branle

A branle (, ), also bransle, brangle, brawl, brawle, brall(e), braul(e), brando (in Italy), bran (in Spain), or brantle (in Scotland), is a type of French dance popular from the early 16th century to the present, danced by couples in either a line or a circle. The term also refers to the music and the characteristic step of the dance.

History

Beginnings and courtly adoption

The name ''branle'' derives from the French verb ''branler'' (to shake, wave, sway, wag, wobble), referring to the side-to-side movement of a circle or chain of dancers holding hands or linking arms. Dances of this name are encountered from about 1500 and the term is used for dances still danced in France today. Before 1500, the only dance-related use of this word is the "swaying" step of the basse danse.

The branle was danced by a chain of dancers, usually in couples, with linked arms or holding hands. The dance alternated a number of larger sideways steps to the left (often four) with the same number of smaller steps to the right so that the chain moved gradually to the left.

Although originally French dances of rustic provenance, danced to the dancers' singing, the branle was adopted, like other folk-dances, into aristocratic use by the time that printed books allow us to reconstruct the dances. A variety of branles, attributed to different regions, were danced in sequence, so that the suite of branle music gives one of the earliest examples of the classical suite of dances. Such suites generally ended with a gavotte, which seems then to have been regarded as a species of branle.

Some aristocratic branles included pantomime elements, such the branle de Poitou, the possible ancestor of the minuet, which acts out gestures of courtship. Some of these dances were reserved for specific age groups - the branle de Bourgogne, for instance, for the youngest dancers. Branle music is generally in common time somewhat like the gavotte, though some variants, like that of Poitou, are in triple time. Branles were danced walking, running, gliding, or skipping depending on the speed of the music. Among the dance's courtly relations may be the basse danse and the passepied which latter, though it is in triple time, Rabelais and Thoinot Arbeau (1589) identify as a type of Breton branle.

The branle in Arbeau

The first detailed sources for the dance's steps are found in Arbeau's famous text-book ''Orchesography''. Antonius de Arena briefly describes the steps for the double and single branle, and John Marston's ''The Malcontent'' (1604) sketches the choreography of one type. According to Arbeau, every ball began with the same four branles: the double, the single, the gay and the Burgundian branle. The double branle had a simple form involving two phrases of two bars each.

Arbeau gives choreographies for eight branles associated with specific regions; the Burgundian (see above) or Champagne, the Haut Barrois, the Montardon, the Poitou, the Maltese, the Scottish and the Trihory of Brittany; he also mentions four others without describing their steps; the branles of Camp, Hainaut, Avignon, and Lyon. Most of these dances seem to have a genuine connection to the region: the Trihory of Brittany, Arbeau says, was seldom if ever performed around Langres where his book was published, but "I learned it long ago from a young Breton who was a fellow student of mine at Poitiers".

On the other hand, Arbeau identifies some branles as adapted to ballet and mime. When his student Capriol asks whether the Maltese branle is native to Malta, rather than just "a fanciful invention for a ballet", Arbeau replies that he "cannot believe it to be other than a ballet". He also describes a "Hermit" branle based upon mime.

The suite of branles

There were several well-established branle suites of up to ten dances; the ''Branles de Champagne'', the ''Branles de Camp'', the ''Branles de Hainaut'' and the ''Branles d'Avignon''. Arbeau named these suites ''branles coupés'', which literally means "cut" or "intersected" branles but is usually translated as "mixed branles". Antonius de Arena mentions mixed branles (') in his macaronic treatise ''Ad suos compagnones''.

By 1623 such suites had been standardized into a set of six dances: ''premier bransle'', ''bransle gay'', ''bransle de Poictou'' (also called ''branle à mener''), ''bransle double de Poictou'', ''cinquiesme bransle'' (by 1636 named ''branle de Montirandé''), and a concluding ''gavotte''. A variant is found in the ''Tablature de mandore'' (Paris, 1629) by François, Sieur de Chancy. A suite of seven dances collectively titled ''Branles de Boccan'' begins with a ''branle du Baucane'', composed by the dancing master and violinist Jacques Cordier, known as "Bocan", followed by a second, untitled branle then the ''branle gay'', ''branle de Poictu'', ''branle double de Poictu'', ''branle de Montirandé'' and ''la gavotte''.

The fame of the branle

In the late 16th century in England the branle was mentioned by Shakespeare (''Love's Labour's Lost'', 3. 1. 7: "Will you win your love with a French brawl?"). In the 17th century it was danced at the courts of Louis XIV of France and Charles II of England, where it became "even more common than in France". There are even a few late examples in Beauchamp–Feuillet notation (invented in 1691), such as ''Danses nouvelles presentees au Roy'' (c. 1715) by Louis-Guillaume Pécour.

In Italy the branle became the ''brando'', and in Spain the ''bran''. The Branle seems to have travelled to Scotland and survived for some time as the ''brail''. Emmanuel Adriaenssen includes a piece called ''Branle Englese'' in his book of lute music, ''Pratum Musicum'' (1584) and Thomas Tomkins' ''Worster Braules'' is included in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book. But of thousands of lute pieces from England only 18 were called branle, though one called "courant" is known from continental sources as a branle.

Branles not choreographed by Arbeau

The Branle de Montirandé appears to be related to the Haut Barrois branle, which Arbeau says was "arranged to the tune of a branle of Montierandal" (probably Montier-en-Der, near Chaumont in the Haute Marne). This is danced in duple time, and as described by Arbeau has a similar structure to the double branle. Settings for this appear in the lute anthology ''Le trésor d'Orphée'' by Anthoine Francisque (1600) and the ensemble collection ''Terpsichore'' by Michael Praetorius (1612).

