The Wadai Sultanate ( ar, سلطنة وداي ''Saltanat Waday'', french: royaume du Ouaddaï,
Fur: ''Burgu'' or ''Birgu'';
1501–1912) was an African sultanate located to the east of
Lake Chad in present-day
Chad
Chad (; ar, تشاد , ; french: Tchad, ), officially the Republic of Chad, '; ) is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic ...
and the
Central African Republic
The Central African Republic (CAR; ; , RCA; , or , ) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the DR Congo to the south, the Republic of th ...
. It emerged in the seventeenth century under the leadership of the first sultan,
Abd al-Karim, who overthrew the ruling
Tunjur people of the area. It occupied land previously held by the
Sultanate of Darfur (in present-day
Sudan
Sudan ( or ; ar, السودان, as-Sūdān, officially the Republic of the Sudan ( ar, جمهورية السودان, link=no, Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān), is a country in Northeast Africa. It shares borders with the Central African Republic t ...
) to the northeast of the
Sultanate of Baguirmi.
History
Origins
Prior to the 1630s, Wadai, also known as Burgu to the people of
Darfur
Darfur ( ; ar, دار فور, Dār Fūr, lit=Realm of the Fur) is a region of western Sudan. ''Dār'' is an Arabic word meaning "home f – the region was named Dardaju ( ar, دار داجو, Dār Dājū, links=no) while ruled by the Daju ...
, was a pre-Islamic
Tunjur kingdom, established around 1501.
The Arab migrants to the area which became Wadai claimed to be descendants of the
Abbasid Caliphs, specifically from
Salih ibn Abdallah ibn Abbas. Yame, an Abbasid leader, settled with Arab migrants in
Debba, near the future capital of
Ouara (Wara).
In 1635, the
Maba Maba or MABA may refer to:
* ''Maba'', a plant genus now included in ''Diospyros''
* Maba, Shaoguan (马坝镇), town in Qujiang District, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
* Maba, Xuyi County (马坝镇), town in Xuyi County, Jiangsu, China
* Maba, Ind ...
and other small groups in the region rallied to the Islamic banner of
Abd al-Karim Al Abbasi (son of Yame the Abbasid), who was descended from an
Abbasid
The Abbasid Caliphate ( or ; ar, الْخِلَافَةُ الْعَبَّاسِيَّة, ') was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Mutta ...
noble family, led an invasion from the east and overthrew the ruling
Tunjur dynasty (who originated from the east in
Darfur
Darfur ( ; ar, دار فور, Dār Fūr, lit=Realm of the Fur) is a region of western Sudan. ''Dār'' is an Arabic word meaning "home f – the region was named Dardaju ( ar, دار داجو, Dār Dājū, links=no) while ruled by the Daju ...
), who at the time was led by a king named Daud.
Abd al-Karim secured and centralized his power in the area by marrying the Tunjur King Daud's daughter, Meiram Aisa, and then forming other marriage pacts with local dynasties and tribes, such as the
Mahamid and
Beni Halba tribes. Abd al-Karim became the first Kolak (Sultan) of a dynasty that lasted until the arrival of the
French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
.
During much of the 17th and 18th century, the history of Wadai is marked by wars between Wadai and the
Sultanate of Darfur,
Bagirmi,
Kanem-Bornu. They fought for access to Wadai's slaves and eunuchs for sale to the Arab courts.
Under the rule of Abd al-Karim's grandson, Ya'qub Arus (1681–1707), the country suffered terrible drought that lasted for several years.
Expansion
After 1804, during the reign of
Muhammad Sabun (r. 1804 – c. 1815), the Sultanate of Wadai began to expand its power as it profited considerably from its strategic position astride the
trans-Saharan trade routes. A new trade route to the north was found, via
Ennedi,
Kufra
Kufra () is a basinBertarelli (1929), p. 514. and oasis group in the Kufra District of southeastern Cyrenaica in Libya. At the end of nineteenth century Kufra became the centre and holy place of the Senussi order. It also played a minor role ...
and
Jalu-
Awjila
Awjila ( Berber: ''Awilan'', ''Awjila'', ''Awgila''; ar, أوجلة; Latin: ''Augila'') is an oasis town in the Al Wahat District in the Cyrenaica region of northeastern Libya. Since classical times it has been known as a place where high quality ...
to
Benghazi
Benghazi () , ; it, Bengasi; tr, Bingazi; ber, Bernîk, script=Latn; also: ''Bengasi'', ''Benghasi'', ''Banghāzī'', ''Binghāzī'', ''Bengazi''; grc, Βερενίκη ('' Berenice'') and ''Hesperides''., group=note (''lit. Son of he Ghaz ...
