In mathematics, an algebraic stack is a vast generalization of

algebraic space In mathematics, algebraic spaces form a generalization of the schemes of algebraic geometry, introduced by Michael Artin for use in deformation theory. Intuitively, schemes are given by gluing together affine schemes using the Zariski topology, w ...

s, or schemes, which are foundational for studying

moduli theory In mathematics, in particular algebraic geometry, a moduli space is a geometric space (usually a scheme (mathematics), scheme or an algebraic stack) whose points represent algebro-geometric objects of some fixed kind, or isomorphism classes of suc ...

. Many moduli spaces are constructed using techniques specific to algebraic stacks, such as Artin's representability theorem, which is used to construct the moduli space of pointed algebraic curves

\mathcal_

and the

moduli stack of elliptic curves In mathematics, the moduli stack of elliptic curves, denoted as \mathcal_ or \mathcal_, is an algebraic stack over \text(\mathbb) classifying elliptic curves. Note that it is a special case of the moduli stack of algebraic curves \mathcal_. In part ...

. Originally, they were introduced by Grothendieck to keep track of automorphisms on moduli spaces, a technique which allows for treating these moduli spaces as if their underlying schemes or algebraic spaces are

smooth Smooth may refer to: Mathematics * Smooth function, a function that is infinitely differentiable; used in calculus and topology * Smooth manifold, a differentiable manifold for which all the transition maps are smooth functions * Smooth algebrai ...

. But, through many generalizations the notion of algebraic stacks was finally discovered by

Michael Artin Michael Artin (; born 28 June 1934) is a German-American mathematician and a professor emeritus in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology mathematics department, known for his contributions to algebraic geometry.

Definition

Motivation

One of the motivating examples of an algebraic stack is to consider a

groupoid scheme In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a groupoid object is both a generalization of a groupoid which is built on richer structures than sets, and a generalization of a group objects when the multiplication is only partially defined. Defin ...

(R,U,s,t,m)

over a fixed scheme

S

. For example, if

R = \mu_n\times_S\mathbb^n_S

(where

\mu_n

is the group scheme of roots of unity),

U = \mathbb^n_S

s = \text_U

is the projection map,

t

is the group action

$\zeta_n \cdot (x_1,\ldots, x_n)=(\zeta_n x_1,\ldots,\zeta_n x_n)$

and

m

is the multiplication map

$m: (\mu_n\times_S \mathbb^n_S)\times_ (\mu_n\times_S \mathbb^n_S) \to \mu_n\times_S \mathbb^n_S$

\mu_n

. Then, given an

S

-scheme

\pi:X\to S

, the groupoid scheme

(R(X),U(X),s,t,m)

forms a groupoid (where

R,U

are their associated functors). Moreover, this construction is functorial on

(\mathrm/S)

forming a contravariant 2-functor

$(R(-),U(-),s,t,m): (\mathrm/S)^\mathrm \to \text$

where

\text

is the 2-category of small categories. Another way to view this is as a

fibred category Fibred categories (or fibered categories) are abstract entities in mathematics used to provide a general framework for descent theory. They formalise the various situations in geometry and algebra in which ''inverse images'' (or ''pull-backs'') of ...

\to (\mathrm/S)

through the

Grothendieck construction The Grothendieck construction (named after Alexander Grothendieck) is a construction used in the mathematical field of category theory. Definition Let F\colon \mathcal \rightarrow \mathbf be a functor from any small category to the category of sma ...

. Getting the correct technical conditions, such as the

Grothendieck topology In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a Grothendieck topology is a structure on a category ''C'' that makes the objects of ''C'' act like the open sets of a topological space. A category together with a choice of Grothendieck topology is ca ...

(\mathrm/S)

, gives the definition of an algebraic stack. For instance, in the associated groupoid of

k

-points for a field

k

, over the origin object

0 \in \mathbb^n_S(k)

there is the groupoid of automorphisms

\mu_n(k)

. Note that in order to get an algebraic stack from

/R /math>, and not just a stack, there are additional technical hypotheses required for /R /math>

Algebraic stacks

It turns out using the fppf-topology (faithfully flat and locally of finite presentation) on

(\mathrm/S)

, denoted

(\mathrm/S)_

, forms the basis for defining algebraic stacks. Then, an algebraic stack is a fibered category

$p: \mathcal \to (\mathrm/S)_$

such that #

\mathcal

is a

category fibered in groupoids Stack may refer to: Places * Stack Island, an island game reserve in Bass Strait, south-eastern Australia, in Tasmania’s Hunter Island Group * Blue Stack Mountains, in Co. Donegal, Ireland People * Stack (surname) (including a list of people w ...

