General George Washington at Trenton by John Trumbull

Events

January–March

American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of ...

– Battle of the Assunpink Creek: American general George Washington's army repulses a British attack by Lieutenant General

Charles Cornwallis Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, (31 December 1738 – 5 October 1805), styled Viscount Brome between 1753 and 1762 and known as the Earl Cornwallis between 1762 and 1792, was a British Army general and official. In the United ...

, in a second battle at

Trenton, New Jersey Trenton is the capital city, capital city (New Jersey), city of the U.S. state of New Jersey and the county seat of Mercer County, New Jersey, Mercer County. It was the capital of the United States from November 1 to December 24, 1784.

. * January 3 –

–

Battle of Princeton The Battle of Princeton was a battle of the American Revolutionary War, fought near Princeton, New Jersey on January 3, 1777, and ending in a small victory for the Colonials. General Lord Cornwallis had left 1,400 British troops under the comm ...

: American general George Washington's army defeats British troops. *

January 13 Events Pre-1600 *27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years. * 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racin ...

–

Mission Santa Clara de Asís Mission Santa Clara de Asís ( es, Misión Santa Clara de Asís) is a Spanish mission in the city of Santa Clara, California. The mission, which was the eighth in California, was founded on January 12, 1777, by the Franciscan order. Named for ...

is founded in what becomes Santa Clara, California. * January 15 –

Vermont Vermont () is a state in the northeast New England region of the United States. Vermont is bordered by the states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, and New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the ...

declares its independence from New York, becoming the Vermont Republic, an independent country, a status it retains until it joins the United States as the 14th state in 1791. *

January 21 Events Pre-1600 * 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa. *1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when Co ...

– The Continental Congress approves a resolution "that an unauthentic copy, with names of the signers of the

Declaration of independence A declaration of independence or declaration of statehood or proclamation of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of ...

, be sent to each of the United States. *

February 5 Events Pre-1600 *AD 62, 62 – AD 62 Pompeii earthquake, Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy. *1576 – Henry IV of France, Henry of Navarre :wikt:abjure, abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Re ...

– Under the 1st Constitution of Georgia, 8 counties are chartered: Burke,

Camden Camden may refer to: People * Camden (surname), a surname of English origin * Camden Joy (born 1964), American writer * Camden Toy (born 1957), American actor Places Australia * Camden, New South Wales * Camden, Rosehill, a heritage res ...

, Chatham, Effingham, Glynn,

Liberty Liberty is the ability to do as one pleases, or a right or immunity enjoyed by prescription or by grant (i.e. privilege). It is a synonym for the word freedom. In modern politics, liberty is understood as the state of being free within society fr ...

, Richmond, and Wilkes. This dissolves the existing parishes of St. George, St. Mary's, St. Thomas, St. Phillip, Christ Church, St. David, St. Matthews, St. Andrew, St. James, St. Johns, and St. Paul. *

February 24 Events Pre-1600 * 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene Christianity, Nicene bishops with Arianism, Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica. *1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of ...

– King

Joseph I of Portugal Dom Joseph I ( pt, José Francisco António Inácio Norberto Agostinho, ; 6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777), known as the Reformer (Portuguese: ''o Reformador''), was King of Portugal from 31 July 1750 until his death in 1777. Among other act ...

dies, and is succeeded by his daughter Maria I of Portugal, and his brother and son-in-law Peter III of Portugal. *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 *AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title ''princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 852 – Croatian Knez (title), Knez Trpimir I of Cr ...

– The Fourth Continental Congress, with John Hancock as President begins a 199 day session in

Philadelphia Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Sinc ...

, lasting until September 18. *

March 29 Events Pre-1600 * 845 – Paris is sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collects a huge ransom in exchange for leaving. *1430 – The Ottoman Empire under Murad II captures Thessalonica from the Republic of ...

– 30 –

Third voyage of James Cook James Cook's third and final voyage (12 July 1776 – 4 October 1780) took the route from Plymouth via Cape Town and Tenerife to New Zealand and the Hawaiian Islands, and along the North American coast to the Bering Strait. Its ostensible ...

: English explorer Captain Cook discovers Mangaia and

Atiu Atiu, also known as Enuamanu (meaning ''land of the birds''), is an island of the Cook Islands archipelago, lying in the central-southern Pacific Ocean. Part of the Nga-pu-Toru, it is northeast of Rarotonga. The island's population has dropped ...

in the

Cook Islands ) , image_map = Cook Islands on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , capital = Avarua , coordinates = , largest_city = Avarua , official_languages = , langu ...

April–June

April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held. * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. * 1081 – Alexios ...

– Friedrich Maximilian Klinger's play ''

Sturm und Drang ''Sturm und Drang'' (, ; usually translated as "storm and stress") was a proto-Romantic movement in German literature and music that occurred between the late 1760s and early 1780s. Within the movement, individual subjectivity and, in particul ...

'' is premiered by the Seyler Theatre Company in

Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as ...

, giving its name to the whole ''

'' movement in

German literature German literature () comprises those literary texts written in the German language. This includes literature written in Germany, Austria, the German parts of Switzerland and Belgium, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, South Tyrol in Italy and to a l ...

. * April 13 –

– Battle of Bound Brook: A British and Hessian force led by Charles Cornwallis surprises a Continental Army outpost in

New Jersey New Jersey is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic States, Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States, Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York (state), New York; on the ea ...

, commanded by Major General Benjamin Lincoln. * April 27 –

– Battle of Ridgefield: The

British Army The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gur ...

defeats Patriot militias, galvanizing resistance in the

Connecticut Colony The ''Connecticut Colony'' or ''Colony of Connecticut'', originally known as the Connecticut River Colony or simply the River Colony, was an English colony in New England which later became Connecticut. It was organized on March 3, 1636 as a settl ...

. * May 8 – Richard Brinsley Sheridan's

comedy of manners In English literature, the term comedy of manners (also anti-sentimental comedy) describes a genre of realistic, satirical comedy of the Restoration period (1660–1710) that questions and comments upon the manners and social conventions of a g ...

, ''

The School for Scandal ''The School for Scandal'' is a comedy of manners written by Richard Brinsley Sheridan. It was first performed in London at Drury Lane Theatre on 8 May 1777. Plot Act I Scene I: Lady Sneerwell, a wealthy young widow, and her hireling Sn ...

