Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk ( rus, Ю́жно-Сахали́нск, a=Ru-Южно-Сахалинск.ogg, p=ˈjuʐnə səxɐˈlʲinsk, literally "South Sakhalin City") is a
city
A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
on
Sakhalin
Sakhalin ( rus, Сахали́н, r=Sakhalín, p=səxɐˈlʲin; ja, 樺太 ''Karafuto''; zh, c=, p=Kùyèdǎo, s=库页岛, t=庫頁島; Manchu: ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ, ''Sahaliyan''; Orok: Бугата на̄, ''Bugata nā''; Nivkh ...
island, and the
administrative center
An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune is located.
In countries with French as administrative language (such as Belgium, Lu ...
of
Sakhalin Oblast
Sakhalin Oblast ( rus, Сахали́нская о́бласть, r=Sakhalínskaya óblast', p=səxɐˈlʲinskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) comprising the island of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in the Russian ...
,
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
. It is located in the
Far East
The ''Far East'' was a European term to refer to the geographical regions that includes East and Southeast Asia as well as the Russian Far East to a lesser extent. South Asia is sometimes also included for economic and cultural reasons.
The t ...
part of Russia, situated north of Japan.
Gas and oil extraction as well as processing are amongst the main industries on the island. It was called Vladimirovka () from 1882 to 1905, then during its period of
Imperial Japan
The also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was a historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the post-World War II 1947 constitution and subsequent forma ...
ese control from 1905 to 1946. As of the
2010 Census, its population was 181,728.
History
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk began as a small Russian settlement called Vladimirovka, founded by convicts in 1882.
[Южно-сахалинск - Исторический словарь - Словари и Энциклопедии](_blank)
/ref> The Treaty of Portsmouth
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between actors in international law. It is usually made by and between sovereign states, but can include international organizations, individuals, business entities, and other legal pers ...
in 1905, which brought an end to the Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War ( ja, 日露戦争, Nichiro sensō, Japanese-Russian War; russian: Ру́сско-япóнская войнá, Rússko-yapónskaya voyná) was fought between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire during 1904 and 1 ...
of 1904–1905, awarded the southern half of the Sakhalin
Sakhalin ( rus, Сахали́н, r=Sakhalín, p=səxɐˈlʲin; ja, 樺太 ''Karafuto''; zh, c=, p=Kùyèdǎo, s=库页岛, t=庫頁島; Manchu: ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ, ''Sahaliyan''; Orok: Бугата на̄, ''Bugata nā''; Nivkh ...
Island to Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...
. Vladimirovka was renamed Toyohara (meaning "bountiful plain"), and was the prefect capital of the Japanese Karafuto Prefecture
Karafuto Prefecture ( ja, 樺太庁, ''Karafuto-chō''; russian: Префектура Карафуто, Prefektura Karafuto), commonly known as South Sakhalin, was a prefecture of Japan located in Sakhalin from 1907 to 1949.
Karafuto became ter ...
.
During the Soviet–Japanese War
The Soviet–Japanese War (russian: Советско-японская война; ja, ソ連対日参戦, soren tai nichi sansen, Soviet Union entry into war against Japan), known in Mongolia as the Liberation War of 1945 (), was a military ...
within World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
, the city was captured by Soviet
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
troops. Ownership of the city was transferred to the Soviet Union and it was renamed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Town status was granted to it in 1946.
File:Vladimirovka.gif, Early days of Vladimirovka
File:Japanese SL D51-22.jpg, This Japanese D51 steam locomotive stands outside the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Railway Station
File:Католическая церковь в Южно-Сахалинске. (1).JPG, Catholic church in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
Administrative and municipal status
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is the administrative center
An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune is located.
In countries with French as administrative language (such as Belgium, Lu ...
of the oblast
An oblast (; ; Cyrillic (in most languages, including Russian and Ukrainian): , Bulgarian: ) is a type of administrative division of Belarus, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Ukraine, as well as the Soviet Union and the Kingdo ...
