archipolypoda
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Archipolypoda is an extinct group of
millipedes Millipedes are a group of arthropods that are characterised by having two pairs of jointed legs on most body segments; they are known scientifically as the class Diplopoda, the name derived from this feature. Each double-legged segment is a resu ...
known from fossils in
Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...
and North America and containing the earliest known land animals. The Archipolypoda was erected by
Scudder Scudder, a surname, may refer to: People * Bernard Scudder, translator from Icelandic to English * Edward W. Scudder (1822-1893), Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court * Horace Scudder, American editor * Henry Scudder (clergyman) (d. 1659?), E ...
(1882) but redefined in 2005 with the description of several new species from
Scotland Scotland (, ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a Anglo-Scottish border, border with England to the southeast ...
. Distinguishing characteristics include relatively large eyes with densely packed
ocelli A simple eye (sometimes called a pigment pit) refers to a form of eye or an optical arrangement composed of a single lens and without an elaborate retina such as occurs in most vertebrates. In this sense "simple eye" is distinct from a multi-l ...
(sometimes interpreted as
compound eyes A compound eye is a visual organ found in arthropods such as insects and crustaceans. It may consist of thousands of ommatidia, which are tiny independent photoreception units that consist of a cornea, lens, and photoreceptor cells which distin ...
), and modified leg pairs on the 8th body ring. Some species had prominent spines while others had a flattened appearance.


Classification

The Archipolypoda as currently recognized consists of four orders, many with
monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispe ...
families and genera, as well as five species of uncertain placement (''
incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...
''). Archidesmida Wilson & Anderson, 2004 * Archidesmidae Scudder, 1885 **'' Archidesmus macnicoli'' Peach, 1882. Lower Devonian,
Scotland Scotland (, ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a Anglo-Scottish border, border with England to the southeast ...
* Zanclodesmidae Wilson, Daeschler & Desbiens, 2005 **'' Zanclodesmus willetti'' Wilson, Daeschler & Desbiens, 2005.
Upper Devonian The Devonian ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the Silurian, million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, Mya. It is named after Devon, England, wher ...
,
Quebec, Canada Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirteen p ...
**'' Orsadesmus rubecollus'' Wilson, Daeschler & Desbiens, 2005.
Upper Devonian The Devonian ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the Silurian, million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, Mya. It is named after Devon, England, wher ...
, Pennsylvania, USA Cowiedesmida Wilson & Anderson, 2004 * Cowiedesmidae Wilson & Anderson, 2004 **'' Cowiedesmus eroticopodus'' Wilson & Anderson, 2004. Mid Silurian,
Scotland Scotland (, ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a Anglo-Scottish border, border with England to the southeast ...
. Euphoberiida Hoffman, 1969 * Euphoberiidae Scudder, 1882.
Upper Carboniferous Upper may refer to: * Shoe upper or ''vamp'', the part of a shoe on the top of the foot * Stimulant, drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical function or both * ''Upper'', the original film title for the 2013 found f ...
of
Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...
and North America. **'' Acantherpestes'' Meek & Worthen, 1868 **'' Euphoberia'' Meek & Worthen, 1868 **'' Myriacantherpestes'' Burke, 1979 Palaeosomatida Hannibal & Krzeminski, 2005. Carboniferous, UK and
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...
* Palaeosomatidae Hannibal & Krzeminski, 2005 **'' Palaeosoma''
Order ''incertae sedis'' *'' Albadesmus almondi'' Wilson & Anderson, 2004 Mid Silurian
Scotland Scotland (, ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a Anglo-Scottish border, border with England to the southeast ...
*'' Anaxeodesmus diambonotus'' Wilson, 2005
Upper Carboniferous Upper may refer to: * Shoe upper or ''vamp'', the part of a shoe on the top of the foot * Stimulant, drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical function or both * ''Upper'', the original film title for the 2013 found f ...
, UK. *'' Anthracodesmus macconochiei'', Peach, 1899 *'' Palaeodesmus tuberculata'' (Brade-Birks, 1923) (='' Kampecaris tuberculata'') Lower Devonian,
Scotland Scotland (, ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a Anglo-Scottish border, border with England to the southeast ...
. *''
Pneumodesmus newmani ''Pneumodesmus newmani'' is a species of myriapod that lived in the Paleozoic. Its exact age is uncertain; it was originally interpreted as living , in the Late Silurian; however, subsequent research dates it to around 414 million years old, i ...
'' Wilson & Anderson, 2004 Mid Silurian,
Scotland Scotland (, ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a Anglo-Scottish border, border with England to the southeast ...


See also

*
Arthropleuridea Arthropleuridea is an extinct subclass of myriapod arthropods that flourished during the Carboniferous period, having first arose during the Silurian, and perishing in the Early Permian. Members are characterized by possessing diplosegement (fuse ...
- Another group of extinct millipedes * Euthycarcinoidea, a group of enigmatic arthropods that may be ancestral to myriapods * Colonization of land, major evolutionary stages leading to terrestrial organisms


References


External links


Archipolypoda- The Virtual Fossil MuseumFossil find 'oldest land animal'- BBC News
{{Taxonbar, from=Q16243060 Millipede taxonomy Arthropod superorders Devonian myriapods Carboniferous myriapods Silurian myriapods Wenlock first appearances Pennsylvanian extinctions Fossil taxa described in 1882