Wuhan University (WHU; ) is a public research university in Wuhan, Hubei. The university is sponsored by the

Ministry of Education An education ministry is a national or subnational government agency politically responsible for education. Various other names are commonly used to identify such agencies, such as Ministry of Education, Department of Education, and Ministry of Pub ...

. Wuhan university was founded as one of the four elite universities in the early republican period of China and is considered as the oldest university in China according to its university history document. Wuhan University is located at Luojia Hill, with palatial buildings blending Chinese and Western styles. It is ranked by many as one of the most beautiful (or the most beautiful) campuses in China for decades. Wuhan University is one of the most prestigious and selective universities in China, and was recognized by the Chinese Ministry of Education in Double First Class University. It is a

Project 985 Project 985 () was a terminated project that was first announced by General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Jiang Zemin at the 100th anniversary of Peking University on May 4, 1998, to promote the development and reputation of the C ...

and

Project 211 Project 211 () was an abolished project of developing comprehensive universities and colleges initiated in 1995 by the Ministry of Education of China, with the intent of raising the research standards of comprehensive universities and cultiva ...

institute. The university is well known for research in fields such as the social sciences, remote sensing, survey engineering, and hydraulic engineering. Wuhan University has been perennially ranked among the top-tier universities in China. Nationally, it was ranked fourth in 2016 and third in 2017 by CUAA. It also features in the top 200th global universities as ranked by the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the

QS World University Rankings ''QS World University Rankings'' is an annual publication of university rankings by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS). The QS system comprises three parts: the global overall ranking, the subject rankings (which name the world's top universities for the ...

, the

Times Higher Education World University Rankings The ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings'' (often referred to as the THE Rankings) is an annual publication of university rankings by the ''Times Higher Education'' (THE) magazine. The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarelli ...

, and the U.S. News & World Report.

History

The university dates back to the Ziqiang Institute (), which was founded in 1893 by

Zhang Zhidong Zhang Zhidong () (4 September 18375 October 1909) was a Chinese politician who lived during the late Qing dynasty. Along with Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang, Zhang Zhidong was one of the four most famous officials of the late Qing ...

, governor of

Hubei Hubei (; ; alternately Hupeh) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the Central China region. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Dongting Lake. The ...

and

Hunan Hunan (, ; ) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the South Central China region. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi ...

provinces in the late

Qing Dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-spea ...

. It changed its name several times before it was named National Wuhan University in July 1928 and was among the first group of national universities in modern China. (There is a dispute on the establishment of Wuhan University: Some believe that its history should date back to 1913, when the National Wuchang Higher Normal College was founded.) In the early time of its establishment, Ziqiang Institute provided four courses: Chinese, Mathematics, Nature, and Business. After combining the Institute of Minerals and the Institute of Chemical, courses provided were enlarged, with Nature Science and Engineering added. Chinese was extended to English, French, German, Russian, and Japanese. In October 1902, Ziqiang Institute moved to Dongchang kou, Wuchang, and changed its name to Foreign Languages Institute (), teaching Geography, History, Mathematics, Law, and Communication. With the approaching

Xinhai Revolution The 1911 Revolution, also known as the Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. The revolution was the culmination of a ...

of 1911, the Foreign Languages Institute was forced to pause due to lack of funding. In October, the

Wuchang Uprising The Wuchang Uprising was an armed rebellion against the ruling Qing dynasty that took place in Wuchang (now Wuchang District of Wuhan), Hubei, China on 10 October 1911, beginning the Xinhai Revolution that successfully overthrew China's last ...

and the end of the

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-spea ...

made it impossible for the school to go back to normal. The Foreign Languages Institute stopped running. In 1913, the Ministry of Education of Beiyang Government decided to found six higher normal colleges in China. Based on the original location, book resource, and faculties of Foreign Language Institute, the Wuchang State Superior Normal Institute () was founded. In 1922, faculties were extended to Education Philosophy, Chinese, English, Mathematics, Physics and Chemical, History and Sociology, Biology, and Geography. In August 1923, the school changed its name to the National Wuchang Normal University (). In 1924, it changed its name to National Wuchang University (). In 1926, National Wuchang University merged with the National Wuchang Business University (), Hubei University of Medicine (), Hubei University of Law (), Hubei Arts and Humanity University (), Wuchang Private Chinese University () to form National Wuchang Sun Yat-Sen University (), alias National No. 2 Sun Yat-Sen University (), with Department of University, and subjects of Arts, Science, Law, Business, Medicine and Yu (), 17 faculties, 2 departments. In 1928, the National Government in Nanjing formed National Wuhan University () on the basis of the original National Wuchang Sun Yat-Sen University, consisting of four colleges: Arts, Law, Science, and Engineering (). Chiang Kai-Shek in Wuhan University