.[Law #25-ZO] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with ten rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts
A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions ...
. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is incorporated as Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Urban Okrug.
Economy and infrastructure
Due to significant investment from oil companies like ExxonMobil
ExxonMobil Corporation (commonly shortened to Exxon) is an American multinational oil and gas corporation headquartered in Irving, Texas. It is the largest direct descendant of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil, and was formed on November 3 ...
and Shell, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk has experienced substantial economic growth. Although this growth has primarily occurred in the northern part of the island, both companies maintain headquarters and residential complexes in the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk itself. The demand for natural resources by the Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...
ese, Chinese, and South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and sharing a Korean Demilitarized Zone, land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed ...
ns has ensured continued prosperity in the foreseeable future for the entire island.
There has been significant criticism, including from Presidential Envoy Kamil Iskhakov, that Sakhalin is not caring for its citizens. Despite sizable gas deposits and incoming investments from gas companies, the regional administration does not yet have plans for the installation of gas services on the island. The oblast also continues to have the highest rate of juvenile crime in all of Russia, and more than 40% of its businesses are unprofitable.
One of the very few remaining Japanese buildings in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk now functions as the local museum. The building was designed in the Emperor's Crown Style by Japanese architect Yoshio Kaizuka, and completed in 1937.
File:Downtown Yuzhno.jpg, Central part of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
File:Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Victory Day Parade (2019) 06.jpg, Victory Day in central part of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
File:Toyohara museum.jpg, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk museum in Japanese days
File:Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Museum July 2012.jpg, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk museum in 2012
Мемориальный комплекс "Победа".jpg, Victory Memorial Complex
Transportation
The city hosts the head office of Aurora Airline, subsidiary of Aeroflot
PJSC AeroflotRussian Airlines (russian: ПАО "Аэрофло́т — Росси́йские авиали́нии", ), commonly known as Aeroflot ( or ; russian: Аэрофлот, , ), is the flag carrier and the largest airline of Russia. The ...
. it is served by the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport (russian: Аэропорт Южно-Сахалинск, ), also called Khomutovo (), is an airport in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, on the Russian island of Sakhalin. The airport was established in 1945 as a military airfield. With ...
. The city is also the hub for the island's narrow gauge railway network that underwent conversion to Russian broad gauge in August 2019. In addition to railways, the town is also a hub for roadways, such as the A-391 (which travels south to Korsakov) and the A-392 (which travels west to Kholmsk).
Due to restrictions, foreigners wishing to leave Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in order to travel to any other part of the Sakhalin Oblast and its internal and territorial waters are required to seek permission from the Federal Security Service
The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB) RF; rus, Федеральная служба безопасности Российской Федерации (ФСБ России), Federal'naya sluzhba bezopasnosti Rossiyskoy Feder ...
(FSB) and the Border Guard
A border guard of a country is a national security agency that performs border security. Some of the national border guard agencies also perform coast guard (as in Germany, Italy or Ukraine) and rescue service duties.
Name and uniform
In d ...
. Scuba diving and recreating on the seacoast is permitted only in places defined by the Border Guard.
Yuzhno Sakhalinsk train station.JPG, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Railway Station
22090307285-yuzhno-sakhalinsk-airport-2015-russia.jpg, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport (russian: Аэропорт Южно-Сахалинск, ), also called Khomutovo (), is an airport in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, on the Russian island of Sakhalin. The airport was established in 1945 as a military airfield. With ...
Aurora_Airbus_A319_at_SVO.jpg, Airbus A319 of Aurora Airline
Проспект Победы. Вид снизу. (1).JPG, Victory Avenue
Education
Institutes of elementary and middle education include Sakhalin International School
Sakhalin International School is an international primary school in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk sponsored by Shell.
There are approximately 180 children between 3 and 13 years of age on roll. There are 29 nationalities represented in the parent communit ...
.
