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The ampullary cupula, or cupula, is a structure in the
Vertigo It's Multisensory Syndromes Second Edition Thomas Brandt Chapter 17
/ref> This sensation is commonly referred to as "the spins" .
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*Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology: the Unity of Form and Function. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2012. Print.
*"VEDA – Vestibular Disorders Association – Sensory Input." VEDA – Vestibular Disorders Association – Vestibular Disorders Home. Web. 09 Dec. 2011. .
The ampullary cupula, or cupula, is a structure in the vestibular system
The vestibular system, in vertebrates, is a sensory system that creates the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance. Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitut ...
, providing the sense of spatial orientation.
The cupula is located within the ampullae
An ampulla (; ) was, in Ancient Rome, a small round vessel, usually made of glass and with two handles, used for sacred purposes. The word is used of these in archaeology, and of later flasks, often handle-less and much flatter, for holy water or ...
of each of the three semicircular canal
In mathematics (and more specifically geometry), a semicircle is a one-dimensional locus of points that forms half of a circle. The full arc of a semicircle always measures 180° (equivalently, radians, or a half-turn). It has only one line o ...
s. Part of the crista ampullaris, the cupula has embedded within it hair cells that have several stereocilia associated with each kinocilium. The cupula itself is the gelatinous component of the crista ampullaris that extends from the crista to the roof of the ampullae. When the head rotates, the endolymph filling the semicircular ducts initially lags behind due to inertia. As a result, the cupula is deflected opposite the direction of head movement. As the endolymph pushes the cupula, the stereocilia is bent as well, stimulating the hair cells within the crista ampullaris. After a short time of continual rotation however, the endolymph's acceleration normalizes with the rate of rotation of the semicircular ducts. As a result, the cupula returns to its resting position and the hair cells cease to be stimulated. This continues until the head stops rotating which simultaneously halts semicircular duct rotation. Due to inertia, however, the endolymph continues on. As the endolymph continues to move, the cupula is once again deflected resulting in the compensatory movements of the body when spun. In only the first situation, as fluid rushes by the cupula, the hair cell
Hair cells are the sensory receptors of both the auditory system and the vestibular system in the ears of all vertebrates, and in the lateral line organ of fishes. Through mechanotransduction, hair cells detect movement in their environment. ...
s stimulated transmit the corresponding signal to the brain through the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII). In the second one, there is no stimulation as the kinocilium can only be bent in one direction.
In their natural orientation within the head, the cupulae are located on the medial aspect of the semicircular canals. In this orientation, the kinocilia rest on the posterior aspect of the cupula.
Effects of alcohol
The Buoyancy Hypothesis posits that alcohol causesvertigo
Vertigo is a condition where a person has the sensation of movement or of surrounding objects moving when they are not. Often it feels like a spinning or swaying movement. This may be associated with nausea, vomiting, sweating, or difficulties w ...
by affecting the neutral buoyancy of the cupula within the surrounding fluid called the endolymph. Linear accelerations (such as that of gravity) should not in theory effect a movement of the cupula when it is neutrally buoyant. The Buoyancy Hypothesis assumes that alcohol, with a different specific gravity from that of the cupula/endolymph, diffuses at different rates into the cupula and the surrounding endolymph. The result is a temporary density gradient between the cupula and endolymph, and a consequent (erroneous) sensitivity to linear accelerations such as that of gravity by a system normally signalling rotational accelerations./ref> This sensation is commonly referred to as "the spins" .
References
External links
* http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/CristaAmp.jpg * http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/eye_ear/ear04.htm * http://www.anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Section16/Plate16314.shtml * https://web.archive.org/web/20070703152544/http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab11/Ear/EXAMPLES/Excrista.htm {{Authority control Sensory organs Vestibular system