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William Moulton Marston (May 9, 1893 – May 2, 1947), also known by the
pen name A pen name, also called a ''nom de plume'' or a literary double, is a pseudonym (or, in some cases, a variant form of a real name) adopted by an author and printed on the title page or by-line of their works in place of their real name. A pen na ...
Charles Moulton (), was an American
psychologist A psychologist is a professional who practices psychology and studies mental states, perceptual Perception () is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the pre ...
who, with his wife Elizabeth Holloway, invented an early prototype of the
lie detector A polygraph, often incorrectly referred to as a lie detector test, is a device or procedure that measures and records several physiological indicators such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity while a person is asked an ...
. He was also known as a self-help author and
comic book A comic book, also called comicbook, comic magazine or (in the United Kingdom and Ireland) simply comic, is a publication that consists of comics art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are of ...
writer who created the character
Wonder Woman Wonder Woman is a superhero created by the American psychologist and writer William Moulton Marston (pen name: Charles Moulton), and artist Harry G. Peter. Marston's wife, Elizabeth, and their life partner, Olive Byrne, are credited as bein ...
. Two women, his wife Elizabeth Holloway Marston, and their polyamorous
life partner The term significant other (SO) has different uses in psychology and in colloquial language. Colloquially, "significant other" is used as a gender-neutral term for a person's partner in an intimate relationship without disclosing or presuming ...
, Olive Byrne, greatly influenced Wonder Woman's creation. He was inducted into the Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2006.


Biography


Early life and career

Marston was born in the Cliftondale section of
Saugus, Massachusetts Saugus is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, in the Greater Boston area. The population was 28,619 at the 2020 census. Saugus is known as the site of the first integrated iron works in North America. History Native Americans ...
, the son of Annie Dalton (née Moulton) and Frederick William Marston. Marston was educated at
Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of highe ...
, graduating
Phi Beta Kappa The Phi Beta Kappa Society () is the oldest academic honor society in the United States, and the most prestigious, due in part to its long history and academic selectivity. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the liberal ...
and receiving his B.A. in 1915, an LL.B. in 1918, and a PhD in Psychology in 1921. While a student at Harvard, Marston sold his first script, ''The Thief'', to filmmaker
Alice Guy-Blaché Alice Ida Antoinette Guy-Blaché (née Guy; ; 1 July 1873 – 24 March 1968) was a French pioneer filmmaker. She was one of the first filmmakers to make a narrative fiction film, as well as the first woman to direct a film. From 1896 to 1906, s ...
, who directed the film in 1913. After teaching at
American University The American University (AU or American) is a private federally chartered research university in Washington, D.C. Its main campus spans 90 acres (36 ha) on Ward Circle, mostly in the Spring Valley neighborhood of Northwest D.C. AU was cha ...
in Washington, D.C., and
Tufts University Tufts University is a private research university on the border of Medford and Somerville, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1852 as Tufts College by Christian universalists who sought to provide a nonsectarian institution of higher learning. ...
in Medford, Massachusetts, Marston traveled to
Universal Studios Universal Pictures (legally Universal City Studios LLC, also known as Universal Studios, or simply Universal; common metonym: Uni, and formerly named Universal Film Manufacturing Company and Universal-International Pictures Inc.) is an Americ ...
in California in 1929, where he spent a year as Director of Public Services and taught at the
University of Southern California , mottoeng = "Let whoever earns the palm bear it" , religious_affiliation = Nonsectarian—historically Methodist , established = , accreditation = WSCUC , type = Private research university , academic_affiliations = , endowment = $8.1 ...
. Marston had two children each with both his wife Elizabeth Holloway Marston and partner Olive Byrne. Elizabeth gave birth to a son, Pete, and a daughter, Olive Ann. Olive Byrne gave birth to two sons. Elizabeth supported the family financially while Olive Byrne stayed home to take care of all four children. Marjorie Wilkes Huntley was a third woman who occasionally lived with them, and who would go on to become office executive under H. G. Peter.


