The World Solar Challenge (WSC), since 2013 named Bridgestone World Solar Challenge,
is an international event for
solar powered cars driving 3000 kilometres through the
Australian outback
The Outback is a remote, vast, sparsely populated area of Australia. The Outback is more remote than the bush. While often envisaged as being arid, the Outback regions extend from the northern to southern Australian coastlines and encompass a n ...
.
With the exception of a four-year gap between the 2019 and 2023 events, owing to the cancellation of the 2021 event,
the World Solar Challenge is typically held every two years. The course is over through the Australian
Outback, from
Darwin,
Northern Territory, to
Adelaide
Adelaide ( ) is the capital city of South Australia, the state's largest city and the fifth-most populous city in Australia. "Adelaide" may refer to either Greater Adelaide (including the Adelaide Hills) or the Adelaide city centre. The dem ...
,
South Australia
South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories ...
. The event was created to foster the development
solar-powered vehicle
A solar vehicle or solar electric vehicle is an electric vehicle powered completely or significantly by direct solar energy. Usually, photovoltaic (PV) cells contained in solar panels convert the sun's energy directly into electric energy. The ...
s.
The WSC attracts teams from around the world, most of which are fielded by
universities or
corporations, although some are fielded by
high schools. It has a 32-year history spanning fifteen events, with the inaugural event taking place in 1987. Initially held once every three years, the event became biennial from the turn of the century.
Since 2001 the WSC was won seven times out of ten efforts by the
Nuna team and cars of the
Delft University of Technology from the
Netherlands. The
Tokai Challenger, built by the
Tokai University of Japan, was able to win 2009 and 2011. In the most recent edition (2019), the Belgian
Agoria Solar Team
Agoria, previously known as Fabrimetal, is a Belgian employers' organization and member of the Federation of Belgian Enterprises.
Description
Agoria connects over 1900 technologically inspired companies active in Belgium (2019) that strive ...
from
KU Leuven University won.
Starting in 2007, the WSC has multiple classes. After the German team of
Bochum University of Applied Sciences competed with a four-wheeled, multi-seat car, the
''BoCruiser'' (in 2009), in 2013 a radically new ''"Cruiser Class"'' was introduced, stimulating the technological development of practically usable, and ideally road-legal, multi-seater solar vehicles. Since its inception, Solar Team Eindhoven's four- and five-seat
''Stella'' solar cars from
Eindhoven University of Technology (Netherlands) won the Cruiser Class in all four events so far.
Remarkable technological progress has been achieved since the
General Motors led, highly experimental, single-seat ''
Sunraycer'' prototype first won the WSC with an average speed of . Once competing cars became steadily more capable to match or exceed legal maximum speeds on the Australian highway, the challenge rules were consistently made more demanding and challenging — for instance after
Honda's ''Dream'' car first won with an average speed exceeding in 1996. In 2005 the Dutch Nuna team were the first to beat an average speed of .
The 2017 Cruiser class winner, the five-seat ''Stella Vie'' vehicle, was able to carry an average of 3.4 occupants at an average speed of . Like its two predecessors, the vehicle was successfully road registered by the Dutch team, further emphasizing the great progress in real-world compliance and practicality that has been achieved.
The WSC held its 30th anniversary event on 8–15 October 2017.
Objective
The objective of the challenge is to promote the innovation of
solar-powered cars. It is a design competition at its core, and every team/car that successfully crosses the finish line is considered successful. Teams from universities and enterprises participate. In 2015, 43 teams from 23 countries competed in the challenge.
Challenge strategy
Efficient balancing of power resources and power consumption is the key to success during the challenge. At any moment in time, the optimal driving speed depends on the weather forecast and the remaining capacity of the batteries. The team members in the escort cars will continuously remotely retrieve data from the
solar car
A solar car is a solar vehicle for use on public roads or race tracks. Solar vehicles are electric vehicles that use self-contained solar cells to power themselves fully or partially from sunlight. Solar vehicles typically contain a rechargeable ...
about its condition and use these data as input for prior developed computer programs to work out the best driving strategy.
