The White River is an American two-forked river that flows through central and southern
Indiana
Indiana () is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States. It is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th ...
and is the main tributary to the
Wabash River. Via the west fork, considered to be the main stem of the river by the
U.S. Board on Geographic Names,
the White River is long.
[U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data]
The National Map
accessed May 19, 2011 Indiana's capital,
Indianapolis, is located on the river. The two forks meet just north of
Petersburg and empty into the Wabash River at
Mount Carmel, Illinois
Mount Carmel is a city in and the county seat of Wabash County, Illinois, United States. At the time of the 2010 census, the population was 7,284, and it is the largest city in the county. The next largest town in Wabash County is Allendale, p ...
.
West Fork
The West Fork, long, is the main fork of the river.
[ Federal maps refer to it simply as the White River, per a 1950 Board on Geographic Names decision.][ It starts south of Winchester in Randolph County at 40° 04' 46" N, 84° 55' 58" W][ in Washington Township. The river winds through Muncie, Anderson, Noblesville, and Indianapolis before being joined by the east fork in the triad of Daviess, Knox, and Pike counties. Along the way it passes by three Indiana state parks: Mounds State Park, near Anderson; White River State Park, in downtown Indianapolis; and McCormick's Creek State Park, near Spencer. In Indianapolis the Wapahani Trail follows the eastern bank; the Miami tribe had called the river Wapahani, meaning “white sands” or waapikamiiki.
]
East Fork
The East Fork or Aankwaahsakwa Siipiiw in the native Miami-Illinois language starts in Columbus
Columbus is a Latinized version of the Italian surname "''Colombo''". It most commonly refers to:
* Christopher Columbus (1451-1506), the Italian explorer
* Columbus, Ohio, capital of the U.S. state of Ohio
Columbus may also refer to:
Places ...
at the confluence of the Driftwood
__NOTOC__
Driftwood is wood that has been washed onto a shore or beach of a sea, lake, or river by the action of winds, tides or waves.
In some waterfront areas, driftwood is a major nuisance. However, the driftwood provides shelter and fo ...
and Flatrock rivers. The headwaters of the main stem ("West Fork") of the White River are in fact farther east than those of the East Fork. The East Fork flows a total of [ generally southwest, passing the city of ]Seymour
Seymour may refer to:
Places Australia
* Seymour, Victoria, a township
* Electoral district of Seymour, a former electoral district in Victoria
* Rural City of Seymour, a former local government area in Victoria
* Seymour, Tasmania, a localit ...
, then flowing through rugged terrain before reaching the West Fork.
The East Fork White River has an approximate discharge of per second below the mouth of Lick Creek.
Lower river
Below the junction of the East Fork, the White River flows another between Gibson
Gibson may refer to:
People
* Gibson (surname)
Businesses
* Gibson Brands, Inc., an American manufacturer of guitars, other musical instruments, and audio equipment
* Gibson Technology, and English automotive and motorsport company based
* Gi ...
, Knox, and Pike counties before draining into the Wabash River at the Indiana
Indiana () is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States. It is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th ...
–Illinois
Illinois ( ) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Its largest metropolitan areas include the Chicago metropolitan area, and the Metro East section, of Greater St. Louis. Other smaller metropolitan areas include, Peoria and Rock ...
border next to Mount Carmel, Illinois
Mount Carmel is a city in and the county seat of Wabash County, Illinois, United States. At the time of the 2010 census, the population was 7,284, and it is the largest city in the county. The next largest town in Wabash County is Allendale, p ...
, in the vicinity of where the Grand Rapids Dam
The Grand Rapids Dam was a dam located on the Wabash River on the state line between Wabash County and Knox County in the U.S. states of Illinois and Indiana. The dam was built in the late 1890s by the Army Corps of Engineers to improve navigat ...
and Grand Rapids Hotel used to exist. The total White River basin watershed exceeds .
Recreation
While river quality is threatened by pollution, including overflow sewage from Indianapolis and other cities, many recreational activities take place on the White River, including fishing
Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are often caught as wildlife from the natural environment, but may also be caught from fish stocking, stocked bodies of water such as fish pond, ponds, canals, park wetlands and reservoirs. ...