Psychologist and inventor

Marston was the creator of the systolic
blood pressure Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels. Most of this pressure results from the heart pumping blood through the circulatory system. When used without qualification, the term "blood pressure ...
test, which became one component of the modern
polygraph A polygraph, often incorrectly referred to as a lie detector test, is a device or procedure that measures and records several physiological indicators such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity while a person is asked ...
invented by
John Augustus Larson John Augustus Larson (11 December 1892 – 1 October 1965) was a Police Officer for Berkeley, California, United States, and famous for his invention of modern polygraph used in forensic investigations. He was the first American police officer ha ...
in
Berkeley, California Berkeley ( ) is a city on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California, United States. It is named after the 18th-century Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley. It borders the cities of Oakland and E ...
. Marston's wife, Elizabeth Holloway Marston, suggested a connection between emotion and blood pressure to William, observing that, " en she got mad or excited, her blood pressure seemed to climb". Although Elizabeth is not listed as Marston's collaborator in his early work, Lamb, Matte (1996), and others refer directly and indirectly to Elizabeth's own work on her husband's research. She also appears in a picture taken in his laboratory in the 1920s (reproduced by Marston, 1938). Marston set out to commercialize Larson's invention of the polygraph, when he subsequently embarked on a career in entertainment and comic book writing and appeared as a salesman in ads for Gillette Razors, using a polygraph motif. From his psychological work, Marston became convinced that women were more honest than men in certain situations and could work faster and more accurately. During his lifetime, Marston championed the latent abilities and causes of the women of his day. Marston was also a writer of essays in popular psychology. And he published a 1928 book ''Emotions of Normal People,'' a defense of many sexual taboos, using much of Byrne's original research she had done for her doctorate. He dedicated the work to her, Holloway, his mother, his aunt, and Huntley. It received almost no attention from the rest of the academic community other than a review, written by Byrne herself, under her alternate name Olive Richard in '' The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology''. ''Emotions of Normal People'' also elaborated on the DISC Theory. Marston viewed people behaving along two axes, with their attention being either passive or active, depending on the individual's perception of his or her environment as either favorable or antagonistic. By placing the axes at right angles, four quadrants form, with each describing a behavioral pattern: * Dominance produces activity in an antagonistic environment * Inducement produces activity in a favorable environment * Submission produces passivity in a favorable environment * Compliance produces passivity in an antagonistic environment. Marston posited that there is a masculine notion of freedom that is inherently anarchic and violent and an opposing feminine notion based on "Love Allure" that leads to an ideal state of submission to loving authority.


Wonder Woman


Creation

On October 25, 1940, an interview conducted by his partner Olive Byrne (under the pseudonym "Olive Richard") was published in '' The Family Circle'' (titled "Don't Laugh at the Comics"), in which Marston said that he saw "great educational potential" in comic books. (A follow-up article was published two years later in 1942.) The interview caught the attention of comics publisher Max Gaines, who hired Marston as an educational consultant for National Periodical Publications and
All-American Publications All-American PublicationsThe name is spelled with a hyphen per its logo (pictured) and sources includinat Don Markstein's ToonopediaArchivedfrom the original on April 15, 2012. was one of two American comic book companies that merged to form th ...
, two of the companies that would later merge to form
DC Comics DC Comics, Inc. ( doing business as DC) is an American comic book publisher and the flagship unit of DC Entertainment, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery. DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies, with the ...
. In the early 1940s, the DC Comics line was dominated by superpower-endowed male characters such as the
Green Lantern Green Lantern is the name of several superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. They fight evil with the aid of rings that grant them a variety of extraordinary powers, all of which come from imagination, fearlessness, ...
and
Superman Superman is a superhero who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, and debuted in the comic book '' Action Comics'' #1 ( cover-dated June 1938 and pu ...
, as well as
Batman Batman is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, and debuted in the 27th issue of the comic book ''Detective Comics'' on March 30, 1939. I ...
, with his high-tech gadgets. According to the Fall 2001 issue of the
Boston University Boston University (BU) is a private research university in Boston, Massachusetts. The university is nonsectarian, but has a historical affiliation with the United Methodist Church. It was founded in 1839 by Methodists with its original cam ...
alumni magazine, it was the idea of Marston's wife, Elizabeth Holloway Marston, to create a female superhero. Marston recommended an idea for a new kind of superhero, one who would conquer not with fists or firepower, but with love. "Fine," said Elizabeth. "but make her a woman."Lamb, Marguerite.
Who Was Wonder Woman? Long-Ago LAW Alumna Elizabeth Marston Was the Muse Who Gave Us a Superheroine
, ''Boston University Alumni Magazine'', Fall 2001.
Malcolm, Andrew H