, and Sabun outfitted royal caravans to take advantage of it. He began minting his own
coin
A coin is a small, flat (usually depending on the country or value), round piece of metal or plastic used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a mint in order ...
age and imported
chain mail,
moukhalas, and military advisers from
North Africa
North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...
, along with using the wealth generated from the trade of exotic animals like giraffes, lions, antelopes and camels, with there also being the trade of elephants and their
ivory to fill the state's treasury. Many kingdoms were either conquered or forced to become tributaries, giving horses for the cavalry and trade, servants for the Kolak along with
slaves
Slavery and enslavement are both the state and the condition of being a slave—someone forbidden to quit one's service for an enslaver, and who is treated by the enslaver as property. Slavery typically involves slaves being made to perf ...
. Sabun's successors were less able than he, and Darfur took advantage of a disputed political succession in 1838 to put its own candidate in power in
Ouara, the capital of Wadai.
This tactic backfired, however, when Darfur's choice,
Muhammad Sharif
Mian Muhammad Sharif ( Punjabi, ur, ;18 November 1919 – 19 October 2004) was a Pakistani businessman who is known as the co-founder of Ittefaq Group and founder of Sharif Group. Two of his three sons, Nawaz and Shehbaz became Prime Mini ...
, rejected Darfur's meddling and asserted his own authority. In doing so, he gained acceptance from Wadai's various factions and went on to become Wadai's ablest ruler. Sharif conducted military campaigns as far west as
Bornu and eventually established Wadai's hegemony over the Bagirmi Sultanate and other kingdoms as far away as the
Chari River. Sharif ruled between 1835 to 1858; he introduced the
Sanusiyah Islamic brotherhood to the region. In
Mecca
Mecca (; officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah ()) is a city and administrative center of the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia, and the holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow v ...
, Sharif had met the founder of the
Sanusiyah Islamic brotherhood
Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi
Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi (; in full Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Sanūsī al-Mujāhirī al-Ḥasanī al-Idrīsī) (1787–1859) was an Algerian Muslim theologian and leader who founded the Senussi mystical order in 1837. His militant mystical move ...
, his movement being strong among the inhabitants of
Cyrenaica (in present-day
Libya
Libya (; ar, ليبيا, Lībiyā), officially the State of Libya ( ar, دولة ليبيا, Dawlat Lībiyā), is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Suda ...
), which became a dominant political force and source of resistance to
French colonization
The French colonial empire () comprised the overseas colonies, protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward. A distinction is generally made between the "First French Colonial Empire", that exis ...
.
Decline
Europeans under the German Gustav Nachtigal first explored the area in 1873. It would eventually lose its independence from the French in 1904. However, fighting against the French still continued until 1908 when Sultan
Doud Murra proclaimed jihad against the French. However, by 1912 the French managed to pacify the region and abolished the sultanate.
The Wadai Sultanate was reconstituted under French suzerainty in 1935, with
Muhammad Urada ibn Ibrahim
Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد; 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monoth ...
becoming Kolak, or sultan. The sultanate continues under the suzerainty of the Republic of Chad and its current Kolak since 1977 is
Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Urada.
It became a part of the independent Republic of
Chad
Chad (; ar, تشاد , ; french: Tchad, ), officially the Republic of Chad, '; ) is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic ...
on the day of the country's independence in 1960. The
Ouaddaï Region of modern Chad covers part of the area of the old kingdom. Its major town is
Abéché.
Gallery
File:Wadai sultanate map.png, Wadai sultanate east of Lake Chad around 1890s
File:La ville d'Abéché, vue du poste Français (cropped).jpg, View of Abéché, with buildings constructed by the last sultan of Wadai, 'Asil Kolak. Photo after French annexation, c. 1918
See also
*
List of rulers of Wadai
*
Dar al Kuti
References
External links
www.waddai.com
{{Sahelian kingdoms
Former empires in Africa
Sahelian kingdoms
History of Central Africa
History of Chad
History of the Central African Republic
French Equatorial Africa
17th century in Africa
18th century in Africa
States and territories established in 1635
States and territories disestablished in 1909
1635 establishments in Africa
1909 disestablishments in Africa