In February 1929, the jurist

Wang Shijie Wang Shih-chieh also known as Wang Shijie (; 10 March 1891 – 21 April 1981) was a Chinese politician and scholar of the Kuomintang in service to the Republic of China.徐主編（2007）、79頁。劉国銘主編（2005）、143頁。 He s ...

became the first president of Wuhan University. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, Wuhan University moved to

Leshan Leshan, formerly known as Jiading or Jiazhou, is a prefecture-level city located at the confluence of the Dadu and Min rivers in Sichuan Province, China. Leshan is located on the southwestern fringe of the Sichuan Basin in southern Sichuan, abou ...

Sichuan Province Sichuan (; zh, c=, labels=no, ; zh, p=Sìchuān; alternatively romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan; formerly also referred to as "West China" or "Western China" by Protestant missions) is a province in Southwest China occupying most of the ...

and returned to Luojia Hill after the war. By the end of 1946, the university had six faculties:

liberal arts Liberal arts education (from Latin "free" and "art or principled practice") is the traditional academic course in Western higher education. ''Liberal arts'' takes the term '' art'' in the sense of a learned skill rather than specifically th ...

law Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior,Robertson, ''Crimes against humanity'', 90. with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been vario ...

science Science is a systematic endeavor that Scientific method, builds and organizes knowledge in the form of Testability, testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earli ...

engineering Engineering is the use of scientific principles to design and build machines, structures, and other items, including bridges, tunnels, roads, vehicles, and buildings. The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more speciali ...

agriculture Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people t ...

and

medicine Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care pr ...

. Wuhan University enjoyed a very high academic status, with

, Wang Xinggong, and Zhou Gengsheng as its successive presidents. Scholars such as Gu Hongming,

Zhu Kezhen Coching Chu (; March 7, 1890 – February 7, 1974) was a Chinese geologist and meteorologist. Born in Shangyu, Zhejiang, Chu went to United States for his college education in 1910. He graduated from the College of Agriculture, University o ...

, Wu Baoliang, Zha Qian, Gui Zhiting, Ye Yage, Li Siguang,

Wen Yiduo Wen Yiduo (; 24 November 189915 July 1946) was a Chinese poet and scholar known for his nationalistic poetry. Wen was assassinated by the Kuomintang in 1946. Life Wen Yiduo was born Wén Jiāhuá () on 24 November 1899 in what is now Xishui ...

Huang Kan Huang Kan (Chinese: 黃侃; 1886 – 8 October 1935), courtesy name Jigang (季剛), born into a family of Hubei ancestry in Chengdu, Sichuan province, was a Chinese phonologist, philologist and revolutionary. As a teen, he tested into Wuchang ...

Yu Dafu Yu Wen, better known by his courtesy name Yu Dafu (December 7, 1896 – September 17, 1945) was a modern Chinese short story writer and poet. He was one of the new literary group initiators, and this new literary group was named the Creation Soc ...

, Shen Congwen,

Zhu Guangqian Zhu Guangqian (朱光潛; 19 September 1897 – 6 March 1986) was one of the founder of the study of aesthetics in 20th-century China. History Zhu graduated from the Anhui Province Tongcheng Secondary School. After earning his BA from Hong Kon ...

, Liu Ze, Liu Yongji, Ye Shengtao, Yang Duanliu, and Li Jiannong taught here successively. According to the university, in 1948, the

University of Oxford , mottoeng = The Lord is my light , established = , endowment = £6.1 billion (including colleges) (2019) , budget = £2.145 billion (2019–20) , chancellor ...

wrote an official letter to the Ministry of Education of the Chinese National Government, stating that Bachelors of liberal arts and sciences that graduated from Wuhan University with average grades above 80 could enjoy "the senior status of Oxford". WHU-PLA

In 1952, after a general reshuffle of the colleges and departments of the higher education institutions throughout the country, Wuhan University became a university of liberal arts and sciences directly under the administration of the Ministry of Higher Education. Professor Li Da, delegate to the First Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and a celebrated philosopher, economist and academician of the

Chinese Academy of Sciences The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); ), known by Academia Sinica in English until the 1980s, is the national academy of the People's Republic of China for natural sciences. It has historical origins in the Academia Sinica during the Republi ...