''The New York Times'', February 18, 1992.
Marston introduced the idea to Max Gaines, co-founder with Jack Liebowitz of All-American Publications. Given the go-ahead, Marston developed Wonder Woman, basing her character on the unconventional, liberated, powerful modern women of his day. Marston's pseudonym, Charles Moulton, combined his own and Gaines's middle names. In a 1943 issue of ''The American Scholar'', Marston wrote: "Not even girls want to be girls so long as our feminine archetype lacks force, strength, and power. Not wanting to be girls, they don't want to be tender, submissive, peace-loving as good women are. Women's strong qualities have become despised because of their weakness. The obvious remedy is to create a feminine character with all the strength of Superman plus all the allure of a good and beautiful woman." In 2017, a majority of Marston's personal papers arrived at the Schlesinger Library at the
Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University The Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University—also known as the Harvard Radcliffe Institute—is a part of Harvard University that fosters interdisciplinary research across the humanities, sciences, social sciences, arts, a ...
; this collection helps to tell the backstory of "Wonder Woman," including his unorthodox personal life with two idealistic and strong women, Olive Byrne and Elizabeth Marston, with a connection to
Margaret Sanger Margaret Higgins Sanger (born Margaret Louise Higgins; September 14, 1879September 6, 1966), also known as Margaret Sanger Slee, was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term "birth contro ...
, one of the most influential feminists of the twentieth century.


Development

Marston's character was a native of an all-female
utopia A utopia ( ) typically describes an imaginary community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its members. It was coined by Sir Thomas More for his 1516 book '' Utopia'', describing a fictional island soc ...
of Amazons who became a crime-fighting U.S. government agent, using her superhuman strength and agility, and her ability to force villains to submit and tell the truth by binding them with her magic lasso. Her appearance was believed by some to be based somewhat on Olive Byrne, and her heavy bronze bracelets (which she used to deflect bullets) were inspired by bracelets worn by Byrne. After her name "Suprema, the Wonder Woman" was replaced with simply "
Wonder Woman Wonder Woman is a superhero created by the American psychologist and writer William Moulton Marston (pen name: Charles Moulton), and artist Harry G. Peter. Marston's wife, Elizabeth, and their life partner, Olive Byrne, are credited as bein ...
," which was a popular term at the time that described women who were exceptionally gifted, the character made her debut in ''
All Star Comics ''All Star Comics'' is an American comic book series from All-American Publications, one of three companies that merged with National Periodical Publications to form the modern-day DC Comics. While the series' cover-logo trademark reads ''All S ...
'' #8 in December 1941. Wonder Woman next appeared in '' Sensation Comics'' #1 (January 1942), and six months later, ''Wonder Woman'' #1 debuted. Except for four months in 1986, the series has been in print ever since. The stories were initially written by Marston and illustrated by newspaper artist Harry Peter. During his life Marston had written many articles and books on various psychological topics, but his last six years of writing were devoted to his comics creation.


Death

William Moulton Marston died of cancer on May 2, 1947, in Rye, seven days before his 54th birthday. After his death, Elizabeth and Olive continued to live together until Olive's death in 1990, aged 86; Elizabeth died in 1993, aged 100.


Legacy

In 1985, Marston was posthumously named as one of the honorees by DC Comics in the company's 50th anniversary publication ''
Fifty Who Made DC Great ''Fifty Who Made DC Great'' is a one shot published by DC Comics to commemorate the company's 50th anniversary in 1985. It was published in comic book format but contained text articles with photographs and background caricatures. Publication h ...
''.