'', is first performed at the

Theatre Royal, Drury Lane The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, commonly known as Drury Lane, is a West End theatre and Grade I listed building in Covent Garden, London, England. The building faces Catherine Street (earlier named Bridges or Brydges Street) and backs onto ...

in London. *

May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. *1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. *1364 ...

– Lachlan McIntosh and Button Gwinnett shoot each other during a

duel A duel is an arranged engagement in combat between two people, with matched weapons, in accordance with agreed-upon Code duello, rules. During the 17th and 18th centuries (and earlier), duels were mostly single combats fought with swords (the r ...

near

Savannah, Georgia Savannah ( ) is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County. Established in 1733 on the Savannah River, the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later t ...

. Gwinnett, a signer of the

United States Declaration of Independence The United States Declaration of Independence, formally The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen States of America, is the pronouncement and founding document adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at Pennsylvania State House ...

, dies three days later. *

June 13 Events Pre-1600 * 313 – The decisions of the Edict of Milan, signed by Constantine the Great and co-emperor Valerius Licinius, granting religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire, are published in Nicomedia. * 1325 – Ibn Battut ...

–

American Revolution The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolu ...

: The Marquis de Lafayette lands near Georgetown, South Carolina, to help the

Continental Congress The Continental Congress was a series of legislative bodies, with some executive function, for thirteen of Britain's colonies in North America, and the newly declared United States just before, during, and after the American Revolutionary War. ...

train its army. Flag of the United States (1777-1795)

* June 14 – The Stars and Stripes is adopted by the

as the

flag of the United States The national flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the ''American flag'' or the ''U.S. flag'', consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the ca ...

. * June 21 – ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Second Edition begins publication in

Edinburgh Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...

July–December

* July 6 –

– Siege of Fort Ticonderoga: After a bombardment by British artillery under General

John Burgoyne General John Burgoyne (24 February 1722 – 4 August 1792) was a British general, dramatist and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1761 to 1792. He first saw action during the Seven Years' War when he participated in several bat ...

, American forces retreat from Fort Ticonderoga, New York. * July 7 –

– Battle of Hubbardton: British forces capture over 200 of the American rearguard, from Fort Ticonderoga. * July 8 – The 1777 Constitution of

is signed, officially abolishing slavery. * August 6 –

– Battle of Oriskany: Loyalists gain a tactical victory over Patriots;

Iroquois The Iroquois ( or ), officially the Haudenosaunee ( meaning "people of the longhouse"), are an Iroquoian-speaking confederacy of First Nations peoples in northeast North America/ Turtle Island. They were known during the colonial years to ...

fight on both sides. * August 16 –

–

Battle of Bennington The Battle of Bennington was a battle of the American Revolutionary War, part of the Saratoga campaign, that took place on August 16, 1777, on a farm owned by John Green in Walloomsac, New York, about from its namesake, Bennington, Vermont. A ...

: British and Brunswicker forces are decisively defeated by American troops at

Walloomsac, New York Walloomsac, New York is a location in New York State, on the Walloomsac River. It is to the east, and upstream, from North Hoosick, New York. It includes the Bennington Battlefield The Bennington Battlefield is the Rensselaer County, New York, ...

. * August 22 –

– The Siege of Fort Stanwix is ended by withdrawal of British forces, following a ruse by

Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold ( Brandt (1994), p. 4June 14, 1801) was an American military officer who served during the Revolutionary War. He fought with distinction for the American Continental Army and rose to the rank of major general before defect ...

to persuade them that a much larger force is arriving. *

September 3 Events Pre-1600 * 36 BC – In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate. * 301 __NOTOC__ Year 301 (Ro ...

–

– Battle of Cooch's Bridge: British and Hessian forces defeat an American

militia A militia () is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non- professional soldiers, citizens of a country, or subjects of a state, who may perform military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of r ...

in a minor skirmish in

New Castle County, Delaware New Castle County is the northernmost of the three counties of the U.S. state of Delaware (New Castle, Kent, and Sussex). As of the 2020 census, the population was 570,719, making it the most populous county in Delaware, with nearly 60% of t ...

. * September 11 –

– Battle of Brandywine: The British gain a major victory in Chester County,

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (; (Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, Ma ...

. * September 19 –

– First Battle of Saratoga ( Battle of Freeman's Farm): Patriot forces withstand a British attack at Saratoga, New York. * September 26 –

– British troops occupy

; members of the

flee to Lancaster, Pennsylvania where they meet and hold a one day session as the Fifth Congress before fleeing again. * September 30 –

– The Sixth

opens its session at

York, Pennsylvania York (Pennsylvania Dutch: ''Yarrick''), known as the White Rose City (after the symbol of the House of York), is the county seat of York County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located in the south-central region of the state. The populati ...

, and continues for 272 days until June 27, 1778. * October 4 –

– Battle of Germantown: Troops under George Washington are repelled by British troops under Sir William Howe. * October 6 –

– Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery: British troops capture Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery (Hudson River), and are able to dismantle the Hudson River Chain. * October 7 –

– Second Battle of Saratoga ( Battle of Bemis Heights): British General

is defeated by American troops. *

October 17 Events Pre-1600 * 690 – Empress Wu Zetian establishes the Zhou Dynasty The Zhou dynasty ( ; Old Chinese ( B&S): *''tiw'') was a royal dynasty of China that followed the Shang dynasty. Having lasted 789 years, the Zhou dynasty ...

–

– Battle of Saratoga: British General

surrenders to the American troops. * November 15 –

: After 16 months of debate, the

approves the

Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was an agreement among the 13 Colonies of the United States of America that served as its first frame of government. It was approved after much debate (between July 1776 and November 1777) by ...

, in the temporary American capital at

. * November 17 –

: The

are submitted to the states for ratification. * November 29 –

San Jose, California San Jose, officially San José (; ; ), is a major city in the U.S. state of California that is the cultural, financial, and political center of Silicon Valley and largest city in Northern California by both population and area. With a 2020 popul ...

is founded. It is the first ''

pueblo In the Southwestern United States, Pueblo (capitalized) refers to the Native tribes of Puebloans having fixed-location communities with permanent buildings which also are called pueblos (lowercased). The Spanish explorers of northern New Spain ...

'' in Spanish

Alta California Alta California ('Upper California'), also known as ('New California') among other names, was a province of New Spain, formally established in 1804. Along with the Baja California peninsula, it had previously comprised the province of , but ...