, meaning the

overcategory In mathematics, specifically category theory, an overcategory (and undercategory) is a distinguished class of categories used in multiple contexts, such as with covering spaces (espace etale). They were introduced as a mechanism for keeping track ...

for some

\pi:X\to S

is a groupoid # The diagonal map

\Delta:\mathcal \to \mathcal\times_S\mathcal

of fibered categories is representable as algebraic spaces # There exists an

fppf

scheme

U \to S

and an associated 1-morphism of fibered categories

\mathcal \to \mathcal

which is surjective and smooth called an atlas.

Explanation of technical conditions

= Using the fppf topology

= First of all, the fppf-topology is used because it behaves well with respect to

descent Descent may refer to: As a noun Genealogy and inheritance * Common descent, concept in evolutionary biology * Kinship, one of the major concepts of cultural anthropology **Pedigree chart or family tree ** Ancestry ** Lineal descendant **Heritag ...

. For example, if there are schemes

X,Y \in \operatorname(\mathrm/S)

and

X \to Y

can be refined to an fppf-cover of

Y

, if

X

is flat, locally finite type, or locally of finite presentation, then

Y

has this property. this kind of idea can be extended further by considering properties local either on the target or the source of a morphism

f:X\to Y

. For a cover

\_

we say a property

\mathcal

is local on the source if

$f:X\to Y$ has $\mathcal$ if and only if each $X_i \to Y$ has $\mathcal$ .

There is an analogous notion on the target called local on the target. This means given a cover

\_

$f:X\to Y$ has $\mathcal$ if and only if each $X\times_YY_i \to Y_i$ has $\mathcal$ .

For the fppf topology, having an immersion is local on the target. In addition to the previous properties local on the source for the fppf topology,

f

being universally open is also local on the source. Also, being locally Noetherian and Jacobson are local on the source and target for the fppf topology. This does not hold in the fpqc topology, making it not as "nice" in terms of technical properties. Even though this is true, using algebraic stacks over the fpqc topology still has its use, such as in

chromatic homotopy theory In mathematics, chromatic homotopy theory is a subfield of stable homotopy theory that studies complex-oriented cohomology theories from the "chromatic" point of view, which is based on Quillen's work relating cohomology theories to formal groups. ...

. This is because the

Moduli stack of formal group laws In algebraic geometry, the moduli stack of formal group laws is a stack classifying formal group laws and isomorphisms between them. It is denoted by \mathcal_. It is a "geometric “object" that underlies the chromatic approach to the stable hom ...

\mathcal_

is an fpqc-algebraic stack^{pg 40}.

= Representable diagonal

= By definition, a 1-morphism

f:\mathcal \to \mathcal

of categories fibered in groupoids is representable by algebraic spaces if for any fppf morphism

U \to S

of schemes and any 1-morphism

y: (Sch/U)_ \to \mathcal

, the associated category fibered in groupoids

$(Sch/U)_\times_ \mathcal$

is representable as an algebraic space, meaning there exists an algebraic space

$F:(Sch/S)^_ \to Sets$

such that the associated fibered category

\mathcal_F \to (Sch/S)_

is equivalent to

(Sch/U)_\times_ \mathcal

. There are a number of equivalent conditions for representability of the diagonal which help give intuition for this technical condition, but one of main motivations is the following: for a scheme

U

and objects

x, y \in \operatorname(\mathcal_U)

the sheaf

\operatorname(x,y)

is representable as an algebraic space. In particular, the stabilizer group for any point on the stack

x : \operatorname(k) \to \mathcal_

is representable as an algebraic space. Another important equivalence of having a representable diagonal is the technical condition that the intersection of any two algebraic spaces in an algebraic stack is an algebraic space. Reformulated using fiber products

$\begin
Y \times_Z & \to & Y \\
\downarrow & & \downarrow \\
Z & \to & \mathcal
\end$

the representability of the diagonal is equivalent to

Y \to \mathcal

being representable for an algebraic space

Y

. This is because given morphisms

Y \to \mathcal, Z \to \mathcal

from algebraic spaces, they extend to maps

\mathcal\times\mathcal

from the diagonal map. There is an analogous statement for algebraic spaces which gives representability of a sheaf on