Themes

William Moulton Marston's philosophy of diametric opposites has bled into his design of his Wonder Woman mythology. This theme of diametrics took the form of his emphasis on certain masculine and feminine configurations as well as dominance and submission. Marston's "Wonder Woman" is an early example of
bondage Bondage may refer to: Restraints *Physical restraints **Bondage (BDSM) Bondage in the BDSM subculture, is the practice of consensually tying, binding, or restraining a partner for erotic, aesthetic, or somatosensory stimulation. A partn ...
themes that were entering popular culture in the 1930s. Physical and mental submission appears again and again throughout Marston's comics work, with Wonder Woman and her criminal opponents frequently being tied up (or otherwise restrained), and her Amazonian sisters engaging in frequent wrestling and bondage play. These elements were softened by later writers of the series, who dropped such characters as the
Nazi Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in ...
-like blond female slaver
Eviless Eviless (also sometimes Saturna) is a fictional character appearing in DC Comics publications and related media, commonly as a recurring adversary of the superhero Wonder Woman. A slave driver from the planet Saturn, she had several Golden Age cl ...
completely, despite her having formed the original
Villainy Inc. Villainy Inc. is a team of fictional characters appearing in DC Comics publications and related media, commonly as an alliance of recurring adversaries of the superhero Wonder Woman. The group debuted in 1948’s ''Wonder Woman'' #28, though each ...
of Wonder Woman's enemies (in ''Wonder Woman'' #28, the last by Marston). Though Marston had described female nature as being more capable of submission emotion, in his other writings and interviews, he referred to submission as a noble practice and did not shy away from the sexual implications, saying: One of the purposes of these bondage depictions was to induce eroticism in readers as a part of what he called "sex love training." Through his Wonder Woman comics, he aimed to condition readers to becoming more readily accepting of loving submission to loving authorities rather than being so assertive with their own destructive egos. About male readers, he later wrote: "Give them an alluring woman stronger than themselves to submit to, and they'll be proud to become her willing slaves!" Marston combined these themes with others, including restorative and transformative justice, rehabilitation, regret and their roles in civilization. These appeared often in his depiction of the near-ideal Amazon civilization of
Paradise Island Paradise Island is an island in The Bahamas formerly known as Hog Island. The island, with an area of (2.8 km2/1.1 sq mi), is located just off the shore of the city of Nassau, which is itself located on the northern edge of the island of ...
, and especially its "Reform Island" penal colony, which played a central role in many stories and was the "loving" alternative to
retributive justice Retributive justice is a theory of punishment that when an offender breaks the law, justice requires that they suffer in return, and that the response to a crime is proportional to the offence. As opposed to revenge, retribution—and thus ret ...
of the world run by men. These themes are particularly evident in his last story, in which prisoners freed by Eviless, who have responded to Amazon rehabilitation and now have good dominance/submission, stop her and restore the Amazons to power. Some of these themes continued on in Silver Age characters, who may have been influenced by Marston, notably Saturn Girl and
Saturn Queen Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius of about nine and a half times that of Earth. It has only one-eighth the average density of Earth; h ...
, who (like Eviless and her female army) are also from Saturn, are also clad in tight, dark red bodysuits, are also blond or red-haired, and also have
telepathic Telepathy () is the purported vicarious transmission of information from one person's mind to another's without using any known human sensory channels or physical interaction. The term was first coined in 1882 by the classical scholar Frederic ...
powers. Stories involving the latter have been especially focused on the emotions involved in changing sides from evil to good, as were stories from Green Lantern's "Blackest Night" with its Emotional Spectrum which was likely influenced by Marston's research into emotions. Wonder Woman's golden Lasso of Truth and in particular one of the Amazon queens' scions of the
Girdle of Aphrodite The magical Girdle of Aphrodite or Venus (Greek: ἱμάς, ''himás'': 'strap, thong'; κεστός, ''kestós'': 'girdle, belt'; Latin: ''cingulum'' ''Veneri'', ''cestus'' ''Veneris''), variously interpreted as girdle, belt, breast-ba ...
or Venus which Marston first fictionally accountered as Wonder Woman's 'Magic Girdle of Aphrodite' then reaching back to its origin called her
Golden Girdle of Gaea The Golden Girdle of Gaea is a fictional object depicted in the DC Comics book ''Wonder Woman''. Originally created by William Moulton Marston as the Magic Girdle of Aphrodite from its tradition as originating from the Girdle of Aphrodite or Venus ...
, were the focus of many of the early stories and have the same capability to reform people for good in the short term that Transformation Island and prolonged wearing of Venus Girdles offered in the longer term. The Venus Girdle was an allegory for Marston's theory of "sex love" training, where people can be "trained" to embrace submission through eroticism.