In John Marston's ''The Malcontent'' (1604), act 4, scene 2, the character Guerrino describes the steps of a dance called ''Beanchaes brawl'' (Bianca's branle):

t'is but two singles on the left, two on the right, three doubles forward, a trauerse of six round: do this twice, three singles side, galliard tricke of twentie, curranto pace; a figure of eight, three singles broken downe, come vp, meete two doubles, fall backe, and then honour.

The opening is the same as the Maltese branle described by Arbeau, but starting with "three singles side", there is an interpolation of "something presumably more athletic". The male dancer moves away from his partner before performing a "galliard trick of twenty"—apparently a number of capers or leaps in the manner of the galliard—before returning to the conventional ending.

Revivals

*Francis Poulenc includes a Bransle de Champagne and a Bransle de Bourgogne in his '' Suite Française'' (1935).
*Igor Stravinsky includes a Bransle Simple, Bransle Gay, and Bransle de Poitou (Double) in his ''Agon'' (1957).
*The air of Arbeau's "Branle de l'Official" was adapted for the 20th-century English Christmas carol "Ding Dong Merrily on High".

References

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Footnotes

Further reading

*Bröcker, Marianne (1988). "Ein Branle—was ist das?" In ''Colloquium: Festschrift Martin Vogel zum 65. Geburtstag, überreicht von seinen Schülern'', edited by Heribert Schröder, 35-50. Bad Honnef: Schröder.
*Challet-Hass, Jacqueline (1977). ''Dances from the Marais Nord Vendéen. I: Les Maraichines (Branles and Courantes); II: Les Grand Danses and Other Dances''. Documentary Dance Materials No. 2. Jersey, Channel Islands: Centre for Dance Studies.
*Cunningham, Caroline M. (1971). "Estienne du Tertre and the Mid-sixteenth Century Parisian Chanson". ''Musica Disciplina'' 25:127–70.
*Guilcher, Jean-Michel (1968). "Les derniers branles de Béarn et de Bigorre". ''Arts et Traditions Populaires'' (July–December): 259–92.
*Heartz, Daniel (1972). "Un ballet turc a la cour d'Henri II: Les Branles de Malte". ''Baroque: Revue International'' 5:17–23.
*Jordan, Stephanie (1993). "Music Puts a Time Corset on the Dance". ''Dance Chronicle'' 16, no. 3:295–321.
*McGowan, Margaret M. (2003). "Recollections of Dancing Forms from Sixteenth-Century France". ''Dance Research'' 21, no. 1 (Summer): 10–26.
*Martin, György (1973). "Die Branles von Arbeau und die osteuropäischen Kettentänze". ''Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae'' 15:101–28.
*Merveille, Marie-Laure, and W. Thomas Marrocco (1989). "Anthonius Arena: Master of Law and Dance of the Renaissance". ''Studi Musicali'' 18, no. 1:19–48.
*Mizzi, Gordon (2004). "The Branles de Malte". ''Classical Guitar'' 23, no. 1 (September): 35–37.
*Mullally, Robert (1984). "French Social Dances in Italy, 1528–9". ''Music & Letters'' 65, no. 1 (January): 41–44.
* Pugliese, Patri J. (1981). "Why Not Dolmetsch?" ''Dance Research Journal'' 13, no. 2 (Spring): 21–24.
*Richardson, Mark D. (1993). "A Manual, a Model, and a Sketch: The Bransle Gay Dance Rhythm in Stravinsky's Ballet ''Agon''". ''Mitteilungen der Paul Sacher Stiftung'', no. 16:29–35.
*Richardson, Mark Douglas (1996). "Igor Stravinsky's ''Agon'' (1953–1957): Pitch-Related Processes in the Serial Movements and Rhythm in the Named Dance Movements Described in De Lauze's ''Apologie de la danse'' (1623)". PhD diss. Tallahassee: Florida State University.
* Rimmer, Joan (1987). "Patronage, Style and Structure in the Music Attributed to Turlough Carolan". ''Early Music'' 15, no. 2 (May): 164–74.
*Rimmer, Joan (1989). "Carole, Rondeau and Branle in Ireland 1300–1800, Part 1: The Walling of New Ross and Dance Texts in the Red Book of Ossory". ''Dance Research'' 7, no. 1 (Spring): 20-46.
*Rimmer, Joan (1990). "Carole, Rondeau and Branle in Ireland 1300–1800, Part 2: Social and Theatrical Residues 1550–1800". ''Dance Research'' 8, no. 2 (Fall): 27–43.
*Roy, Gilbert (1988). "Rondes et branles de Champagne". ''Folklore de Champagne'', no. 110 (May): 10–29.

External links

{{Wiktionary

Video - Branle de Bourgogne revived in costume by Ardo LiltamorVideo - Branle Gay in costume, by Melbourne University Renaissance Dance ensemble.Video - Branles simple and gay, by DancillaMusic video - Branle Double - Branle Simple - Branle Gay - Branle de Bourgogne (publ. Pierre Phalèse) with facsimile of ArbeauVideo, live music on period instruments, Branle de Champaigne, double and simple, by Les Menestreux De La Branche Rouge

Dance forms in classical music
French dances
Renaissance dance
Renaissance music
Triple time dances