. * December 18 – The United States celebrates its first

Thanksgiving Thanksgiving is a national holiday celebrated on various dates in the United States, Canada, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Liberia, and unofficially in countries like Brazil and Philippines. It is also observed in the Netherlander town of Leiden ...

, marking October's victory by the American rebels over British General

at Saratoga. * December 19 –

– George Washington's Continental Army goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. *

December 24 Events Pre-1600 * 502 – Chinese emperor Xiao Yan names Xiao Tong his heir designate. * 640 – Pope John IV is elected, several months after his predecessor's death. * 759 – Tang dynasty poet Du Fu departs for Chengdu, ...

–

: English explorer Captain Cook locates Kiritimati (Christmas Island). * December 30 – Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria dies and is succeeded by his distant cousin Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria.

Date unknown

* The

code duello A code duello is a set of rules for a one-on-one combat, or duel. Codes duello regulate dueling and thus help prevent vendettas between families and other social factions. They ensure that non-violent means of reaching agreement be exhausted and ...

is adopted at the

Clonmel Clonmel () is the county town and largest settlement of County Tipperary, Ireland. The town is noted in Irish history for its resistance to the Cromwellian army which sacked the towns of Drogheda and Wexford. With the exception of the townland ...

Summer Assizes as the form for pistol

s by gentlemen in Ireland. It is quickly denounced, but nevertheless widely adopted throughout the English-speaking world. *

Kunsthochschule Kassel Kunsthochschule Kassel (German; "Kassel College of Art") is a college of fine arts in Kassel, Germany. Founded in 1777, it is a semi-autonomous department of the University of Kassel . Notable people * Daniel Stieglitz * Peter Angermann * S ...

is founded in Germany as a fine arts academy. * Det Dramatiske Selskab is founded in Copenhagen (Denmark) as an acting academy. * George II Frederic is crowned as king of the

Miskito Kingdom The Mosquito Coast, also known as the Mosquitia or Mosquito Shore, historically included the area along the eastern coast of present-day Nicaragua and Honduras. It formed part of the Western Caribbean Zone. It was named after the local Miski ...

Births

January–March

January January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the first of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on average, the coldest month of the ...

– William Barton, English cricketer (d. 1825) * January 2 – Christian Daniel Rauch, German sculptor (d. 1857) * January 7 – Lorenzo Bartolini, Italian sculptor (d. 1850) *

January 11 Events Pre-1600 * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence. * 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muham ...

– Vincenzo Borg, Maltese merchant, rebel leader (d. 1837) *

– Elisa Bonaparte, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, sister of Napoleon Bonaparte (d. 1820) * January 25 –

Karoline Jagemann Baroness Karoline Jagemann von Heygendorff (25 January 1777, in Weimar – 10 July 1848, in Dresden) was a major German tragedienne and singer. Her great roles included Elizabeth in ''Mary Stuart'' (1800) and Beatrice in '' The Bride of Mess ...

, German actor (d.1848) *

February 3 Events Pre-1600 *1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states. * 1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire. *1488 – ...

– John Cheyne, British physician, surgeon and author (d. 1836) *

February 10 Events Pre-1600 * 1258 – Mongol invasions: Baghdad falls to the Mongols, bringing the Islamic Golden Age to an end. *1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn, sparki ...

–

Amable Berthelot Amable Berthelot (February 10, 1777 – November 24, 1847) was a '' Canadien'' lawyer, author and political figure. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada and later to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada ...

, Quebec lawyer, author and political figure (d. 1847) *

February 12 Events Pre-1600 *1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna. *1429 – English forces under ...

** Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, French poet (d.

1843 Events January–March * January ** Serial publication of Charles Dickens's novel ''Martin Chuzzlewit'' begins in London; in the July chapters, he lands his hero in the United States. ** Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Tell-Tale Heart" ...

) ** Bernard Courtois, French chemist (d.

1838 Events January–March * January 10 – A fire destroys Lloyd's Coffee House and the Royal Exchange in London. * January 11 – At Morristown, New Jersey, Samuel Morse, Alfred Vail and Leonard Gale give the first public demonstration o ...

) *

February 18 Events Pre-1600 * 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy. *1268 &nd ...

–

Andreas Arntzen Andreas Arntzen (18 February 1777 – 14 December 1837) was a Norwegian politician. He was born in Grue, and graduated as cand.jur. in Copenhagen in 1802. He then worked as an attorney, chief of police of Christiania, Supreme Court judge and ...

, Norwegian politician (d. 1837) * February 20 –

Zacheus Burnham Zacheus Burnham (February 20, 1777 – February 25, 1857) was a farmer, judge and political figure in Upper Canada. He was born in 1777 in Dunbarton, New Hampshire. He arrived in Upper Canada in 1797 and settled in Hamilton Township near th ...

, Canadian farmer, judge and public figure (d. 1857) *

February 26 Events Pre-1600 * 747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 364 – Valentinian I is ...

– Matija Nenadović, Prime Minister of Serbia (d. 1854) *

March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. *1575 & ...

– Adolphe Dureau de la Malle, French geographer, naturalist, historian and artist (d. 1857) * March 10 – Robert Allison (Pennsylvania politician), U.S. Representative (d. 1840) *

March 13 Events Pre-1600 *624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh. * 1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War. * 1591 – At the Battle of ...

–

Charles Lot Church Charles Lot Church (March 13, 1777 – April 14, 1864) was a political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Lunenburg County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1820 to 1830. He was born in Rhode Island (some sources say Fall River, ...

, Nova Scotia politician (d. 1864) Roger B

March 17 Events Pre-1600 *45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. * 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age o ...

** Patrick Brontë, Irish Anglican curate and writer; father of writers Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë (d. 1861) ** Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1864) * March 19 –

José María Bustamante José María Bustamante (March 19, 1777, Toluca – December 4, 1861, Mexico City) was a Mexican composer. Bustamante worked at various churches in Mexico City as a chapel master, his last posting being at the Metropolitan Cathedral. Active in t ...

, Mexican composer (d. 1861) *

March 28 Events Pre-1600 * AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate. * 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Di ...

–

Antoine Germain Labarraque Antoine Germain Labarraque (28 March 1777 – 9 December 1850)Maurice Bouvet. Les grands pharmaciens: Labarraque (1777-1850)' (Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, 1950, Volume 38, no. 128, pp. 97-107). was a French chemist and pharmacist, notable f ...