, held the post of president of the university for 14 years. The Wuhan University School of Medicine and Tongji University Medical School jointly formed Central-south Tongji Medical College (later Wuhan Medical College), then Tongji Medical University.

Merger

On August 2, 2000, with the approval of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, the new Wuhan University was established as a combination of four major universities close together: the former Wuhan University, the former Wuhan University of Hydraulic and Electrical Engineering (WUHEE), the former Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping (WTUSM), and the former Hubei Medical University (HBMU). Note: *Wuhan University of Hydraulic and Electrical Engineering (WUHEE) (; colloquially ). *Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping (WTUSM) (; colloquially ). *Hubei Medical University (HBMU) (; colloquially ).

Historical names

Academics

In 2018, Wuhan University's student body consisted of 29,405 full-time undergraduates and 19,699 full-time master's degree candidates, 7,163 Ph.D candidates and 2,453 international students.

Rankings and Reputation

China

Wuhan University is ranked among the top 10 universities in China. In 2016,

CUAA Concordia University Ann Arbor (CUAA) in Ann Arbor, Michigan, is a campus of Concordia University Wisconsin, a private Lutheran university in Mequon, Wisconsin. Its campus sits on the banks of the Huron River, about ten minutes outside downtow ...

ranked it the 4th. In 2015,

ranked it the 4th and Wu Shulian ranked it the 7th. In 2014,

ranked it the 5th and Wu Shulian ranked it the 7th.

World

In 2022,

ranked it 194th in the world and 8th in China. In 2022, '' U.S. News & World Report'' ranked it 150th in the world, 24th in Asia and 11th in China. In 2022, Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked it between # 101-150 in the world and 15th in Asia. In 2020, it ranked 23rd in

Greater China Greater China is an informal geographical area that shares commercial and cultural ties with the Han Chinese people. The notion of "Greater China" refers to the area that usually encompasses Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan in East ...

(including Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan). It came 157th in the 2022 ''

'' where it ranked 25th in Asia and 8th in China. Internationally, Wuhan University is regarded as one of the most reputable

Chinese universities This article is a non-comprehensive list of universities in China, which is defined as the People's Republic of China (PRC) in mainland China, as well as the Hong Kong and Macau SARs. By September 2021, there were 3,012 colleges and universit ...

by the ''

Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings The ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings'' (often referred to as the THE Rankings) is an annual publication of university rankings by the ''Times Higher Education'' (THE) magazine. The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarelli ...

'' where it ranked 151st globally. In Q4 2020, it was ranked 1st among Eastern Asian universities by the amount of

venture capital Venture capital (often abbreviated as VC) is a form of private equity financing that is provided by venture capital firms or funds to start-up company, startups, early-stage, and emerging companies that have been deemed to have high growth poten ...

funding raised by unicorn startups founded by its alumni. Wuhan University Sakura Castle

Wuhan University Administration Building

Schools and colleges

School of Philosophy {{Horizontal TOC, nonum=on A * Absurdism * Academic skepticism * Achintya Bheda Abheda * Advaita Vedanta * Agnosticism * Ajātivāda * Ājīvika * Ajñana * Alexandrian school * Analytic philosophy * Analytical Thomism * Anarchist schools of tho ...

() * School of Chinese Classics () * College of Chinese Language and Literature () * School of Foreign Languages and Literature () * School of Journalism and Communication () *

School of Art An art school is an educational institution with a primary focus on the visual arts, including fine art – especially illustration, painting, photography, sculpture, and graphic design. Art schools can offer elementary, secondary, post-second ...

() * School of History () * School of Economics and Management () *

School of Law A law school (also known as a law centre or college of law) is an institution specializing in legal education, usually involved as part of a process for becoming a lawyer within a given jurisdiction. Law degrees Argentina In Argentina, l ...

() * School of Marxism () * Department of Sociology () * School of Political Science and Public Management () *

College of Education In the United States and Canada, a school of education (or college of education; ed school) is a division within a university that is devoted to scholarship in the field of education, which is an interdisciplinary branch of the social sciences en ...