It is equally important to charge the batteries as much as possible in periods of daylight when the car is not driving. To capture as much solar energy as possible, the solar panels are generally directed such that these are perpendicular to the incident sun rays. Sometimes the whole solar array is tilted for this purpose.
Important rules
*The timed portion of the challenge stops at the outskirts of Adelaide, 2998 km from Darwin. However, for the timings recorded at that point to count, competitors must reach the official finish line in the centre of the city under solar power alone.
*As the challenge utilises public roads, the cars have to adhere to the normal traffic regulations.
*A minimum of 2 and maximum 4 drivers have to be registered. If the weight of a driver (including clothes) is less than , ballast will be added to make up the difference.
*Driving time is between 8:00 and 17:00 (from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.). In order to select a suitable place for the overnight stop (alongside the highway) it is possible to extend the driving period for a maximum of 10 minutes, which extra driving time will be compensated by a starting time delay the next day.
*At various points along the route there are checkpoints where every car has to pause for 30 minutes. Only limited maintenance tasks (no repairs) are allowed during these compulsory stops.
*The capacity of the batteries is limited to a mass for each chemistry (such as Lithium Ion) equivalent to approximately 5 kWh maximum. At the start of the route, the batteries may be fully charged. Batteries may not be replaced during the competition, except in the situation of a breakdown. However, in that case, a penalty time will apply.
*Except for the maximum outer dimensions, there are no further restrictions on the design and construction of the car.
*The deceleration of the dual braking system must be at least 3.8 m/s² (149.6 in/s²).
Rule evolution
*By 2005, several teams were handicapped by the South Australian speed limit of , as well as the difficulties of support crews keeping up with solar vehicles. It was generally agreed that the challenge of building a solar vehicle capable of crossing Australia at vehicular speeds had been met and exceeded. A new challenge was set: to build a new generation of solar car, which, with little modification, could be the basis for a practical proposition for sustainable transport.
*Entrants to the 2007 event chose between racing in the Adventure and Challenge classes. Challenge class cars were restricted to 6 square meters of
Si solar collectors (a 25% reduction), and later to 3 square meters for
GaAs, driver access and egress were required to be unaided, seating position upright, steering controlled with a steering wheel, and many new safety requirements were added. Competitors also had to adhere to the new speed limit across the
Northern Territory portion of the
Stuart Highway. The 2007 event again featured a range of supplementary classes, including the Greenfleet class, which features a range of non-solar energy-efficient vehicles exhibiting their fuel efficiency.
*For the 2009 challenge class several new rules were adopted, including the use of profiled tyres. Battery weight limits depend on secondary cell chemistries so that competitors have similar energy storage capabilities. Battery mass is now 20 kg for
Li-ion and
Li-polymer battery (was reduced from 25 and 21 kg in the past).
*In 2013, a new Cruiser Class was introduced. The route took place in four stages. Final placings were based on a combination of time taken (56.6%), number of passengers carried (5.7%), battery energy from the grid between stages (18.9%), and a subjective assessment of practicality (18.9%)
*In the 2015 Cruiser Class regulations, the scoring formula emphasized practicality less than before. Elapsed time will account for 70% of the score, passengers 5%, grid energy use 15%, and practicality 10%.
*In 2017, solar array areas were reduced, and the Cruiser Class was changed to a Regularity Trial, with scoring based on energy efficiency and practicality.
History
The idea for the competition originates from Danish-born adventurer
Hans Tholstrup. He was the first to circumnavigate the Australian continent in a open boat. At a later stage in his life he became involved in various competitions with fuel-saving cars and trucks. Already in the 1980s, he became aware of the necessity to explore sustainable energy as a replacement for the limited available fossil fuel. Sponsored by BP, he designed the world's first solar car, called
The Quiet Achiever
The Quiet Achiever, also known as the Holden Solar Trek, was the world's first practical long-distance solar vehicle, solar-powered car powered entirely by photovoltaic solar cells.
The project was promoted by adventurer Hans Tholstrup, with th ...