In film

Marston's life is depicted in '' Professor Marston and the Wonder Women'', a 2017 biographical drama also portraying Elizabeth Holloway Marston, Olive Byrne, and the creation of
Wonder Woman Wonder Woman is a superhero created by the American psychologist and writer William Moulton Marston (pen name: Charles Moulton), and artist Harry G. Peter. Marston's wife, Elizabeth, and their life partner, Olive Byrne, are credited as bein ...
. Marston is portrayed in the film by
Welsh Welsh may refer to: Related to Wales * Welsh, referring or related to Wales * Welsh language, a Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Wales * Welsh people People * Welsh (surname) * Sometimes used as a synonym for the ancient Britons (Celtic peopl ...
actor Luke Evans.


Bibliography

* "Systolic blood pressure symptoms of deception and constituent mental states." (
Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of highe ...
, 1921) (
doctoral dissertation A thesis ( : theses), or dissertation (abbreviated diss.), is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.International Standard ISO 7144: ...
) * (1999; originally published 1928) ''Emotions of Normal People''. Taylor & Francis Ltd. * (1930) Walter B. Pitkin & William M. Marston, ''The Art of Sound Pictures''. New York: Appleton. * (1931) 'Integrative Psychology: A Study of Unit Response'' (with C. Daly King, and Elizabeth Holloway Marston). * (c. 1932) ''Venus with us; a tale of the Caesar''. New York: Sears. * (1936) ''You can be popular''. New York: Home Institute. * (1937) ''Try living''. New York: Crowell. * (1938) ''The lie detector test''. New York: Smith. * (1941) ''March on! Facing life with courage''. New York: Doubleday, Doran. * (1943) ''F.F. Proctor, vaudeville pioneer'' (with J.H. Feller). New York: Smith. ;Journal articles * (1917) "Systolic blood pressure symptoms of deception." ''Journal of Experimental Psychology,'' Vol 2(2), 117–163. * (1920) "Reaction time symptoms of deception." ''Journal of Experimental Psychology,'' 3, 72–87. * (1921) "Psychological Possibilities in the Deception Tests." ''Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology,'' 11, 551–570. * (1923) "Sex Characteristics of Systolic Blood Pressure Behavior." ''Journal of Experimental Psychology,'' 6, 387–419. * (1924) "Studies in Testimony." ''Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology,'' 15, 5–31. * (1924) "A Theory of Emotions and Affection Based Upon Systolic Blood Pressure Studies." ''American Journal of Psychology,'' 35, 469–506. * (1925) "Negative type reaction-time symptoms of deception." ''Psychological Review,'' 32, 241–247. * (1926) "The psychonic theory of consciousness." ''Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,'' 21, 161–169. * (1927) "Primary emotions."'' Psychological Review,'' 34, 336–363. * (1927) "Consciousness, motation, and emotion." ''Psyche,'' 29, 40–52. * (1927) "Primary colors and primary emotions." ''Psyche,'' 30, 4–33. * (1927) "Motor consciousness as a basis for emotion." ''Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,'' 22, 140–150. * (1928) "Materialism, vitalism and psychology." ''Psyche,'' 8, 15–34. * (1929) "Bodily symptoms of elementary emotions." ''Psyche,'' 10, 70–86. * (1929) "The psychonic theory of consciousness—an experimental study," (with C.D. King). ''Psyche,'' 9, 39–5. * (1938) "'You might as well enjoy it.'" ''Rotarian,'' 53, No. 3, 22–25. * (1938) "What people are for." ''Rotarian,'' 53, No. 2, 8–10. * (1944) "Why 100,000,000 Americans read comics." ''The American Scholar,'' 13 (1), 35–44. * (1944) "Women can out-think men!" ''Ladies Home Journal,'' 61 (May), 4–5. * (1947) "Lie detection's bodily basis and test procedures," in: P.L. Harriman (Ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Psychology,'' New York, 354–363. * Entries on "Consciousness," "Defense mechanisms," and "Synapse" in the 1929 edition of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica.''