() * School of Information Management () * School of International Education () * School of Mathematics and Statistics () * School of Physics and Technology () * College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences () * College of Life Science ()] * Wuhan University School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences () * Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) () * School of Power and Mechanical Engineering () * School of Electrical Engineering and Automation () * School of Urban Design () * School of Civil Engineering () * School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering () * Electronic Information School () * School of Computer Science () * School of Cyber Science and Engineering () * School of Geodesy and Geomatics () * School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering () * School of Printing and Packaging () * School of Medicine () * Medical Research Institute () * School of Basic Medicine Sciences () * School of Health Sciences () * Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei General Hospital () * Zhongnan Hospital () * School of Stomatology () * School of Pharmaceutical Sciences () * Medicine Vocational and Technical School ()

Campus

The university has rolling physical features with the scenic Luojia Hill and the beautiful East Lake. Its campus is heavily wooded and green, with fragrant flowers everywhere year-round. Wuhan University is widely known as one of the most beautiful universities in China, especially for its cherry blossom garden. A cherry blossom festival is held every spring. Most stylish old buildings were designed by F. H. Kales (1899–1979). Educated in MIT, Kales was a pioneer to blend western architectural styles with traditional Chinese elements, which is most evident from his roof designs. Wuhan University boasts a campus covering an area of 5508 mu and has a floor area of 2.42 square kilometres. The university's libraries have a collection of approximately 5.4 million volumes and subscriptions to more than 10,000 Chinese and foreign periodicals. Luojiashan.JPG, Luojia Hill (Luojiashan) Old school of science of whu.JPG, Former School of Science Admin bldg of whu.JPG, Administration Building, Former School of Engineering Whu old dorm.JPG, Former Dorm for male students Blue tiles of whu.JPG, Wuhan's blue roof tiles 2nd classroom building of whu.JPG, 2nd Classroom Building 3rd classroom building of whu.JPG, 3rd Classroom Building Old law school building of whu.JPG, Former Law School Building Student club of whu.JPG, Student Club Whu student government.JPG, Student Union and Debate Team

Cooperation

Wuhan University has established cooperative relationship with more than 300 universities and research institutes in over 40 countries and regions. * School of Information Management at Wuhan University signed a cooperation agreement with

Royal School of Library and Information Science The Royal School of Library and Information Science (abbr. RSLIS, da, Det Informationsvidenskabelige Akademi) is a school under the University of Copenhagen that provides higher education in the field of library and information science. It has no ...

Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establish ...

in 2009. *Wuhan University has collaborated with Duke University and the city of Kunshan to establish

Duke Kunshan University Duke Kunshan University (DKU) is a Wuhan University– Duke University joint venture, independently accredited university in Kunshan, Jiangsu, China. In 2018, Duke Kunshan University welcomed their first inaugural undergraduate class. Hi ...

."Duke Names Senior Leadership for Its Campus in China", ''The Chronicle of Higher Education'' Sept 20, 201

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Art and culture

*Luojia Golden Fall Art Festival *Luojia Golden Fall International Cultural Festival *Students' Associations Cultural Festival *Campus Supermarket of Cultural Activities

Notable alumni

* Guo Moruo, Chinese author, poet, historian, archaeologist, and government official from

Sichuan Sichuan (; zh, c=, labels=no, ; zh, p=Sìchuān; alternatively romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan; formerly also referred to as "West China" or "Western China" by Protestant missions) is a province in Southwest China occupying most of the ...

, China *

Chen Tanqiu Chen Tanqiu (; 4 January 1896 – 27 September 1943) was a founding member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Chen Tanqiu graduated from Wuhan Higher Normal School (present day Wuhan University) after which he played a leadership role in th ...

, Chinese revolutionary, founding member of the

Chinese Communist Party The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Civil ...

* Shen Congwen, Chinese writer *

, Chinese poet and scholar * Li Long Lam,

Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta i ...

Archaeologist * Li Siguang, the founder of China's

geomechanics Geomechanics (from the Greek prefix ''geo-'' meaning "earth"; and "mechanics") is the study of the mechanical state of the earth's crust and the processes occurring in it under the influence of natural physical factors. It involves the study of th ...

