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A bind rune or bindrune ( is, bandrún) is a
Migration Period The Migration Period was a period in European history marked by large-scale migrations that saw the fall of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent settlement of its former territories by various tribes, and the establishment of the post-Roma ...
Germanic ligature of two or more
runes Runes are the letters in a set of related alphabets known as runic alphabets native to the Germanic peoples. Runes were used to write various Germanic languages (with some exceptions) before they adopted the Latin alphabet, and for specialised ...
. They are extremely rare in
Viking Age The Viking Age () was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe and reached North America. It followed the Migration Period and the Germ ...
inscriptions, but are common in earlier (
Proto-Norse Proto-Norse (also called Ancient Nordic, Ancient Scandinavian, Ancient Norse, Primitive Norse, Proto-Nordic, Proto-Scandinavian and Proto-North Germanic) was an Indo-European language spoken in Scandinavia that is thought to have evolved as ...
) and later (medieval) inscriptions.Enoksen, Lars Magnar (1998). ''Runor: historia, tydning, tolkning'', p. 84. Historiska Media, Falun. On some runestones, bind runes may have been ornamental and used to highlight the name of the carver.


Description

There are two types of bind runes. Normal bind runes are formed of two (or rarely three) adjacent runes which are joined together to form a single conjoined
glyph A glyph () is any kind of purposeful mark. In typography, a glyph is "the specific shape, design, or representation of a character". It is a particular graphical representation, in a particular typeface, of an element of written language. A g ...
, usually sharing a common vertical stroke (see ''Hadda'' example below). Another type of bind rune called a same-stave rune, which is common in Scandinavian runic inscriptions but does not occur at all in Anglo-Saxon runic inscriptions, is formed by several runic letters written sequentially along a long common stemline (see ''þ=r=u=t=a=ʀ= =þ=i=a=k=n'' example shown above). In the latter cases the long bind rune stemline may be incorporated into an image on the rune stone, for example as a ship's mast on runestones Sö 158 at Ärsta and Sö 352 in Linga,
Södermanland Södermanland ( or ), locally Sörmland, sometimes referred to under its Latin form ''Sudermannia'' or ''Sudermania'', is a historical province or ''landskap'' on the south eastern coast of Sweden. It borders Östergötland, Närke, Västm ...
,
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic countries, Nordic c ...
, or as the waves under a ship on DR 220 in Sønder Kirkeby,
Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establish ...
.


Examples


Elder futhark

Examples found in Elder Futhark inscriptions include: * Stacked Tiwaz runes: Kylver Stone, Seeland-II-C * Gebô runes combined with vowels: Kragehul I * The syllable ''ing'' written as a ligature of Isaz and Ingwaz (the so-called "lantern rune").


