The Cincinnati Group is a

geologic group In geology, a group is a lithostratigraphic unit consisting of a series of related formations that have been classified together to form a group. Formations are the fundamental unit of stratigraphy. Groups may sometimes be combined into superg ...

Kentucky Kentucky (, ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north, West Virginia to the ...

Ohio Ohio ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the ...

and

Indiana Indiana ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Lake Michigan to the northwest, Michigan to the north and northeast, Ohio to the east, the Ohio River and Kentucky to the s ...

. It is Upper

Ordovician The Ordovician ( ) is a geologic period and System (geology), system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era (geology), Era, and the second of twelve periods of the Phanerozoic Eon (geology), Eon. The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years f ...

. This geologic group is made up of ten member formations the Drakes Formation, Whitewater Formation, Liberty Formation, Arnheim Formation, Grant Lake Limestone, Miamitown Shale, Fairview Formation and Kope Formation. There are also several member of the respective formations.

Stratigraphy

Drakes Formation

left, alt=Syneresis crack, Syneresis Cracks, Drakes Formation in Ohio The Drakes Formation is a

geologic formation A geological formation, or simply formation, is a body of rock having a consistent set of physical characteristics ( lithology) that distinguishes it from adjacent bodies of rock, and which occupies a particular position in the layers of rock exp ...

. It preserves

fossils A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

dating back to the

. The Drakes Formation was named by Weir for outcrops near the East Fork of Drakes Creek in the Paint Lick quadrangle, southwestern east-central Kentucky. This formation ranges from 20ft to 150ft thick, thinning northward. It includes four members, Saluda Dolomite Member, Preachersville Member, Rowland Member and Bardstown Member. These formations are made up of interbedded limestone and shale with units of dolomite ranging from a few inches to a few feet think.

Whitewater Formation

The Whitewater Formation is a

and

. It preserves

dating back to the

period Period may refer to: Common uses * Period (punctuation) * Era, a length or span of time *Menstruation, commonly referred to as a "period" Arts, entertainment, and media * Period (music), a concept in musical composition * Periodic sentence (o ...

Description

The Whitewater was first named by J. M. Nickles in 1903.Nickles, J. M., 1903, The Richmond Group in Ohio and Indiana and its subdivisions, with a note on the genus ''Strophomena'' and its type: American Geologist, v. 32, p. 202–218. He described exposures of limestone and interbedded calcareous shale along the Whitewater River at

Richmond Richmond most often refers to: * Richmond, British Columbia, a city in Canada * Richmond, California, a city in the United States * Richmond, London, a town in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, England * Richmond, North Yorkshire, a town ...

, Wayne County, Indiana.

Fossils of Richmond South outcrop

An excellent exposure of the Whitewater Formation is a roadcut located on Route 27 south of Richmond, Indiana, at 39.7877 N, -84.9014 W. File:Whitewater slab Richmond IN.jpg, Fossiliferous slab File:Rugose corals Whitewater Formation Richmond Indiana 1993.jpg,

Rugosa The Rugosa or rugose corals are an extinct Class (biology), class of solitary and Colony (biology), colonial corals that were abundant in Middle Ordovician to Late Permian seas. Solitary rugosans (e.g., ''Caninia (genus), Caninia'', ''Lopho ...

corals File:Bryozoa Whitewater Formation Richmond Indiana 1993.jpg,

Bryozoa Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of simple, aquatic animal, aquatic invertebrate animals, nearly all living in sedentary Colony (biology), colonies. Typically about long, they have a spe ...

File:Brachiopod Whitewater Formation Richmond Indiana 1993 b.jpg, Small

brachiopod Brachiopods (), phylum (biology), phylum Brachiopoda, are a phylum of animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear e ...

File:Brachiopod Whitewater Formation Richmond Indiana 1993 c.jpg, Another brachiopod File:Bivlave Whitewater Formation Richmond Indiana 1993.jpg,

Bivalve Bivalvia () or bivalves, in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class (biology), class of aquatic animal, aquatic molluscs (marine and freshwater) that have laterally compressed soft bodies enclosed b ...

Liberty Formation

The Liberty Formation is a

and

. It preserves

dating back to the

Waynesville Formation

The Waynesville Formation is a

and

. It preserves

from the Late

References

Geologic groups of Kentucky Geologic groups of Ohio Geologic groups of Indiana Ordovician Kentucky Ordovician Ohio Ordovician Indiana {{Indiana-geologic-formation-stub

Stratigraphy

Drakes Formation

Whitewater Formation

Description

Fossils of Richmond South outcrop

Liberty Formation

Waynesville Formation

See also

References