* Ling Shuhua, Chinese modernist writer whose short stories became popular during the 1920s and 30s * Wan Exiang, professor of

international law International law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally recognized as binding between states. It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework for ...

at Wuhan University, vice president of the Supreme People's Court of China, and vice president of the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang * Wang Yanyi, Chinese immunologist and current Director General of the

Wuhan Institute of Virology The Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (WIV; ) is a research institute on virology administered by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), which reports to the State Council of the People's Republic of China. The institute ...

* Su Xuelin, Chinese author and scholar * Xiaokai Yang, Chinese-Australian

economist An economist is a professional and practitioner in the social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this field there are ...

. * Wang Tieya, an eminent Chinese jurist and former judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia * Li Haopei, Chinese jurist, diplomat and

academic An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, ...

* Chao Yao-dong, Taiwanese

politician A politician is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking an elected office in government. Politicians propose, support, reject and create laws that govern the land and by an extension of its people. Broadly speaking ...

and former Minister of Economic Affairs (1981–84) *

Wu Mi Wu Mi () (August 20, 1894 – January 17, 1978) (once using the name Wu Yuheng () was one of the founders of Chinese comparative literature, a critic, redologist (one who studies the Chinese classic book ''Dream of the Red Chamber''), educ ...

, one of the founders of Chinese comparative literature *

Chi Li Chi Li (born 30 May 1957) is a contemporary female Chinese writer based in Wuhan. She graduated from department of Chinese literature at Wuhan University in 1986. The setting for some of her stories is Changtangkou () in Xiantao, Hubei. In 2 ...

, contemporary Chinese writer * Zheng Lihui, a Chinese

gymnast Gymnastics is a type of sport that includes physical exercises requiring balance, strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, dedication and endurance. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, sh ...

, was part of the Chinese team that won the gold medal in the team event at the

2000 Summer Olympics The 2000 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and also known as Sydney 2000 ( Dharug: ''Gadigal 2000''), the Millennium Olympic Games or the Games of the New Millennium, was an international multi-sport event held from ...

in Sydney * Xiao Hailiang, a Chinese diver who became an Olympic champion in the 3m Springboard Synchronized event at the

* Li Da, Chinese Marxist philosopher *

Karim Massimov Karim Qazhymqanuly Massimov ( kk, Кәрім Қажымқанұлы Мәсімов, ; born 15 June 1965)Prime Minister of Kazakhstan The Prime Minister of Kazakhstan ( Kazakh Cyrillic: Қазақстан Республикасының Премьер-Министрі, Kazakh Latin: Qazaqstan Respublikasynyñ Premier-Ministrı, ; russian: Премьер-Министр Респ ...

(2007–2012) *

Lei Jun Lei Jun (born 16 December 1969) is a Chinese billionaire entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is known for founding the consumer electronics company Xiaomi. As of October 2022, Lei Jun's net worth was estimated at either US$8.1 billion according ...

, founder of Xiaomi Tech, one of China's largest technology companies * Liu Jingnan, GPS engineer, member of

Chinese Academy of Engineering The Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE, ) is the national academy of the People's Republic of China for engineering. It was established in 1994 and is an institution of the State Council of China. The CAE and the Chinese Academy of Sciences ...

, former president of Wuhan University * Xiaolin Wu, computer engineer, invented programming line algorithm, co-developed neural network

facial recognition system A facial recognition system is a technology capable of matching a human face from a digital image or a video frame against a database of faces. Such a system is typically employed to authenticate users through ID verification services, and ...

(with Xi Zhang), twice featured in

MIT The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the m ...

's "Technology Review", member of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers * Yi Zhongtian, writer, historian and professor at Xiamen University * Bin Jiang, Professor, in GIS at Högskolan i Gävle (HIG) * Tiare Aguilera Hey,

Rapa Nui Easter Island ( rap, Rapa Nui; es, Isla de Pascua) is an island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle in Oceania. The island is most famous for its nearly ...

politician

Incidents

In 2009, the university had been cited as part of a scandal involving corruption by its administrators.

References

External links

Official website

Official website

Official BBS
{{Authority control Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Hubei Project 211 Project 985 Universities and colleges in Wuhan Universities in China with English-medium medical schools Vice-ministerial universities in China 1893 establishments in China Educational institutions established in 1893 Universities and colleges formed by merger in China