, French chemist (d. 1850)

April–June

April 11 Events Pre-1600 * 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. *1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi. * 1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Fer ...

–

William Addams William Addams (April 11, 1777 – May 30, 1858) was an American politician who served as a Pennsylvania State Representative and United States Congressman, serving two terms in the U.S. House from 1825 to 1829. Life and career Addams was bo ...

United States Congressman The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together the ...

(d.

1858 Events January–March * January – **Benito Juárez (1806–1872) becomes Liberal President of Mexico. At the same time, conservatives install Félix María Zuloaga (1813–1898) as president. **William I of Prussia becomes regent f ...

) *

April 12 Events Pre-1600 * 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I. * 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted t ...

–

Henry Clay Henry Clay Sr. (April 12, 1777June 29, 1852) was an American attorney and statesman who represented Kentucky in both the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. He was the seventh House speaker as well as the ninth secretary of state, ...

, American politician (d. 1852) * April 16 – John Alexander (Ohio politician), U.S. Representative (d.

1848 1848 is historically famous for the wave of revolutions, a series of widespread struggles for more liberal governments, which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their immediate aims, they significantly altered the polit ...

)

* April 30 –

Carl Friedrich Gauss Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; german: Gauß ; la, Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields in mathematics and science. Sometimes refe ...

, German mathematician, astronomer and physicist (d. 1855) * May 4 – Richard Bourke, Australian governor (d. 1855) * May 8 – Mateli Magdalena Kuivalatar, Finnish-Karelian folksinger (d. 1846) *

May 11 Events 1601–1900 *1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons. *1813 – William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth discover a route across th ...

– Samuel Bridger, English cricketer *

May 12 Events Pre-1600 * 254 – Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I, becoming the 23rd pope of the Catholic Church, and immediately takes a stand against Novatianism. * 907 – Zhu Wen forces Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the Tan ...

– Mary Reibey, Australian businessperson (d. 1855) * May 18 – John George Children, British chemist, mineralogist and zoologist (d. 1852) *

June 1 Events Pre-1600 *1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu. *1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed king o ...

– Fernando Errázuriz Aldunate, president of Chile (d.

1841 Events January–March * January 20 – Charles Elliot of the United Kingdom, and Qishan of the Qing dynasty, agree to the Convention of Chuenpi. * January 26 – Britain occupies Hong Kong. Later in the year, the first census of the i ...

) * June 12 – Robert Clark, American politician (d. 1837) * June 14 – Heman Allen (of Milton), U.S. Representative (d.

1844 In the Philippines, it was the only leap year with 365 days, as December 31 was skipped when 1845 began after December 30. Events January–March * January 15 – The University of Notre Dame, based in the city of the same name, receives ...

) * June 15 – David Daniel Davis, British physician (d.

) *

June 22 Events Pre-1600 *217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. * 168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeat Macedonian King Per ...

Andrzej Alojzy Ankwicz Andrzej Alojzy Ankwicz (; cz, Ondřej Alois Ankwicz ze Skarbek–Peslawice; german: Andreas Alois Ankwicz von Skarbek-Poslawice) (22 June 1777 – 26 March 1838) was the Roman Catholic archbishop of Prague from 1833 to 1838. Biography Ankwicz wa ...

, Polish-born Catholic archbishop of Prague (d.

) ** William Brown (admiral), Irish-born first admiral of Argentina (d. 1857) * June 23 – Frederick Bates, American politician (d. 1825)

July–September

* July –

Thomas Clayton Thomas Clayton (July 1777 – August 21, 1854) was an American lawyer and politician from Dover in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party and later the National Republican Party and the Whig Party. He served in the Delawa ...

, American lawyer, politician (d. 1854) *

July 9 Events Pre-1600 *118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome. * 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodos ...

Henry Hallam Henry Hallam (9 July 1777 – 21 January 1859) was an English historian. Educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, he practised as a barrister on the Oxford circuit for some years before turning to history. His major works were ''View of ...

, English historian (d.

1859 Events January–March * January 21 – José Mariano Salas (1797–1867) becomes Conservative interim President of Mexico. * January 24 ( O. S.) – Wallachia and Moldavia are united under Alexandru Ioan Cuza (Romania since 1866, final u ...

) ** Paavo Ruotsalainen, Finnish farmer and lay preacher (d. 1852) * July 23 – Philipp Otto Runge, German painter (d. 1810) * July 26 – Robert Hamilton Bishop, Scottish-American educator, minister (d. 1855) * July 27 **

Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes (; 27 July 1777 – 17 May 1834) was a German physicist, meteorologist, and astronomer. Brandes was born in 1777 in Groden near Ritzebüttel (a former exclave of the Free Imperial City of Hamburg, today in Cuxhaven), ...

, German physicist (d. 1834) ** Thomas Campbell, Scottish poet (d.

) ** Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre, British peer, soldier (d.

1853 Events January–March * January 6 – Florida Governor Thomas Brown signs legislation that provides public support for the new East Florida Seminary, leading to the establishment of the University of Florida. * January 8 – Taiping Reb ...

) * July 31 – Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros, Argentine statesman, priest (d.

1849 Events January–March * January 1 – France begins issue of the Ceres series, the nation's first postage stamps. * January 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Austrian army, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, enters in th ...

) * August 11 – Giuseppe Bossi, Italian painter (d.

1815 Events January * January 2 – Lord Byron marries Anna Isabella Milbanke in Seaham, county of Durham, England. * January 3 – Austria, Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Pr ...

) * August 12 – George Wolf, American politician (d. 1840) Hans Christian Ørsted daguerreotype

August 14 Events Pre-1600 * 74 BC – A group of officials, led by the Western Han minister Huo Guang, present articles of impeachment against the new emperor, Liu He, to the imperial regent, Empress Dowager Shangguan. The articles, enumerating t ...

–

Hans Christian Ørsted Hans Christian Ørsted ( , ; often rendered Oersted in English; 14 August 17779 March 1851) was a Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity ...

, Danish physicist and chemist (d.

1851 Events January–March * January 11 – Hong Xiuquan officially begins the Taiping Rebellion. * January 15 – Christian Female College, modern-day Columbia College, receives its charter from the Missouri General Assembly. ...

) * August 23 – Princess Adélaïde of Orléans, French princess (d. 1847) *

August 29 Events Pre-1600 * 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). * 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzanti ...

– Nikita Bichurin (Hyacinth), Russian monk (d.