, and traversed the between
Sydney,
New South Wales and
Perth
Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a population of 2.1 million (80% of the state) living in Greater Perth in 2020. Perth is ...
,
Western Australia in 20 days. That was the precursor of the WSC.
After the 4th event, he sold the rights to the state of South Australia and leadership of the event was assumed by Chris Selwood.
The event was held every three years until 1999 when it was switched to every two years.
1987
The first edition of the World Solar Challenge was run in 1987 when the winning entry,
GM's
Sunraycer won with an average speed of .
Ford Australia's "Sunchaser" came in second. The "
Solar Resource The Solar Resource was an Australian entry in the inaugural World Solar Challenge race—then known as the ''Pentax World Solar Challenge race''—in 1987.
The Solar Resource was one of 24 entries from 7 countries (Australia, Denmark, Japan, Pakist ...
", which came in 7th overall, was first in the Private Entry category.
1990
The 1990 WSC was won by the "Spirit of Biel", built by
Biel School of Engineering and Architecture in Switzerland followed by
Honda in second place
Video coverage here.
1993
The 1993 WSC was won by the
Honda ''Dream'', and
Biel School of Engineering and Architecture took second
Video coverage here.
1996
In the 1996 WSC, the
Honda ''Dream'' and
Biel School of Engineering and Architecture once again placed first and second overall, respectively.
1999
The 1999 WSC was finally won by a "home" team, the Australian
Aurora
An aurora (plural: auroras or aurorae), also commonly known as the polar lights, is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly seen in high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic). Auroras display dynamic patterns of bri ...
team's ''Aurora 101'' took the prize while
Queen's University was the runner-up in the most closely contested WSC so far. The
SunRayce class of
American
American(s) may refer to:
* American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America"
** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America
** American ancestry, pe ...
teams was won by
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
2001
The 2001 WSC was won by
Nuna
Nuna is the name of a series of manned solar powered race cars that have won the World Solar Challenge in Australia seven times: in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2013, 2015 and 2017. The vehicles are built by students who are part of the "Brunel So ...
of the
Delft University of Technology from the
Netherlands, participating for the first time.
Aurora
An aurora (plural: auroras or aurorae), also commonly known as the polar lights, is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly seen in high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic). Auroras display dynamic patterns of bri ...
took second place.
2003
In the 2003 WSC ''Nuna 2'', the successor to the winner of 2001 won again, with an average speed of , while
Aurora
An aurora (plural: auroras or aurorae), also commonly known as the polar lights, is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly seen in high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic). Auroras display dynamic patterns of bri ...
took second place again.
2005
In the 2005 WSC the top finishers were the same for the third consecutive event as Nuon's ''Nuna 3'' won with a record average speed of , and
Aurora
An aurora (plural: auroras or aurorae), also commonly known as the polar lights, is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly seen in high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic). Auroras display dynamic patterns of bri ...
was the runner-up.
2007
The 2007 WSC saw the Dutch Nuon Solar team score their fourth successive victory with ''Nuna 4'' in the Challenge Class, averaging under the new, more restrictive rules, while the
Belgian Punch Powertrain Solar Team's ''Umicar Infinity'' placed second.
The Adventure Class was added this year, run under the old rules, and won by Japanese Ashiya team's ''Tiga''.
The Japanese Ashiya team's ''Tiga'' won the Adventure Class, run under the old rules, with an average speed of .
2009
The 2009 WSC was won by the "
Tokai Challenger", built by the
Tokai University Solar Car Team in Japan with an average speed of . The longtime reigning champion Nuon Solar Team's ''Nuna 5'' finished in second place.
The
Sunswift
The UNSW Solar Racing Team (also known as Sunswift after the name of their first race car) is the solar car racing team of the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. The team currently holds a number of world records and is best kno ...
IV built by students at the
University of New South Wales, Australia was the winner of the Silicon-based Solar Cell Class, while Japan's
Osaka Sangyo University
is a private university in Daitō, Osaka, Japan. It is abbreviated as "DaiSanDai" using the first characters of its name. It was established in 1923 as Osaka Railway School. The university has six faculties and four graduate schools. Its campuses ...