Institutes of higher education in the city include Sakhalin State University
Sakhalin State University (Russian: Сахалинский государственный университет/ tr: ''Sakhalinskiy gosudarstvenn'iy universitet'') is a university located in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Sakhalin. It maintains a sister schoo ...
and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Institute of Economics, Law and Informatics. There are also some branches of other universities:
*Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk institute (branch) of Russian State trade-economics university
*Branch of Far East State university of railways
*Branch of Modern Academy of the humanities
*Branch of The Pacific State economics university
*Branch of Russian economics academy named after G.V. Plekhanov
*Branch of Far East law institute
Sport
There exist numerous sport venues and clubs in Sakhalin. FC Sakhalin Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
FC Sakhalin Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (russian: ФК Сахалин Южно-Сахалинск) is a Russian football club based in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia, that competes in the FNL 2, the third tier of Russian football. The club was founded as FC ...
, PSK Sakhalin
PSK Sakhalin (Russian: ''ПСК «Сахалин»''), formerly known as HK Sakhalin and Sakhalin Sea Lions, was an ice hockey team based in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Sakhalin Oblast, Russia. Sakhalin joined the Asia League Ice Hockey (ALIH) in 2014 an ...
, Vostok-65, Sakhalin Sharks, Sakhalin
Sakhalin ( rus, Сахали́н, r=Sakhalín, p=səxɐˈlʲin; ja, 樺太 ''Karafuto''; zh, c=, p=Kùyèdǎo, s=库页岛, t=庫頁島; Manchu: ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ, ''Sahaliyan''; Orok: Бугата на̄, ''Bugata nā''; Nivkh ...
for football, hockey, basketball, youth hockey and volleyball respectively. Mount Bolshevik provides the Gorny Vozdukh
Gorny/Górny (masculine), Gornaya/Górna (feminine), or Gornoye/Górne (neuter) may refer to:
Places
*Gorny District, a district of the Sakha Republic, Russia
*Gorny (inhabited locality) (''Gornaya'', ''Gornoye''), name of several inhabited locali ...
("Mountain Air") ski resort which is qualified for international competitions.
2015-sakhalin-oji_eagles.jpg, PSK Sakhalin
PSK Sakhalin (Russian: ''ПСК «Сахалин»''), formerly known as HK Sakhalin and Sakhalin Sea Lions, was an ice hockey team based in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Sakhalin Oblast, Russia. Sakhalin joined the Asia League Ice Hockey (ALIH) in 2014 an ...
players in Crystal Ice Palace
Spartak_Stadium_Yuzhno_Sakhalinsk.JPG, Spartak Stadium of FC Sakhalin Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
FC Sakhalin Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (russian: ФК Сахалин Южно-Сахалинск) is a Russian football club based in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia, that competes in the FNL 2, the third tier of Russian football. The club was founded as FC ...
Горный воздух Южно-Сахалинске.JPG, Gorny Vozdukh
Gorny/Górny (masculine), Gornaya/Górna (feminine), or Gornoye/Górne (neuter) may refer to:
Places
*Gorny District, a district of the Sakha Republic, Russia
*Gorny (inhabited locality) (''Gornaya'', ''Gornoye''), name of several inhabited locali ...
ski resort
Gondola_lift_to_Skiing_resorts_"Gorny_Vozdukh"_in_summer._Sakhalin,_Russia.jpg, Ski lifts of Gorny Vozdukh
Gorny/Górny (masculine), Gornaya/Górna (feminine), or Gornoye/Górne (neuter) may refer to:
Places
*Gorny District, a district of the Sakha Republic, Russia
*Gorny (inhabited locality) (''Gornaya'', ''Gornoye''), name of several inhabited locali ...
ski resort
Арена-Сити. Южно-Сахалинск..JPG, Arena City Ice Palace
Mass media
Television
*3 - 1TV Russia
*5 - Rossiya-24 (Russia-24
Russia-24 (russian: Россия-24) is a state-owned Russian-language news channel from Russia. It covers major national and international events as well as focuses on domestic issues. It is owned by VGTRK.