(F/S)_

as an algebraic space. Note that an analogous condition of representability of the diagonal holds for some formulations of

higher stacks Higher may refer to: Music * The Higher, a 2002–2012 American pop rock band Albums * ''Higher'' (Ala Boratyn album) or the title song, 2007 * ''Higher'' (Ezio album) or the title song, 2000 * ''Higher'' (Harem Scarem album) or the title song ...

where the fiber product is an

(n-1)

-stack for an

n

-stack

\mathcal

Surjective and smooth atlas

= 2-Yoneda lemma

= The existence of an

fppf

scheme

U \to S

and a 1-morphism of fibered categories

\mathcal \to \mathcal

which is surjective and smooth depends on defining a smooth and surjective morphisms of fibered categories. Here

\mathcal

is the algebraic stack from the representable functor

h_U

h_U: (Sch/S)_^ \to Sets

upgraded to a category fibered in groupoids where the categories only have trivial morphisms. This means the set

$h_U(T) = \text_(T,U)$

is considered as a category, denoted

h_\mathcal(T)

, with objects in

h_U(T)

fppf

morphisms

$f:T \to U$

and morphisms are the identity morphism. Hence

$h_:(Sch/S)_^ \to Groupoids$

is a 2-functor of groupoids. Showing this 2-functor is a sheaf is the content of the 2-Yoneda lemma. Using the Grothendieck construction, there is an associated category fibered in groupoids denoted

\mathcal \to \mathcal

= Representable morphisms of categories fibered in groupoids

= To say this morphism

\mathcal \to \mathcal

is smooth or surjective, we have to introduce representable morphisms. A morphism

p:\mathcal \to \mathcal

of categories fibered in groupoids over

(Sch/S)_

is said to be representable if given an object

T \to S

(Sch/S)_

and an object

t \in \text(\mathcal_T)

the 2-fibered product

$(Sch/T)_\times_ \mathcal_T$

is representable by a scheme. Then, we can say the morphism of categories fibered in groupoids

p

is smooth and surjective if the associated morphism

$(Sch/T)_\times_ \mathcal_T \to (Sch/T)_$

of schemes is smooth and surjective.

Deligne-Mumford stacks

Algebraic stacks, also known as Artin stacks, are by definition equipped with a smooth surjective atlas

\mathcal \to \mathcal

, where

\mathcal

is the stack associated to some scheme

U \to S

. If the atlas

\mathcal\to \mathcal

is moreover étale, then

\mathcal

is said to be a Deligne-Mumford stack. The subclass of Deligne-Mumford stacks is useful because it provides the correct setting for many natural stacks considered, such as the

moduli stack of algebraic curves In algebraic geometry, a moduli space of (algebraic) curves is a geometric space (typically a scheme or an algebraic stack) whose points represent isomorphism classes of algebraic curves. It is thus a special case of a moduli space. Depending on ...

. In addition, they are strict enough that object represented by points in Deligne-Mumford stacks do not have infinitesimal automorphisms. This is very important because infinitesimal automorphisms make studying the deformation theory of Artin stacks very difficult. For example, the deformation theory of the Artin stack

BGL_n = /GL_n /math>, the moduli stack of rank n vector bundles, has infinitesimal automorphisms controlled partially by the

Lie algebra In mathematics, a Lie algebra (pronounced ) is a vector space \mathfrak g together with an Binary operation, operation called the Lie bracket, an Alternating multilinear map, alternating bilinear map \mathfrak g \times \mathfrak g \rightarrow ...

\mathfrak_n

. This leads to an infinite sequence of deformations and obstructions in general, which is one of the motivations for studying moduli of stable bundles. Only in the special case of the

deformation theory of line bundles Deformation can refer to: * Deformation (engineering), changes in an object's shape or form due to the application of a force or forces. ** Deformation (physics), such changes considered and analyzed as displacements of continuum bodies. * Defor ...

/GL_1 = /\mathbb_m /math> is the deformation theory tractable, since the associated Lie algebra is abelian .

