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In mathematics, the bounded inverse theorem (or inverse mapping theorem) is a result in the theory of
bounded linear operator In functional analysis and operator theory, a bounded linear operator is a linear transformation L : X \to Y between topological vector spaces (TVSs) X and Y that maps bounded subsets of X to bounded subsets of Y. If X and Y are normed vect ...
s on Banach spaces. It states that a
bijective In mathematics, a bijection, also known as a bijective function, one-to-one correspondence, or invertible function, is a function between the elements of two sets, where each element of one set is paired with exactly one element of the other ...
bounded linear operator ''T'' from one Banach space to another has bounded inverse ''T''−1. It is
equivalent Equivalence or Equivalent may refer to: Arts and entertainment *Album-equivalent unit, a measurement unit in the music industry * Equivalence class (music) *'' Equivalent VIII'', or ''The Bricks'', a minimalist sculpture by Carl Andre *''Equiva ...
to both the open mapping theorem and the
closed graph theorem In mathematics, the closed graph theorem may refer to one of several basic results characterizing continuous functions in terms of their graphs. Each gives conditions when functions with closed graphs are necessarily continuous. Graphs and m ...
.


Generalization


Counterexample

This theorem may not hold for normed spaces that are not complete. For example, consider the space ''X'' of
sequence In mathematics, a sequence is an enumerated collection of objects in which repetitions are allowed and order matters. Like a set, it contains members (also called ''elements'', or ''terms''). The number of elements (possibly infinite) is calle ...
s ''x'' : N → R with only finitely many non-zero terms equipped with the
supremum norm In mathematical analysis, the uniform norm (or ) assigns to real- or complex-valued bounded functions defined on a set the non-negative number :\, f\, _\infty = \, f\, _ = \sup\left\. This norm is also called the , the , the , or, when th ...
. The map ''T'' : ''X'' → ''X'' defined by :T x = \left( x_, \frac, \frac, \dots \right) is bounded, linear and invertible, but ''T''−1 is unbounded. This does not contradict the bounded inverse theorem since ''X'' is not complete, and thus is not a Banach space. To see that it's not complete, consider the sequence of sequences ''x''(''n'') ∈ ''X'' given by :x^ = \left( 1, \frac1, \dots, \frac1, 0, 0, \dots \right) converges as ''n'' → ∞ to the sequence ''x''(∞) given by :x^ = \left( 1, \frac1, \dots, \frac1, \dots \right), which has all its terms non-zero, and so does not lie in ''X''. The completion of ''X'' is the space c_0 of all sequences that converge to zero, which is a (closed) subspace of the ''p'' space(N), which is the space of all bounded sequences. However, in this case, the map ''T'' is not onto, and thus not a bijection. To see this, one need simply note that the sequence :x = \left( 1, \frac12, \frac13, \dots \right), is an element of c_0, but is not in the range of T:c_0\to c_0.


See also

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References


Bibliography

* * * (Section 8.2) * {{Topological vector spaces Operator theory Theorems in functional analysis