's ''OSU Model S'' won the Adventure class.
2011
In the 2011 WSC
Tokai University took their second title with an updated "
Tokai Challenger" averaging , and finishing just an hour before ''Nuna 6'' of the
Delft University of Technology. The challenge was marred by delays caused by
wildfires.
2013
The 2013 WSC featured the introduction of the Cruiser Class, which comprised more 'practical' solar cars with 2–4 occupants. The inaugural winner was Solar Team Eindhoven's ''
Stella
Stella or STELLA may refer to:
Art, entertainment, and media Comedy
*Stella (comedy group), a comedy troupe consisting of Michael Showalter, Michael Ian Black and David Wain
Characters
* Stella (given name), including a list of characters with t ...
'' from
Eindhoven University of Technology in the
Netherlands with an average speed of , while second place was taken by the
PowerCore SunCruiser vehicle from team
Hochschule Bochum in Germany, who inspired the creation of the Cruiser Class by racing more practical solar cars in previous WSC events. The Australian team, the
University of New South Wales solar racing team
Sunswift
The UNSW Solar Racing Team (also known as Sunswift after the name of their first race car) is the solar car racing team of the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. The team currently holds a number of world records and is best kno ...
was the fastest competitor to complete the route, but was awarded third place overall after points were awarded for 'practicality' and for carrying passengers.
In the Challenger Class, the Dutch team from
Delft University of Technology took back the title with ''Nuna 7'' and an average speed of , while defending champions
Tokai University finished second after an exciting close competition, which saw a 10–30 minute distance, though they drained the battery in final stint due to bad weather and finished some 3 hours later; an opposite situation of the previous challenge in 2011.
The Adventure Class was won by
Aurora's ''Aurora Evolution''.
2015
The 2015 WSC was held on 15–25 October with the same classes as the 2013 challenge.
In the Cruiser Class, the winner was once again Solar Team Eindhoven's ''
Stella Lux'' from
Eindhoven University of Technology in the
Netherlands with an average speed of , while the second place team was
Kogakuin University
is a private university in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. Its predecessor was named "Koshu Gakko" (工手学校) and was one of the oldest private engineering schools in Japan.
History
Koshu Gakko (工手学校, lit. technicians school) was founded ...
from Japan who was the first to cross the finish line, but did not receive as many points for passenger-kilometers and practicality.
Bochum took 3rd place this year with the latest in their series of cruiser cars.
In the Challenger Class, the team from
Delft University of Technology retained the title with ''Nuna 8'' and an average speed of , while their Dutch counterparts, the
University of Twente, who led most of the challenge, finished just 8 minutes behind them in second place, making 2015 the closest finish in WSC history.
Tokai University passed the
University of Michigan on the last day of the event to take home the bronze.
The Adventure Class was won by the Houston High School solar car team from
Houston,
Mississippi, United States.
2017
The 2017 WSC was held on 8–15 October, featuring the same classes as 2015. The Dutch NUON team won again in the Challenger class, which concluded on 2017-10-12, and in the Cruiser Class, the winner was once again Solar Team Eindhoven, from the Netherlands as well.
2019
The 2019 WSC was held from 13–20 October. 53 teams from 24 countries entered the competition,
[ featuring the same three classes, Challenger (30 teams), Cruiser (23 teams) and Adventure.] In the Challenger class, Agoria Solar Team won their first ever World Solar Challenge. Tokai University Solar Car Team finished in second place.
In the Cruiser class, Solar Team Eindhoven won their fourth consecutive title. Despite flipping, crashing, and ruining their car multiple times, Team Sonnenwagen Aachen and friends still managed to beat other teams.
Several teams had mishaps. Vattenfall was leading when their car ''Nuna'' caught fire. The driver was uninjured, but the vehicle was destroyed. It was the first no-finish for that team in 20 years.[ Others were badly affected by strong winds.