Note that many stacks cannot be naturally represented as Deligne-Mumford stacks because it only allows for finite covers, or, algebraic stacks with finite covers. Note that because every Etale cover is flat and locally of finite presentation, algebraic stacks defined with the fppf-topology subsume this theory; but, it is still useful since many stacks found in nature are of this form, such as the

moduli of curves In algebraic geometry, a moduli space of (algebraic) curves is a geometric space (typically a scheme (mathematics), scheme or an algebraic stack) whose points represent isomorphism classes of algebraic curves. It is thus a special case of a modul ...

\mathcal_g

. Also, the differential-geometric analogue of such stacks are called

orbifold In the mathematical disciplines of topology and geometry, an orbifold (for "orbit-manifold") is a generalization of a manifold. Roughly speaking, an orbifold is a topological space which is locally a finite group quotient of a Euclidean space. D ...

s. The Etale condition implies the 2-functor

$B\mu_n:(\mathrm/S)^\text \to \text$

sending a scheme to its groupoid of

\mu_n

- torsors is representable as a stack over the Etale topology, but the Picard-stack

B\mathbb_m

\mathbb_m

-torsors (equivalently the category of line bundles) is not representable. Stacks of this form are representable as stacks over the fppf-topology. Another reason for considering the fppf-topology versus the etale topology is over characteristic

p

the Kummer sequence

$0 \to \mu_p \to \mathbb_m \to \mathbb_m \to 0$

is exact only as a sequence of fppf sheaves, but not as a sequence of etale sheaves.

Defining algebraic stacks over other topologies

Using other Grothendieck topologies on

(F/S)

gives alternative theories of algebraic stacks which are either not general enough, or don't behave well with respect to exchanging properties from the base of a cover to the total space of a cover. It is useful to recall there is the following hierarchy of generalization

$\text \supset \text \supset \text \supset \text \supset \text$

of big topologies on

(F/S)

Structure sheaf

The structure sheaf of an algebraic stack is an object pulled back from a universal structure sheaf

\mathcal

on the site

(Sch/S)_

. This universal structure sheaf is defined as

$\mathcal:(Sch/S)_^ \to Rings, \text U/X \mapsto \Gamma(U,\mathcal_U)$

and the associated structure sheaf on a category fibered in groupoids

$p:\mathcal \to (Sch/S)_$

is defined as

$\mathcal_\mathcal := p^\mathcal$

where

p^

comes from the map of Grothendieck topologies. In particular, this means is

x \in \text(\mathcal)

lies over

U

, so

p(x) = U

, then

\mathcal_\mathcal(x)=\Gamma(U,\mathcal_U)

. As a sanity check, it's worth comparing this to a category fibered in groupoids coming from an

S

-scheme

X

for various topologies. For example, if

$(\mathcal_,\mathcal_\mathcal) = ((Sch/X)_, \mathcal_X)$

is a category fibered in groupoids over

(Sch/S)_

, the structure sheaf for an open subscheme

U \to X

gives

$\mathcal_\mathcal(U) = \mathcal_X(U) = \Gamma(U,\mathcal_X)$

so this definition recovers the classic structure sheaf on a scheme. Moreover, for a

quotient stack In algebraic geometry, a quotient stack is a stack that parametrizes equivariant objects. Geometrically, it generalizes a quotient of a scheme or a variety by a group: a quotient variety, say, would be a coarse approximation of a quotient stack. Th ...

\mathcal = /G /math>, the structure sheaf this just gives the G -invariant sections

$\mathcal_(U) = \Gamma(U,u^*\mathcal_X)^$

for

u:U\to X

(Sch/S)_

Examples

Classifying stacks

Many classifying stacks for algebraic groups are algebraic stacks. In fact, for an algebraic group space

G

over a scheme

S

which is flat of finite presentation, the stack

BG

is algebraic^{theorem 6.1}.

References

External links

Artin's Axioms

* https://stacks.math.columbia.edu/tag/07SZ - Look at "Axioms" and "Algebraic stacks"
Artin Algebraization and Quotient Stacks - Jarod Alper

Papers

* * *

Applications

* * * * {{cite arXiv , eprint=1911.00250, last1=Jiang, first1=Yunfeng, title=On the construction of moduli stack of projective Higgs bundles over surfaces, year=2019, class=math.AG

Mathoverflow threads

Do algebraic stacks satisfy fpqc descent?

Stacks in the fpqc topology

fpqc covers of stacks

Other

Examples of Stacks
* Notes on Grothendieck topologies, fibered categories and descent theory
Notes on algebraic stacks
Algebraic curves Moduli theory Algebraic geometry