Anglo-Saxon Futhorc

Bind runes are not common in Anglo-Saxon inscriptions, but double ligatures do sometimes occur, and triple ligatures may rarely occur. The following are examples of bind-runes that have been identified in Anglo-Saxon runic inscriptions: * The word ' is written with a ligatured double (''dd'') on the Thornhill III rune-stone * The name ' is written with a ligatured double (''dd'') on the Derbyshire bone plate * The word ' is written with a ligatured and (''er'') on some Northumbrian stycas * The Latin word ' is written as ' with a ligatured and (''mæ'') on the Whitby comb * The inscription ' ("ring I am called") is written with a ligatured and (''ha'') on the Wheatley Hill finger-ring * The names of the evangelists, ''Mat(t) eus)'' and ''Marcus'' are both written with a ligatured and (''ma'') on
St Cuthbert's coffin What is usually referred to as St Cuthbert's coffin is a fragmentary oak coffin in Durham Cathedral, pieced together in the 20th century, which between AD 698 and 1827 contained the remains of Saint Cuthbert, who died in 687. In fact when Cuthbe ...
* The name ' may be written with a triple ligatured , and (''der'') on the Thornhill III rune-stone (this reading is not certain) * The word ' is written with a ligatured and (''fa'') on the right side of the
Franks Casket The Franks Casket (or the Auzon Casket) is a small Anglo-Saxon whale's bone (not "whalebone" in the sense of baleen) chest from the early 8th century, now in the British Museum. The casket is densely decorated with knife-cut narrative scenes ...
* Double ligatured runes (''er''), (''ha'') and (''dæ'') occur in the cryptic runic inscription on a silver knife mount at the
British Museum The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence. It docum ...
* The word ''gægogæ'' on the
Undley bracteate The Undley bracteate is a 5th-century bracteate found in Undley Common, near Lakenheath, Suffolk. It bears the earliest known inscription that can be argued to be in Anglo-Frisian Futhorc (as opposed to Common Germanic Elder Futhark). The ima ...
is written with ligatured and (''gæ'') and and (''go'') * A ligatured and (''nt'') occurs in the word ''glæstæpontol'' on a cryptic inscription on a silver ring from Bramham Moor in West Yorkshire * A triple ligature , and (''dmo'') occurs on a broken amulet found near Stratford-upon-Avon in 2006. This is the only known certain Anglo-Saxon triple bind rune. There is possibly a faint , (''ed'') bind rune on the reverse of the amulet. * The name Ecgbeorht engraved on an armband from the
Galloway Hoard The Galloway Hoard, currently held in the National Museum of Scotland, is a hoard of more than 100 gold, silver, glass, crystal, stone, and earthen objects from the Viking Age discovered in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire in Dumfries ...
is written ''eggbrect'' with ligatured and (''ec''), and the final (''t'') added above the final letter * The otherwise unattested Anglo-Saxon name Eadruf is inscribed on a gold Latin cross pendant, with ligatured and (''dr'') and probable ligatured and (''ea'')


Modern use

* The
Bluetooth Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances and building personal area networks (PANs). In the most widely used mode, transmission power is limi ...
logo merges the runes analogous to the modern
Latin alphabet The Latin alphabet or Roman alphabet is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. Largely unaltered with the exception of extensions (such as diacritics), it used to write English and the ...
letters ''h'' and ''b''; (
Hagall *Haglaz or *Hagalaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the ''h''-rune , meaning "hail" (the precipitation). In the Anglo-Saxon futhorc, it is continued as ''hægl'', and, in the Younger Futhark, as ''hagall''. The corresponding Got ...
) and ( Berkanan) together, forming a bind rune. The two letters form the initials 'H B', alluding to the Danish king and
viking Vikings ; non, víkingr is the modern name given to seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway and Sweden), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded and se ...
raider
Harald Bluetooth Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson ( non, Haraldr Blátǫnn Gormsson; da, Harald Blåtand Gormsen, died c. 985/86) was a king of Denmark and Norway. He was the son of King Gorm the Old and of Thyra Dannebod. Harald ruled as king of Denmark from c. 958 ...
, for whom Bluetooth was named. * The former logo of
Thor Steinar Thor Steinar is a German clothing brand manufactured by Thor Steinar Mediatex GmbH, a subsidiary of International Brands General Trading, a Dubai-based company. In Germany, the brand is considered closely associated to neo-Nazism by the '' Verfa ...
featured a combination of a *tiwaz rune () and a *sowilo rune . This logo caused controversy as the runes were so combined that a part of the logo became very similar to the insignia of the .


Gallery

Image:Rathulf.jpg, The a and the þ runes in ligature on the Rök runestone Image:Skibari.jpg, The s and k runes in ligature in the Old Norse word ' ("sailor") on the Tuna Runestone in Småland Image:Sønder Kirkby bindrune.jpg, A bind rune for the word ' on the Sønder Kirkeby Runestone in Denmark File:Bluetooth.svg,
Bluetooth Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances and building personal area networks (PANs). In the most widely used mode, transmission power is limi ...
logo (20th/21st-century bind rune of (
Hagall *Haglaz or *Hagalaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the ''h''-rune , meaning "hail" (the precipitation). In the Anglo-Saxon futhorc, it is continued as ''hægl'', and, in the Younger Futhark, as ''hagall''. The corresponding Got ...
) and ( Bjarkan)


See also

* Cipher runes * Pseudo-runes *
List of runestones There are about 3,000 runestones in Scandinavia (out of a total of about 6,000 runic inscriptions). p. 38. The runestones are unevenly distributed in Scandinavia: The majority is found in Sweden, estimated at between 1,700 and 2,500 (depending o ...


References


External links


Nordic bind runes
{{Runes Runology