Dutch team Twente was leading the journey at , when their car was forced off the road by winds and rolled over. The driver was taken to hospital. Within 30 minutes team Sonnenwagen was also blown off the road north of Coober Pedy, the driver was not hurt. An speed limit was then imposed by event officials, lifted when conditions improved. The day before, wind damage to solar panels put the team from Western Sydney University out of the challenge. The driver of ''Agoria'' from Belgium escaped injury when their vehicle was "uprooted" at 100 km/h (62 mph) by severe winds, but still went on to win the Challenger class.]
2021
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia
The COVID-19 pandemic in Australia is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The first confirmed case in Australia was identified on 25 January ...
the WSC closed entries three months earlier than normal, on 18 December 2020. They were then to "… review all current government measures relating to social distancing, density and contact tracing, international travel restrictions and isolation requirements." On 12 February 2021, the South Australian Government confirmed the cancellation of the 2021 staging of the event. While the COVID-19 pandemic was not explicitly cited as the reason, the "complexities of international border closures" affecting Australia at the time appear to be the primary reason for the event's cancellation. The same statement also noted the next event would take place in October 2023 - at least 962 days from the date of announcement, and resulting in a four-year gap between events. Registered teams should receive a full refund of all fees.
See also
*Solar car racing Solar car racing refers to competitive races of electric vehicles which are powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface of the car ( solar cars). The first solar car race was the Tour de Sol in 1985 which led to several simila ...
*List of prototype solar-powered cars
This list of prototype solar-powered cars comprises multiperson, relatively practical vehicles powered completely or significantly by solar cells ( panels or arrays, mounted on the vehicle) which convert sunlight into electricity to drive electric ...
*List of solar car teams
This is a list of solar car racing teams.
Australia
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Denmark
France
Germany
Greece
India
Iran
Italy
Jordan
Japan
Indonesia
Malaysia
Morocco
The Netherlands
Pakista ...
*Shell Eco-marathon
Shell Eco-marathon is a world-wide energy efficiency competition sponsored by Shell. Participants build automotive vehicles to achieve the highest possible fuel efficiency. There are two vehicle classes within Shell Eco-marathon: Prototype and Urb ...
*The Quiet Achiever
The Quiet Achiever, also known as the Holden Solar Trek, was the world's first practical long-distance solar vehicle, solar-powered car powered entirely by photovoltaic solar cells.
The project was promoted by adventurer Hans Tholstrup, with th ...
, the world's first solar-powered racecar
Other solar vehicle challenges
* American Solar Challenge, a biennial United States event held since 1990 that has previously included Canada
* Formula Sun Grand Prix, an annual U.S. event held on race tracks.
*The Solar Car Challenge
The Solar Car Challenge is an annual solar-powered car race for high school students. The event attracts teams from around the world, but mostly from American high schools. The race was first held in 1995. Each event is the end product of a t ...
, an annual event for High School students from the U.S. and (to a lesser extent) other parts of the world, first held in 1995
*South African Solar Challenge
The Sasol Solar Challenge is a South African endurance challenge for solar-powered vehicles, with classes for hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, and biofuel-powered vehicles as well. Recognised by the International Solarcar Federation, the f ...
, a biennial South African event that was first held in 2008
*Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge
The Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge is a competition held annually at Scienceworks in Melbourne, Australia. The challenge gives school age children a chance to design and build a car or boat, and more recently a Mars Rover, that operate ...
, an annual event in Australia for schoolchildren
* European Solar Challenge, a biennial 24-hour race in Belgium
Atacama Solar Race
a biennial event held in Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...
Movie
*'' Race the Sun'', a movie loosely based on a participating team
References
External links
*
Images from Alice Springs, Australia – 2007
An overview of all the competing teams in the 2013 WSC.
{{World Solar Challenge
Solar car races
Engineering competitions
Auto races in Australia
Scientific organisations based in Australia
Science competitions
Photovoltaics
Recurring sporting events established in 1987
Motorsport in the Northern Territory
Motorsport in South Australia
Australian outback