) *

August 31 Events Pre-1600 * 1056 – After a sudden illness a few days previously, Byzantine Empress Theodora dies childless, thus ending the Macedonian dynasty. *1057 – Abdication of Byzantine Emperor Michael VI Bringas after just one year ...

– Alexander Bashilov, Russian general (d. 1847) * September 9 – James Carr (Massachusetts politician), U.S. Congressman (d.

1818 Events January–March * January 1 ** Battle of Koregaon: Troops of the British East India Company score a decisive victory over the Maratha Empire. ** Mary Shelley's ''Frankenstein'' is published anonymously in London. * January 2 – ...

) * September 12 –

Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (; 12 September 1777 – 1 May 1850) was a French zoologist and anatomist. Life Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. As a young man he went to Paris to study art, but ultimately devoted himself to nat ...

, French zoologist, anatomist (d. 1850) *

September 25 Events Pre-1600 * 275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus. * 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt a ...

–

Joseph Badeaux Joseph Badeaux (25 September 1777 – 12 September 1835) was the son of Jean-Baptiste Badeaux and, in 1792, he began articling to become a notary. His clerkship was with his brother Antoine-Isidore, who, like their father, was of the notarial ...

, Canadian politician (d. 1835)

October–December

* October 1 – Zaro Aga, Turkish-Kurdish possible supercentenarian (claimed to have been born this year or

1774 Events January–March * January 21 – Mustafa III, List of Ottoman Sultans, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid I. * January 27 ** An angry crowd in Boston, Massachusetts seizes, tars, and f ...

; d. 1934) * October 5 – Guillaume Dupuytren, French anatomist, military surgeon (d. 1835) * October 16 ** Levi Barber, American surveyor, court administrator, banker and legislator (d.

1833 Events January–March * January 3 – Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic. * February 6 – His Royal Highness Prince Otto Friedrich Ludwig of Bavaria assumes the title His Majesty Othon t ...

) ** Lorenzo Dow, American Methodist preacher (d. 1834) * October 18 **

Auguste François-Marie de Colbert-Chabanais Auguste François-Marie de Colbert-Chabanais (18 October 1777, in Paris – 3 January 1809, in Cacabelos, Spain), Comte de l'Empire joined the French army during the French Revolutionary Wars. He became a general officer of cavalry during the ...

, French general (d. 1809) Kleist, Heinrich von

** Heinrich von Kleist, German poet, dramatist, novelist and short story writer (d.

1811 Events January–March * January 8 – An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by Charles Deslondes, in St. Charles and St. James Parishes, Louisiana. * January 17 – Mexican War of Independence – Battle of Calderón B ...

) * November 7 –

Richard Bassett (clergyman) Richard Bassett (7 November 1777 – 31 August 1852) was a Welsh cleric, thought to be the last Anglican clergyman in Wales to be associated with the Methodists. Life Bassett was born at Tresigin, near Llantwit Major in Glamorgan, South Wales ...

, Welsh cleric (d. 1852) * November 13 – Kunwar Singh, Leader during the

Indian Rebellion of 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857–58 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown. The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the fo ...

(d.

) *

November 14 Events Pre-1600 1601–1900 *1680 – German astronomer Gottfried Kirch discovers the Great Comet of 1680, the first comet to be discovered by telescope. * 1770 – James Bruce discovers what he believes to be the source of the Nile ...

– Nathaniel Claiborne, American politician (d.

) *

November 24 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Theodosius I makes his ''adventus'', or formal entry, into Constantinople. *1190 – Conrad of Montferrat becomes King of Jerusalem upon his marriage to Isabella I of Jerusalem. * 1221 – Genghis Khan d ...

– Samuel Butts, American militia officer (d. 1814) * December 1 – Thomas Bradford, British Army officer (d.

) * December 4 – Juliette Récamier, French writer (d.

) * December 10 – William Conner, American trader, politician (d. 1855) * December 14 –

Du Pré Alexander, 2nd Earl of Caledon Du Pré Alexander, 2nd Earl of Caledon KP (14 December 1777 – 8 April 1839), styled The Honourable Du Pré Alexander from 1790 to 1800 and Viscount Alexander from 1800 to 1802, was an Irish peer, landlord and colonial administrator, and was th ...

, Irish peer, landlord and colonial administrator (d. 1839) * December 15 – Agostino Aglio, Italian painter, decorator and engraver (d. 1857) * December 16 – Madame Clicquot Ponsardin, French champagne producer (d. 1866) * December 21 – John Campbell, 7th Duke of Argyll, Scottish peer, Whig politician (d. 1847) Alexander I of Russia by G

December 23 Events Pre-1600 * 484 – The Arian Vandal Kingdom ceases its persecution of Nicene Christianity. * 558 – Chlothar I is crowned King of the Franks. * 583 – Maya queen Yohl Ik'nal is crowned ruler of Palenque. * 962 &ndas ...

– Emperor

Alexander I of Russia Alexander I (; – ) was Emperor of Russia from 1801, the first King of Congress Poland from 1815, and the Grand Duke of Finland from 1809 to his death. He was the eldest son of Emperor Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. The son of Gra ...

, Russian officer (d. 1825) *

– Barbara Spooner Wilberforce, wife of English abolitionist William Wilberforce (d. 1847)

Date unknown

* Suleiman al-Halabi, Syrian student, assassin (d.

1800 As of March 1 ( O.S. February 18), when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 12 days until February 28 ( O.S. February 16), ...

) * Carlos Anaya, Uruguayan politician (d. 1862) * Charles James Apperley, English sportsman, sporting writer (d.

) *

Carlo Armellini Carlo Armellini (1777 – 6 June 1863) was a Roman politician, activist and jurist. He was part of the triumvirate leading the short-lived Roman Republic in 1849, together with Giuseppe Mazzini and Aurelio Saffi. Armellini was born in Rome, then ...

, Italian politician, activist and jurist (d.

1863 Events January–March * January 1 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the third year of the American Civil War, making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate states an official war goal. It proclaims t ...

) *

Mevlana Halid-i Bagdadi Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī ( fa, جلال‌الدین محمد رومی), also known as Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Balkhī (), Mevlânâ/Mawlānā ( fa, مولانا, lit= our master) and Mevlevî/Mawlawī ( fa, مولوی, lit= my ma ...

