of Italian immigrants. It is also common in some varieties of South African English. ''Ciao'' has also been used in some parts of Romania as a way to say “goodbye”.

Ernest Hemingway's novel ''A Farewell to Arms'' (1929), which is set in northeast Italy during World War I, is credited with bringing the word into the English language.The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition (2000
ciao

Usage as greeting

In contemporary Italian usage, ''ciao'' is interchangeable for both an informal hello and goodbye, much like ''aloha'' in Hawaiian, '' salām'' in Arabic'', shalom'' in Hebrew and '' annyeong'' in Korean. In Italy, ''ciao'' is mainly used in informal contexts, i.e. among family members, relatives, and friends, in other words, with those one would address with the familiar ''tu'' (second person singular) as opposed to ''Lei'' (courtesy form); in these contexts, ''ciao'' can be the norm even as a morning or evening salutation, in lieu of ''buon giorno'' or ''buona sera'', deemed too formal among friends, relatives, or the very familiar.

In other languages, ''ciao'' has come to have more specific meanings. The following list summarizes the spelling and uses of salutations derived from ''ciao'' in various languages and countries.

* Albanian: ''çao'' ("goodbye")
*Amharic: ቻው, ''chaw'' ("goodbye")
* Bulgarian: чао, ''chao'' ("goodbye")
*Catalan: ''ciao'', ''txao'' ("goodbye")
*Czech: ''ciao'', ''čau'', also ''čauky'', ''čauves'', ''čauky mňauky'' ("hello" or "goodbye") and ''čau čau'' (goodbye)
*Dutch: ''ciao'' ("goodbye")
*English: ''ciao'' ("goodbye")
*Esperanto: ''ĉaŭ'' ("hello" or "goodbye")
*Estonian: "tšau", also "tšauki" - sometimes pronounced with "s" ("hello" or "goodbye")
*Finnish: "tsau", also "tsaukki" ("hello" or "goodbye")
*French: ''ciao'', ''tchao'' (mostly used to say "goodbye"). "Tchao" is slang in French. In 1983, this word was used in the title of the popular movie ''Tchao, pantin'' (''So Long, Stooge'').
*German: ''ciao'', ''tschau'' ("goodbye", in Switzerland also "hello")
*Greek: τσάο, ''tsao'' ("goodbye")
*Hebrew: צ'או ''chao'' ("goodbye")
* Hungarian: ''csáó'' or the more informal ''csá'' or ''cső'' ("hello" or "goodbye")
*Interlingua: ''ciao'' ("goodbye")
*Italian: ''ciao'' ("hello", "hi" or "goodbye") also "ciao ciao" (bye bye).
*Japanese: チャオ, ''chao'' ("hello" or "hi") also チャオチャオ ''chao chao'' (bye bye).
* Latvian: ''čau'' ("hello" or "goodbye")
* Lithuanian: ''čiau'' ("goodbye", rarely "hello")
*Macedonian: чао, ''čao'' ("goodbye")
* Malay: چاو دولو, ''cau dulu'' ("goodbye"); used informally in Malaysia by the leaving party. The word "cau" can be used informally as a verb which means "leave"
* Maltese: ''ċaw'' ("goodbye"); also ''ċaw ċaw'' ("bye bye")
* Polish: ''ciao'' (rare)
*Portuguese: ''tchau'' ("goodbye"), ''tchau tchau'' ("bye bye"), or ''tchauzinho'' ("little bye"); in Portugal ''xau'' is also used, without the "t" sound, especially in written informal language such as SMS or web chats
*Romanian: ''ciao'' ("hello" or "goodbye"); it is often written as ''ceau'' although this form is not officially in the Romanian vocabulary
* Russian: чау, чао, ''chao''; ("goodbye"); also jokingly - чао-какао, ''chao-kakao'' (from чай — "tea" and какао — "cocoa")
*Serbo-Croatian: ''ćao'' / ћао (informal "hi" or "bye")
* Sicilian: ''ciau'' ("hello", "hi")
* Slovak: ''čau'' (variations: ''čauko'', ''čaves'', ''čauky'', ''čaf''); mostly as "goodbye", but stands in for "hello" primarily in informal written communication (text messages, emails) and phone calls because it is more character-efficient/shorter and more hip than the Slovak "ahoj"
* Slovene: ''ciao'', ''čau'' or ''čaw'' ("hello" or "goodbye"); also ''čaw čaw'' ("bye bye")
*Somali: ''ciao'' ("goodbye")
*Spanish: in Argentina and Uruguay the word ''chau'' is the most common expression for "goodbye". In Chile, ''chao'' is the standard farewell. In Spain, where "adios" (with a religious etymology as "goodbye", the same as Italian "addio" and French "adieu", meaning "to God" in English) is the common expression, people can use ''chao'' as an original way of saying goodbye.
* Swiss-German: ''ciao/Tschau'' ("hello" or "goodbye")
*Tigrinya: ቻው, ''chaw'' ("goodbye")
* Turkish: ''çav'' ("goodbye")
*Venetian: ''ciào'' ("hello" or "goodbye")
In some languages, such as Latvian, the vernacular version of ''ciao'' has become the most common form of informal salutation.

The Vietnamese '' chào'' ("hello" or "goodbye") is phonetically similar but not etymologically related.

Variations

The dominant use in Latin America uses the term solely as farewell rather than as a greeting.

The greeting has several variations and minor uses. In Italian and Portuguese, for example, a doubled / means specifically "goodbye", whilst the tripled or quadrupled word (but said with short breaks between each one) means "Bye, I'm in a hurry!"

Pronounced with a long , it means "Hello, I'm so glad to meet you!" (be it sincere or sarcastic) in Italian, and a sarcastic or humorous use of "bye!" (cf. American English) in Portuguese. It can be used in Italian to express sarcasm at another person's point of view about one topic, especially when that opinion sounds outdated, in which case the meaning is comparable to the English "Yeah, right!"

In all these cases, however, the special meaning is conferred more by the vocal inflection than by the modified use.

See also

*Hello
* Goodbye
*Parting phrase

Notes

{{Reflist

Italian language
Italian words and phrases
Venetian language
Greeting words and phrases
Parting phrases