History
The broadcast began January ...
)
*10- Rossiya-1 (Russia-1)
*12 - ASTV (Alternative Sakhalin Television)
*21 - The first multiplex digital TV DVB T2
*23 - Che
*27 - Domashny / OTV (Sakhalin Regional Television)
*30 - NTV Russia
NTV (Cyrillic: НТВ) is a Russian free-to-air television channel that was launched as a subsidiary of Vladimir Gusinsky's company . Since 14 April 2001 Gazprom Media controls the network. NTV has no official meaning according to Igor Malash ...
*33 - STS
*35 - Ren-TV
REN TV (russian: РЕН ТВ) is a Russian free-to-air television network, was founded on 1 January 1997 by Irena Lesnevskaya and her son, Dmitry Lesnevsky, who had been running REN TV as a production house for other national Russian televisi ...
/ Echo of Sakhalin
*43 - Match TV
Match TV (russian: Матч ТВ) is a Russian federal sports channel owned by Gazprom Media.
The channel began broadcasting on November 1, 2015 and was created in accordance with the order of Russian president Vladimir Putin, with the assista ...
Russia (ex. Russia-2)
*46 - Petersburg–Channel 5
*49 - Rossiya-K (Russia-K)
*51 - The second multiplex of digital TV DVB T2
Radio
*87,9 Autoradio (plan)
*88,3 Retro FM
*88,9 Radio Record
Radio Record is a Russian radio station that broadcasts on 106.3 FM from Saint Petersburg. It airs an electronic dance music format with primarily trance and house offerings now expanded to variety of different genres including Rock, Deep House, ...
*89,9 Russian Radio
*101,7 Radio Chanson
*102,5 Europa Plus
*102,9 Humor FM
Humour (Commonwealth English) or humor (American English) is the tendency of experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement. The term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks, which taught that the balance of fluids in t ...
*103,5 Mayak
The Mayak Production Association (russian: Производственное объединение «Маяк», , from 'lighthouse') is one of the biggest nuclear facilities in the Russian Federation, housing a reprocessing plant. The closest ...
*104,4 Love Radio
Love Radio is a broadcast FM radio network in the Philippines owned by Manila Broadcasting Company. Its headquarters are located at Cultural Center of the Philippine Complex, Pasay, Manila. The network's original format is easy-listening unti ...
*105,1 Radio Dacha (plan)
*105,5 Radio ASTV
*106,0 Radio Rossii
*106,5 Dorognoe Radio
*107,2 Vesti FM
Vesti FM (russian: Радиостанция «Вести ФМ») is a radio station based in Russia and owned by VGTRK. It started broadcasting on February 5, 2008, at 6:00 am Moscow Time. The station is included in the first multiplex of di ...
Demographics
Population
Most residents are ethnic Russians
, native_name_lang = ru
, image =
, caption =
, population =
, popplace =
118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 '' Winkler Prins'' estimate)
, region1 =
, pop1 ...
, but there also exists a sizable population of Korean Russians. Of the 43,000 Sakhalin Koreans
Sakhalin Koreans are Russian citizens and residents of Korean descent living on Sakhalin Island, who can trace their roots to the immigrants from the Gyeongsang and Jeolla provinces of Korea during the late 1930s and early 1940s, the latte ...
, half are estimated to live in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, comprising roughly 12% of the city's population. Also smaller numbers of indigenous minorities, such as Ainu
Ainu or Aynu may refer to:
*Ainu people, an East Asian ethnic group of Japan and the Russian Far East
*Ainu languages, a family of languages
**Ainu language of Hokkaido
**Kuril Ainu language, extinct language of the Kuril Islands
**Sakhalin Ainu la ...
, Nivkhs
The Nivkh, or Gilyak (also Nivkhs or Nivkhi, or Gilyaks; ethnonym: Нивхгу, ''Nʼivxgu'' (Amur) or Ниғвңгун, ''Nʼiɣvŋgun'' (E. Sakhalin) "the people"), are an indigenous ethnic group inhabiting the northern half of Sakhalin Islan ...
and Oroks
Oroks (''Ороки'' in Russian; self-designation: ''Ulta, Ulcha''), sometimes called Uilta, are a people in the Sakhalin Oblast (mainly the eastern part of the island) in Russia. The Orok language belongs to the Southern group of the Tungu ...
can be found.