, Ottoman mystic (d. 1826) *

Connell James Baldwin Connell James Baldwin (1777 – 14 December 1861) was an Irish soldier and civil servant. When he was fourteen he joined the Royal Navy, and two years later, after being deemed medically unfit to serve in that branch, the British Army. In 180 ...

, Irish soldier, civil servant (d. 1861) *

Karl Friedrich Becker Karl Friedrich Becker (11 March 1777 – 15 March 1806) was a German educator and historian. His most noted work was ''World History for Children and Teachers of Children'' (german: Weltgeschichte für Kinder und Kinderlehrer) which was widely us ...

, German educator, historian (d. 1806) * Vicente Benavides, Chilean soldier (d. 1822) * John Bennett (Hampshire cricketer) (d. 1857) * William Bellinger Bulloch, U.S. Senator (d. 1852) * Sophia Campbell, Australian artist (d.

) * Abiel Chandler, U.S. philanthropist (d.

) * John Claiborne, U.S. politician (d.

1808 Events January–March * January 1 ** The importation of slaves into the United States is banned, as the 1807 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves takes effect; African slaves continue to be imported into Cuba, and until the island ab ...

) * Charles Othon Frédéric Jean-Baptiste de Clarac, French artist, scholar and archaeologist (d. 1847) *

Thomas Cochran (judge) Thomas Cochran (1777 – October 8, 1804) was a Nova Scotia lawyer and judge in Prince Edward Island and Upper Canada. Cochran was born in Halifax, the son of Thomas Cochran, a merchant and member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly for Liverpo ...

, Canadian judge (d.

1804 Events January–March * January 1 – Haiti gains independence from France, and becomes the first black republic, having the only successful slave revolt ever. * February 4 – The Sokoto Caliphate is founded in West Africa. * Februar ...

) * Anselmo de la Cruz, Chilean political figure (d.

) * Thomas Day, American judge (d. 1855) * Benjamin D'Urban, British general, colonial administrator (d.

) * Tu'i Malila, Malagasy-born tortoise, longest living animal on record (d. 1965)

Deaths

January–March

January 10 Events Pre-1600 * 49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the ...

– Spranger Barry, Irish actor (b. 1719) *

January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already reig ...

– Hugh Mercer,

officer, mortally wounded in battle (b. 1726) *

– James Rait, Anglican clergyman, Scottish Episcopal Church Bishop of Brechin 1742–1777 (b.

1689 Events January–March * January 22 (January 12, 1688 O.S.) – Glorious Revolution in England: The Convention Parliament is convened to determine if King James II of England, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, vacated ...

) *

January 27 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – Trajan succeeds his adoptive father Nerva as Roman emperor; under his rule the Roman Empire will reach its maximum extent. * 945 – The co-emperors Stephen and Constantine are overthrown and forced to b ...

–

Hubert de Brienne Hubert de Brienne, Comte de Conflans (1690, in Paris – 27 January 1777, in Paris) was a French naval commander. Early life The son of Henri Jacob marquis de Conflans and Marie du Bouchet, at 15 he was made a knight of the Order of Sain ...

, French naval commander (b.

1690 Events January–March * January 2 – The Ottoman Empire defeats Serbian rebels and Austrian troops in battle at Kaçanik Gorge, prompting more than 30,000 Serb refugees to flee northward from Kosovo, Macedonia and Sandžak to the Aus ...

) *

January 30 Events Pre-1600 *1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen. *1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom. 1601–1900 *1607 – An estimated ...

–

Enrichetta d'Este Princess Enrichetta d'Este (Enrichetta Maria; 27 February 1702 – 30 January 1777) was a Duchess of Parma by marriage to her cousin Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma. She was the Regent of Parma in 1731 during her alleged pregnancy in the interr ...

, Duchess of Parma (b. 1702) *

February 9 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. *1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland. *1539 – The first recorded race is held ...

Captain Abraham Godwin Abraham Godwin (November 23, 1724 – February 9, 1777) was a carpenter from New York City and one of the first American settlers in the area of Paterson, New Jersey, earlier known as Acquackanonk. He built the Godwin Hotel, and opened a stage coa ...

, American marine on USS ''Washington'' (1776 row galley) (b. 1724) **

Seth Pomeroy Seth Pomeroy (May 20, 1706 – February 19, 1777) was an American gunsmith and soldier from Northampton, Massachusetts. His military service included the French and Indian War and the early stages of the American Revolutionary War. He fought ...

, American gunsmith and soldier (b. 1706) *

February 11 Events Pre-1600 *660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman empire, on the eve of his coming ...

– Sir Gilbert Elliot, 3rd Baronet, of Minto, Scottish statesman, philosopher and poet (b.

1722 Events January–March * January 27 – Daniel Defoe's novel ''Moll Flanders'' is published anonymously in London. * February 10 – The Battle of Cape Lopez begins off of the coast of West Africa (and present-day Gabon), as ...

) *

– King

(b. 1714) * February 28 – Joab Hoisington, American major (b.

1736 Events January–March * January 12 – George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney, becomes the first Field Marshal of Great Britain. * January 23 – The Civil Code of 1734 is passed in Sweden. * January 26 – Stanislaus I of Pol ...

) *

March 1 Events Pre-1600 *509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia. * 293 – Emperor Diocletian and ...

Józef Aleksander Jabłonowski Prince Józef Aleksander Jabłonowski (1711–1777) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic). Józef became Stolnik of Lithuania in 1744, voivode of Nowogródek Voivodeship from 1755 to 1776 and starost of Busk, Ukraine, Korsuń, Dźwinogród, ...

, Polish nobleman (szlachcic) (b.

1711 In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Tuesday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar. Events January–March * January – Cary's Rebellion: The Lords Proprietor appoint Edward ...

) ** Georg Christoph Wagenseil, Austrian composer (b. 1715) *

March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost cu ...

– Empress Xiaoshengxian, mother of the Chinese

Qianlong Emperor The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 17117 February 1799), also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, born Hongli, was the fifth Emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1735 ...

of China (b. 1692) *

– Pierre-Herman Dosquet, 4th bishop of Quebec (b. 1691) * March 6 – Jeremias Friedrich Reuß, German theologian (b.

1700 As of March 1 ( O.S. February 19), where then Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 11 days until February 28 ( O.S. February 17 ...

) * March 10 – John the Painter, British criminal (b. 1752) * March 20 – Jean-François-Joseph de Rochechouart, French Roman Catholic Cardinal (b. 1708) *

March 23 Events Pre-1600 *1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. *1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...

