HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Zaparoan (also Sáparoan, Záparo, Zaparoano, Zaparoana) is an
endangered An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and in ...
language family A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ''ancestral language'' or ''parental language'', called the proto-language of that family. The term "family" reflects the tree model of language origination in h ...
of
Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = National seal , national_motto = "Firm and Happy f ...
and
Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ' ...
with fewer than 100 speakers. Zaparoan speakers seem to have been very numerous before the arrival of the Europeans. However, their groups have been decimated by imported diseases and warfare, and only a handful of them have survived.


Languages

There were 39 Zaparoan-speaking tribes at the beginning of the 20th century, every one of them presumably using its own distinctive language or dialect. Most of them have become extinct before being recorded, however, and we have information only about nine of them. * Zaparo group ** Záparo–Conambo *** Záparo (a few speakers left) *** Conambo † ** Arabela–Andoa *** Arabela (50 speakers) *** Andoa † * Iquito–Cahuarano **
Iquito Iquito (pronounced ) is a highly endangered Zaparoan language of Peru. Iquito is one of three surviving Zaparoan languages; the other two being Záparo, with 1-3 speakers, and Arabela with about 75 speakers. Three extinct languages are also c ...
(35 speakers) **
Cahuarano Cahuarano is an extinct indigenous American language of the Zaparoan family, once spoken along the Nanay River in Peru. The last speaker died in the late 1980s or early 1990s. While considered a language by most scholars, it was considered by so ...
† * Unclassified ** Aushiri † ** ? Omurano † Aushiri and Omurano are included by Stark (1985). Aushiri is generally accepted as Zaparoan, but Omurano remains unclassified in other descriptions.


Mason (1950)

Internal classification of the Zaparoan languages by Mason (1950): ;Coronado group *Coronado (Ipapiza, Hichachapa, Kilinina) **Tarokeo **Chudavina (?) **Miscuara (?) *Oa (Oaki, Deguaca, Santa Rosina) ;Andoa group *Andoa **Guallpayo **Guasaga **Murato *Gae (Siaviri) *Semigae **Aracohor **Mocosiohor **Usicohor **Ichocomohor **Itoromohor **Maithiore **Comacor (?) *Iquito (Amacacora, Kiturran, Puca-Uma) **Iquito **Maracana (Cawarano ?) **Auve *Asaruntoa (?) ;Záparo group *Muegano *Curaray *Matagen *Yasuni *Manta *Nushino *Rotuno *Supinu


Genetic relations

The relationship of zaparoan languages with other language families of the area is uncertain. It is generally considered isolated. Links with other languages or families have been proposed but none has been widely accepted so far. * Payne (1984) and Kaufman (1994) suggest a relationship with the Yaguan family in a ''Sáparo–Yáwan'' stock, contrary to Greenberg's (1987) classification. * Swadesh (1954) also groups Zaparoan with Yaguan within his ''Zaparo–Peba'' phylum. *Greenberg (1987) places Zaparoan together with the Cahuapanan family into a ''Kahuapana–Zaparo'' grouping within his larger ''
Andean The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S l ...
'' phylum, but this is generally rejected by historical linguists. *Kaufman (1994) notes that Tovar (1984) includes the
unclassified Classified information is material that a government body deems to be sensitive information that must be protected. Access is restricted by law or regulation to particular groups of people with the necessary security clearance and need to know, ...
Taushiro under Zaparoan following the tentative opinion of
SSILA The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA) is an international organization founded in 1981 devoted to the study of the indigenous languages of North, Central, and South America. SSILA has an annual winter meeti ...
. *Stark (1985) includes the extinct Omurano under Zaparoan. Gordon (2005) follows Stark. *Mason (1950: 236–238) groups Bora–Witoto, Tupian, and Zaparoan together as part of a proposed ''Macro-Tupí-Guaranían'' family.


Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Omurano,
Arawakan Arawakan (''Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan proper''), also known as Maipurean (also ''Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre''), is a language family that developed among ancient indigenous peoples in South America. Branch ...
,
Quechuan Quechua (, ; ), usually called ("people's language") in Quechuan languages, is an indigenous language family spoken by the Quechua peoples, primarily living in the Peruvian Andes. Derived from a common ancestral language, it is the most wide ...
, and Peba-Yagua language families due to contact.


Family features


Pronouns

Zaparoan languages distinguishes between
inclusive and exclusive we In linguistics, clusivity is a grammatical distinction between ''inclusive'' and ''exclusive'' first-person pronouns and verbal morphology, also called ''inclusive " we"'' and ''exclusive "we"''. Inclusive "we" specifically includes the addressee ...
and consider the first person singular as the default person. A rare feature is the existence of two sets of personal pronouns with different syntactic values according to the nature of the sentence. Active pronouns are subject in independent clauses and object in dependent ones, while passive pronouns are subject in independent clauses and passive in dependent ones : Thus ::( Arabela) Cuno maaji ''cua'' masuu-nuju-quiaa na mashaca ''cua'' ratu-nu-ra. (this woman is always inviting me to drink masato where ''cua'' is object in the main clause and subject in the subordinate one. ::( Záparo) (you will fall) cp (I don't want to go with you)


Numerals


Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Zaparoan language varieties.


Proto-language

Proto-Záparoan reconstructions by de Carvalho (2013):de Carvalho, F. O. (2013). On Záparoan as a valid genetic unity: Preliminary correspondences and the status of Omurano. In Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 91-116. Accessed fro
DiACL
9 February 2020.
:


Bibliography

* Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). ''The languages of the Andes''. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. * Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. . * Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). ''Language in the Americas''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. * Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. . * Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge. * Payne, Doris. (1984). Evidence for a Yaguan-Zaparoan connection. In D. Derbyshire (Ed.), ''SIL working papers: University of North Dakota session'' (Vol. 28; pp. 131–156). * Stark, Louisa R. (1985). Indigenous languages of lowland Ecuador: History and current status. In H. E. M. Klein & L. R. Stark (Eds.), ''South American Indian languages: Retrospect and prospect'' (pp. 157–193). Austin: University of Texas Press. * Suárez, Jorge. (1974). South American Indian languages. In ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (15th ed., Vol. 17, pp. 105–112). * Swadesh, Morris. (1959). ''Mapas de clasificación lingüística de México y las Américas. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. * Tovar, Antonio; & Larrucea de Tovar, Consuelo. (1984). ''Catálogo de las lenguas de América de Sur'' (nueva edición). Madrid: Gredos.


Notes


External links

* Proel




Museum and Virtual Library (Museums of Central Bank of Ecuador)
(English) {{South American languages Language families