Religion
The majority of the population are Russian Orthodox
Russian Orthodoxy (russian: Русское православие) is the body of several churches within the larger communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, whose liturgy is or was traditionally conducted in Church Slavonic language. Most ...
.
Geography and climate
The city is located on the Susuya River. It is the largest city on the island, and the only one with more than 100,000 inhabitants. The straight-line distance to Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
is .
The climate is humid continental
A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freez ...
( Köppen ''Dfb'') with mild summers and cold winters. Maritime influences can be seen in that precipitation is much higher than in interior Russia and that summers are distinctly cooler than in Khabarovsk
Khabarovsk ( rus, Хабaровск, a=Хабаровск.ogg, r=Habárovsk, p=xɐˈbarəfsk) is the largest city and the administrative centre of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia,Law #109 located from the China–Russia border, at the confluence of ...
or Irkutsk
Irkutsk ( ; rus, Иркутск, p=ɪrˈkutsk; Buryat and mn, Эрхүү, ''Erhüü'', ) is the largest city and administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. With a population of 617,473 as of the 2010 Census, Irkutsk is the 25th-larges ...
, while winters are much milder. Summers are frequently fog
Fog is a visible aerosol consisting of tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the Earth's surface. Reprint from Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud usually resembling stratus, and is heavily influ ...
gy, reducing the amount of sunshine. Considering its southerly maritime position winters are very cold, albeit warmer than expected for surrounding inland areas affected by the Siberian High
The Siberian High (also Siberian Anticyclone; russian: Азиатский антициклон (''Aziatsky antitsiklon'')) is a massive collection of cold dry air that accumulates in the northeastern part of Eurasia from September until April. It ...
. Snowfall is more frequent than in those areas, due to said maritime influence bringing moisture to the coastline. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is relatively sunny compared to Hokkaido
is Japan, Japan's Japanese archipelago, second largest island and comprises the largest and northernmost Prefectures of Japan, prefecture, making up its own List of regions of Japan, region. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaidō from Honshu; th ...
locations, but gloomy by the lower latitudes of the Russian Far East's standards.
Twin towns and sister cities
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is twinned with:
* Asahikawa
is a city in Kamikawa Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. It is the capital of the subprefecture, and the second-largest city in Hokkaido, after Sapporo. It has been a core city since April 1, 2000. The city is currently well known for the Asahiy ...
, Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...
* Hakodate
is a city and port located in Oshima Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. It is the capital city of Oshima Subprefecture. As of July 31, 2011, the city has an estimated population of 279,851 with 143,221 households, and a population density of 412.8 ...
, Japan
* Wakkanai, Japan
* Yanji
Yanji (; Chosŏn'gŭl: 연길, ''Yeon-gil;'' Hangul: 옌지, ''Yenji;'' alternately romanized as Yenki) is a county-level city in the east of China's Jilin Province, and is the seat of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. Its population i ...
, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...
* Ansan
Ansan ( Hangeul: , ) is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It lies southwest of Seoul and is part of the Seoul National Capital Area. It is connected to Seoul by rail via Seoul Subway Line 4. It is situated on the Yellow Sea coast and ...
, South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and sharing a Korean Demilitarized Zone, land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed ...
References
Notes
Sources
*
*
External links
Official website of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
{{Use mdy dates, date=May 2011
Russian Far East
1882 establishments in the Russian Empire
Imperial Crown Style architecture