See also

*
Hugo Münsterberg Hugo Münsterberg (; June 1, 1863 – December 16, 1916) was a German-American psychologist. He was one of the pioneers in applied psychology, extending his research and theories to industrial/organizational (I/O), legal, medical, clinical, educ ...
, Marston's academic advisor


References


Sources

* Biographical entry in Jaques Cattell, (ed.), ''American Men of Science: A Biographical Directory,'' Seventh Edition, (Lancaster, 1944), pp. 1173–1174. * * Bunn, Geoffrey C
"The Lie Detector, ''Wonder Woman'' and Liberty:The Life and Works of William Moulton Marston,"
''History of the Human Sciences'', 10 (1997): pp. 91–119. * * Gillespie, Nick. "William Marston's Secret Identity: The strange private life of Wonder Woman's creator." ''
Reason Reason is the capacity of consciously applying logic by drawing conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth. It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, science, lang ...
'', May 2001. * Glen, Joshua. "Wonder-working power." ''
Boston Globe ''The Boston Globe'' is an American daily newspaper founded and based in Boston, Massachusetts. The newspaper has won a total of 27 Pulitzer Prizes, and has a total circulation of close to 300,000 print and digital subscribers. ''The Boston Gl ...
'', April 4, 2004. * Held, Jacob M. (ed.). Wonder Woman and Philosophy: The Amazonian Mystique. ''(Book)''; Wiley-Blackwell, 2017. . pp. 1–240.
Jett, Brett"Who Is Wonder Woman?"
" ''(Manuscript)'' (2009): 1–101. * Lamb, Marguerite. "Who Was Wonder Woman? Long-ago LAW alumna Elizabeth Marston was the muse who gave us a superheroine."
Boston University Boston University (BU) is a private research university in Boston, Massachusetts. The university is nonsectarian, but has a historical affiliation with the United Methodist Church. It was founded in 1839 by Methodists with its original cam ...
, Fall 2001. * * Malcolm, Andrew H."She's Behind the Match For That Man of Steel". ''
New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
''. February 18, 1992. * Moore, Mark Harrison. ''The Polygraph and Lie Detection.'' Committee to Review the Scientific Evidence on the Polygraph (National Research Council, U.S.), 2003. * Richard, Olive. "Our Women Are Our Future", ''(Article)'', ''
Family Circle ''Family Circle'' was an American magazine that covered such topics as homemaking, recipes, and health. It was published from 1932 until the end of 2019. Originally distributed at supermarkets, it was one of the " Seven Sisters," a group of sev ...
'', August 14, 1942. * Rosenberg, Robin S
"Wonder Woman As Émigré – Why would Wonder Woman leave her idyllic existence on Paradise Island?"
''(Article)'' (2010): pp. 1–35. * Rosenberg, Robin S

''(Chapter of book)'' (2013): pp. 1–35. * Valcour, Francinne. "Training "love leaders": William Moulton Marston, Wonder Woman and the "new woman" of the 1940s", ''(Dissertation)'' (1999): 1–150. * Valcour, Francinne
"Manipulating The Messenger: Wonder Woman As An American Female Icon"
''(Dissertation)'' (2006): 1–372.


External links

* *
FBI File of William Moulton Marston

Bibliography on the histories of lie detectors
* * *
William Moulton Marston Papers, 1852–1975.
MC 948. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
William Moulton Marston Papers, 1899–2002.
MC 920. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. {{DEFAULTSORT:Marston, William Moulton 1893 births 1947 deaths American comics writers American feminist writers 20th-century American psychologists American University faculty and staff Comics scholars DC Comics people Deaths from cancer in New York (state) Deaths from skin cancer Feminist psychologists Golden Age comics creators Harvard University alumni Male feminists People from Saugus, Massachusetts Polyamorous people Tufts University faculty Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees Wonder Woman