–

Sir Hugh Paterson, 2nd Baronet Sir Hugh Paterson, 2nd Baronet (circa 1685 – 23 March 1777) was a Scottish Jacobite and Member of the Parliament of Great Britain. The son of Sir Hugh Paterson, 1st Baronet by his wife Barbara, daughter of Sir William Ruthven of Dunglas ...

, Scottish Jacobite and Member of the Parliament of Great Britain (b.

1685 Events January–March * January 6 – American-born British citizen Elihu Yale, for whom Yale University in the U.S. is named, completes his term as the first leader of the Madras Presidency in India, administering the colony ...

) *

March 31 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian. *1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at Vézelay, urging the nec ...

– Richard Terrick, Church of England clergyman, Bishop of Peterborough 1757–1764 and Bishop of London 1764–1777 (b.

1710 In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Saturday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar. Events January–March * January 1 – In Prussia, Cölln is merged with Alt-Berlin b ...

)

April–June

April 7 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – Attila the Hun captures Metz in France, killing most of its inhabitants and burning the town. * 529 – First '' Corpus Juris Civilis'', a fundamental work in jurisprudence, is issued by Eastern Roman Emp ...

–

Anna Chamber Anne Chamber (married name Anna Grenville-Temple, Countess Temple) (died 7 April 1777) was an English noblewoman and poet. Life Chamber and her elder sister Mary were co-heiresses to their late parents' estate. On 7 May 1737, Chamber married R ...

, British noblewoman and poet (b.

1709 In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Friday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar. Events January–March * January 1 – Battle of St. John's: The French capture St. John' ...

) * April 29 –

Antonio Joli Antonio Francesco Lodovico Joli (13 March 1700 – 29 April 1777) was an Italian painter of ''vedute'' and ''capricci''. Biography Born in Modena, he first was apprenticed to Rafaello Rinaldi. He then studied in Rome under Giovanni Paolo P ...

, Italian painter of ''vedute'' and ''capricci'' (b.

) * May 5 – Raphael Hayyim Isaac Carregal, Palestinian rabbi preaching in the Americas (b. 1733) *

May 7 Events Pre-1600 * 351 – The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out after his arrival at Antioch. * 558 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses, twenty years after its construction. Justinian I imme ...

– Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Roch de Ramezay, marine captain and colonial administrator in New France (b. 1708) * May 9 – Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Aylesford, Member of the Parliament of Great Britain (b. 1715) *

–

George Pigot, 1st Baron Pigot George Pigot, 1st Baron Pigot (4 March 1719 – 11 May 1777) was twice the British President of the British East India Company. Life Pigot was the eldest son of Richard Pigot of Westminster, by his wife Frances, daughter of Peter Goode, a Hug ...

, British governor of Madras (b. 1719) *

May 19 Events Pre-1600 * 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace. * 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected. * 1051 – Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev. *1445 &nd ...

– Button Gwinnett, a signatory of the American Declaration of Independence (b.

1735 Events January–March * January 2 – Alexander Pope's poem ''Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot'' is published in London. * January 8 – George Frideric Handel's opera ''Ariodante'' is premièred at the Royal Opera House in Covent G ...

) *

May 22 Events Pre-1600 * 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu. * 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. * 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt. ...

– David Wooster, American general in the French and Indian War and in the American Revolutionary War (b.

) *

May 28 Events Pre-1600 *585 BC – A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares in the Battle of the Eclipse, leading to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from ...

– William Douglas, American military officer, leading regiments from Connecticut in the American Revolutionary War (b.

1742 Events January–March * January 9 – Robert Walpole is made Earl of Orford, and resigns as First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, effectively ending his period as Prime Minister of Great Britain. On his for ...

) *

May 31 Events Pre-1600 * 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome. *1223 – Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River: Mongol armies of Genghis Khan led by Subutai defeat Kie ...

– Henry Fane of Wormsley, English politician (b. 1703) * June 8 – Cornelia Schlosser, sister and only sibling of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe to survive to adulthood (b. 1750) * June 21 – Georg Friedrich Meier, German philosopher and aesthetician (b.

1718 Events January – March * January 7 – In India, Sufi rebel leader Shah Inayat Shaheed from Sindh who had led attacks against the Mughal Empire, is beheaded days after being tricked into meeting with the Mughals to discuss ...

)

July–September

* July 4 –

Consort Shu Consort Shu may refer to: *Consort Shu (Qianlong) (1728–1777), concubine of the Qianlong Emperor *Consort Shu (Jiaqiang) (died 1792), concubine of the Jiaqing Emperor *Wenxiu Wenxiu (20 December 1909 – 17 September 1953), also known as Consor ...

, consort of the Chinese Qianlong Emperor (b.

1728 Events January–March * January 5 – The '' Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Gerónimo de la Habana'', the oldest university in Cuba, is founded in Havana. * January 9 – The coronation of Peter II as the Tsar of t ...

) * July 13 –

Guillaume Coustou the Younger Guillaume Coustou the Younger (19 March 1716 – 13 July 1777) was a French sculptor of the late French Baroque or Style Louis XIV, and early neo-classicism. Life and career The son of Guillaume Coustou the Elder and nephew of Nicolas Cousto ...

, French artist (b.

1716 Events January–March * January 16 – The application of the Nueva Planta decrees to Catalonia make it subject to the laws of the Crown of Castile, and abolishes the Principality of Catalonia as a political entity, concluding ...

) *

Karl Wilhelm von Dieskau Karl Wilhelm von Dieskau (9 August 1701 – 14 August 1777) was a Prussian lieutenant general and general inspector of the artillery. He participated in twelve campaigns, ten battles, nine sieges. He received the Black Eagle Order, the Order ...

, Prussian lieutenant general and general inspector of the artillery (b.

1701 In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Tuesday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar. Events January–March * January 12 – Parts of the Netherlands adopt the Gregorian cal ...

) ** Otto Magnus von Schwerin, Prussian general in the army of Frederick the Great (b.

) * August 23 – Celia Grillo Borromeo, Italian scientist,

mathematician A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, mathematical structure, structure, space, Mathematica ...

(b. 1684) * August 30 – John Clavering, British Army officer (b.

) * September 7 – Tekle Haymanot II, emperor of Ethiopia (b.