, kayaking, and canoe
A canoe is a lightweight narrow water vessel, typically pointed at both ends and open on top, propelled by one or more seated or kneeling paddlers facing the direction of travel and using a single-bladed paddle.
In British English, the ter ...
ing. The White River Yacht Club is a boating club that utilizes pontoon boats, and a section of the river in northern Indianapolis has both riverside cottages and pontoon boats. The river is not deep enough in many stretches to support conventionally-keeled sailing or power boats.
Pollution
In 1997, the White River was listed as one of the United States’ most threatened rivers.
Pesticides ( herbicides and insecticides) are used extensively in the White River basin. Application of herbicides to corn and soybean
The soybean, soy bean, or soya bean (''Glycine max'') is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses.
Traditional unfermented food uses of soybeans include soy milk, from which tofu ...
s accounts for most of the use. The pesticides most frequently detected near the mouth of the White River during 1991–1995 were the herbicides alachlor, atrazine
Atrazine is a chlorinated herbicide of the triazine class. It is used to prevent pre-emergence broadleaf weeds in crops such as maize (corn), soybean and sugarcane and on turf, such as golf courses and residential lawns. Atrazine's primary m ...
, cyanazine, and metolachlor.
The highest concentrations of herbicides in the river were typically found during late spring runoff following application. Generally, concentrations of alachlor have been decreasing while concentrations of acetochlor have been increasing in response to changes in the use of these herbicides in the basin.
The total amount of the commonly used herbicides transported by the river is about 1% or less of the amount applied to cropland. Insecticides commonly used in urban and agricultural areas also were found but in much lower concentrations than commonly used herbicides.
In 1999, the West Fork experienced a massive fish kill that spread for with an estimated loss of 4.6 million fish (187 tons). The kill was traced back to Guide Corp, an automotive parts maker in Anderson, which had discharged of the chemical HMP 2000 into the river. Guide Corp eventually reached a settlement whereby the company would pay a total of $14.2 million in fines, penalties, legal expenses, and river restoration. Many animals that had burrowed into the mud were protected from the chemical, and by March 2000, some fish were naturally returning to the affected area. The Indiana Department of Natural Resources conducted a restocking program in October. The city of Anderson announced in 2002 that it would invest millions of dollars for improvements to its sewage treatment system. Ten years after the fish kill, officials with the DNR stated that the White River was in better condition than before the environmental disaster. Stones along the bank of the river are still bleached, and are a reminder of the chemical spill.
See also
* List of Indiana rivers
References
Citations
Sources
*Hay, Jerry M, "White River Guidebook" 2009,
* Nolan, John Matthew "2,543 Days: A History of the Hotel at the Grand Rapids Dam on the Wabash River" Discusses Charles T. Hinde, one of the silent investors of the Hotel del Coronado and how the Hotel del Coronado influenced the Grand Rapids Hotel in Wabash County, Illinois.
External links
Short Documentary on cleanup efforts in Muncie
* ttp://in.water.usgs.gov/nawqa/wr02008.htm Principal Cities and Towns of the White River Basin
{{authority control
Rivers of Bartholomew County, Indiana
Rivers of Daviess County, Indiana
Rivers of Delaware County, Indiana
Rivers of Dubois County, Indiana
Rivers of Hamilton County, Indiana
Rivers of Greene County, Indiana
Rivers of Henry County, Indiana
Rivers of Jackson County, Indiana
Rivers of Knox County, Indiana
Rivers of Lawrence County, Indiana
Rivers of Madison County, Indiana
Rivers of Marion County, Indiana
Rivers of Martin County, Indiana
Rivers of Morgan County, Indiana
Rivers of Owen County, Indiana
Rivers of Pike County, Indiana
Rivers of Randolph County, Indiana
Rivers of Washington County, Indiana
Geography of Indianapolis
Muncie, Indiana
Rivers of Gibson County, Indiana
Rivers of Indiana
Tributaries of the Wabash River