1754 Events January–March * January 28 – Horace Walpole, in a letter to Horace Mann, coins the word ''serendipity''. * February 22 – Expecting an attack by Portuguese-speaking militias in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Pla ...

) * September 16 – Simon Harcourt, 1st Earl Harcourt, English landowner, diplomat, general and Viceroy of India (b. 1714) * September 18 – Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz, wife of Frederick (b.

) * September 19 – Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria (b.

1747 Events January–March * January 31 – The first venereal diseases clinic opens at London Lock Hospital. * February 11 – King George's War: A combined French and Indian force, commanded by Captain Nicolas Antoine II Coul ...

) * September 20 – Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk, British peer (b.

1686 Events January–March * January 3 – In Madras (now Chennai) in India, local residents employed by the East India Company threaten to boycott their jobs after corporate administrator William Gyfford imposes a house tax on res ...

) * September 22 – John Bartram, American botanist (b.

1699 Events January–March * January 5 – A violent Java earthquake damages the city of Batavia on the Indonesian island of Java, killing at least 28 people * January 20 – The Parliament of England (under Tory dominance) limits the size ...

) *

– Johann Heinrich Lambert, Swiss mathematician, physicist and astronomer (b.

)

October–December

* October 3 –

Jeremias van Riemsdijk Jeremias van Riemsdijk (18 October 1712 – 3 October 1777) was a Dutch colonial administrator who served as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1775 to 1777. Jeremias van Riemsdijk was born on 18 October 1712 in Utrecht, the son to Sc ...

, Dutch colonial governor (b. 1712) * October 4 – Francis Nash, American brigadier general, killed at the Battle of Germantown (b. c.

) * October 6 –

Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin (, née Rodet; 26 June 1699 – 6 October 1777) was a French salon holder who has been referred to as one of the leading female figures in the French Enlightenment. From 1750 to 1777, Madame Geoffrin played hos ...

, French salon holder (b.

) * October 7 –

Simon Fraser of Balnain Simon Fraser (1729 – 7 October 1777) was a British general during the American War of Independence. He was killed in the Battle of Bemis Heights during the Saratoga Campaign. The shot that killed Fraser is often attributed to Timothy ...

, Scottish general during the American Revolutionary War, killed in battle (b.

1729 Events January–March * January 8 – Frederick, the eldest son of King George II of Great Britain is made Prince of Wales at the age of 21, a few months after he comes to Britain for the first time after growing up in Hanover ...

) * October 21 – Samuel Foote, English dramatist and actor (b. 1720) * October 25 – Carl von Donop, Hessian colonel fighting in the American Revolutionary War (b. 1732) * October 27 –

Charles Antoine de La Roche-Aymon Charles Antoine, Count of La Roche-Aymon, born at Mainsat (Marche) on 17 February 1697 and died in Paris on 27 October 1777, was a French prelate, cardinal and grand aumônier de France. La Roche-Aymon was born in the diocese of Limoges in 1696, ...

, French cardinal-archbishop and Grand Almoner (b.

1697 Events January–March * January 8 – Thomas Aikenhead is hanged outside Edinburgh, becoming the last person in Great Britain to be executed for blasphemy. * January 11 – French writer Charles Perrault releases the book ''Histoires ou ...

) * October 30 – John Hart, American militia officer during King George's War and the French and Indian War (b. 1706) * November 1 –

Jonathan Hampton Jonathan Hampton (1712 - 1 November 1777) was an American colonial surveyor, merchant, and militia officer involved with New Jersey's frontier fortifications and defenses along the Delaware River during the French and Indian War (1755-1763). In ...

, American colonial surveyor (b. 1712) * November 6 – Bernard de Jussieu, French naturalist (b.

) * November 10 – Cornstalk, Shawnee chief (b. c. 1720) * November 13 – William Bowyer, English printer (b.

) * November 17 –

Pratap Singh Shah Pratap Singh Shah, King of Nepal ( ne, श्री ५ महाराजाधिराज प्रतापसिंह शाह देव) (1751–1777) was the second King of modern Nepal. He was the eldest son of Prithvi Narayan Shah, the ...

, 2nd king of Nepal (b. 1751) * November 18 – Thomas Foley, 1st Baron Foley, English landowner and politician (b.

) * November 27 –

Henry Stauffer Henry Stauffer was born in Worms-Ibersheim, Ibersheim, Germany on 1724 and died November 27, 1777. He immigrated to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 9, 1749, and settled in Bedminster Township, Pennsylvania, Bedminster on , purchased of Wil ...

, German settler in Bucks County, Pennsylvania (b. 1724) *

December 9 Events Pre-1600 * 536 – Gothic War: The Byzantine general Belisarius enters Rome unopposed; the Gothic garrison flees the capital. * 730 – Battle of Marj Ardabil: The Khazars annihilate an Umayyad army and kill its commander, ...

– Sir Charles Knowles, 1st Baronet, British Royal Navy officer (b. c. 1704) * December 12 – Albrecht von Haller, Swiss anatomist and physiologist (b. 1708) * December 25 – Charles Chauncey, English physician (b. 1706) * December 26 ** Dolly Pentreath, last-known fluent native speaker of the Cornish language (b. 1692) **

Ricardo Wall Richard Wall y Devereux (5 November 1694 – 26 December 1777) was a Spanish-Irish cavalry officer, diplomat and minister who rose in Spanish royal service to become Chief Minister. He is usually referred to as Ricardo Wall. Early life Wall be ...

, Spanish-Irish cavalry officer (b.

1694 Events January–March * January 16 – Francesco Morosini, the Doge of Venice since 1688, dies after ruling the Republic for more than five years and a few months after an unsuccessful attempt to capture the island of Negropont from the ...

) * December 27 – Frederick Keppel, Church of England clergyman (b.

) * December 30 – Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria, Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire and Duke of Bavaria 1745–1777 (b.

1727 Events January–March * January 1 – (December 21, 1726 O.S.) Spain's ambassador to Great Britain demands that the British return Gibraltar after accusing Britain of violating the terms of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht. Britain ...

) * October 22 – Friedrich Baum, German dragoon Lieutenant Colonel of Brunswick in British service during the American Revolutionary War (b.

1748 Events January–March * January 12 – Ahmad Shah Durrani captures Lahore. * January 27 – A fire at the prison and barracks at Kinsale, in Ireland, kills 54 of the prisoners of war housed there. An estimated 500 prison ...

)

Events

January–March

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Births

January–March

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Deaths

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

References

Further reading