Vladikavkaz

Vladikavkaz (russian: Владикавка́з, , os, Дзæуджыхъæу, translit=Dzæwdžyqæw, ;), formerly known as Ordzhonikidze () and Dzaudzhikau (), is the capital city of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the republic at the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains, situated on the Terek River. The city's population was 311,693 as of the 2010 Census. As a result, Vladikavkaz is one of the most populous cities in the North Caucasus region.

The city is an industrial and transportation centre. Manufactured products include processed zinc and lead, machinery, chemicals, clothing and food products.

Etymology

From 1931 to 1944 and from 1954 to 1990, its name in both Russian and Ossetic languages was ''Ordzhonikidze'' () (after Sergo Ordzhonikidze, a Georgian Bolshevik), and from 1944 to 1954 it was officially called ''Dzaudzhikau'' () in Russian and () in Ossetic. ''Vladikavkaz'' resumed its old Russian name, in 1990, shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union; the official Ossetic name was reverted to ''Дзæуджыхъæу'' (''Dzæwdžyqæw'').

The Russian-language name Vladikavkaz literally means "ruler of the Caucasus".
The Ossetian name Dzæwdžyqæw literally means " settlement"),

History

Russian troops built the Vladikavkaz fortress, which had the purpose of serving as an outpost for the routes of communication between Russia and Georgia. The Georgian Military Highway, crossing the mountains, was constructed in 1799 to link the city with Georgia to the south, and in 1875 a railway was built to connect it to Rostov-on-Don and Baku in Azerbaijan. Vladikavkaz has become an important industrial centre for the region, with smelting, refining, chemicals and manufacturing industries. During the Russian Empire, the settlement was the administrative capital of the Vladikavkazsky Okrug of the Terek Oblast.

The city is one of the largest in the Russian-controlled Caucasus, along with Grozny, and was the capital of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, a Soviet Republic established after the annexation of the Mountainous Republic of the North Caucasus. It existed from 1921 to 1924 and comprised most of the modern-day territories of Chechnya, North Ossetia and Kabardino-Balkaria.

Vladikavkaz was fought over in both the Russian Civil War and World War II. In February 1919, the anti-Communist Volunteer Army under General Anton Denikin seized the city, before being expelled by the Red Army in March 1920. In early November 1942, the forces of Nazi Germany tried unsuccessfully to seize the city but were repelled. The Nazis left North Ossetia in January 1943.

On 26 November 2008, Vitaly Karayev, the mayor of Vladikavkaz was killed by an unidentified gunman. On 31 December 2008, his successor, Kazbek Pagiyev, was also killed by unidentified gunmen.

Administrative and municipal status

Vladikavkaz is the capital of the republic.Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with six rural localities, incorporated as Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Law #34-RZ As a municipal division, Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction is incorporated as Vladikavkaz Urban Okrug.Law #10-RZ

Transportation

The city is served by the bus network ('' marshrutkas''). There are also tram (since 1904) and trolleybus (since 1977) networks, plus the main Vladikavkaz railway station.

The city is served by Beslan Airport located about 9 kilometres from the city.

The Georgian Military Road, which is a part of European route E117, starts in Vladikavkaz and it connects the city with the South Caucasus.

Population

According to the 1917 publication of the ''Caucasian Calendar'', Vladikavkaz had 73,243 residents in 1916, the national composition was as follows:

According to the results of the 2010 Census, the city population of Vladikavkaz was 330,148. The ethnic makeup of city's population was:
*Ossetians: 210,104 (63.9%)
*Russians: 80,945 (24.5%)
*Armenians: 11,697 (3.5%)
*Georgians: 7,014 (2.2%)
* Ingush: 3,225 (1.1%)
*Azerbaijanis: 2,212 (0.7%)
*Ukrainians: 1,857 (0.6%)
*Greeks: 1,819 (0.5%)
*Slovaks: 990 (0.3%)
*Others: 10,285 (3.1%)

Sports

FC Spartak Vladikavkaz was an association football club based in Vladikavkaz, which won the Russian Premier League in 1995. The club folded in 2020, and was succeeded by FC Alania Vladikavkaz.

Vladikavkaz is home to one of the World's most prestigious Freestyle Wrestling academies, opened in February 2016: The Wrestling Academy of Aslan Khadartsev - the biggest wrestling academy in the South of Russia. It provides access to a number of facilities including a swimming pool, sauna, gym, personal dietitians, dorm rooms (which include a TV, comfortable beds, wardrobes, en-suite bathroom and showers), for 45 athletes and the main training hall, consisting of six mats- this academy is capable of hosting 250 wrestlers at one time. There have been many Olympic, World and European champions training at the Academy: Soslan Ramonov, Zaurbek Sidakov, Artur Naifonov, Chermen Valiev, Khetag Tsabolov are just some of the successful athletes in recent times to train and represent the Academy. This academy is also home to the Freestyle team of North Ossetia, to ensure a high-level of preparation and coaching is given to aid success in international and domestic tournaments.

Notable structures

The Mukhtarov Mosque, built in 1906, dominates the city.
In Vladikavkaz, there is a guyed TV mast, tall, built in 1961, which has six crossbars with gangways in two levels running from the mast structure to the guys.

Education

Higher education

* Highlanders State Agrarian University
* North Caucasus University of Mining and Metallurgy
* North Ossetian State University
* North Ossetian State Medical Academy

Religion

The city's primary religion is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which is followed by the majority of Ossetians, Russians and Georgians. The rest of the Ossetian population adheres to the next largest religion, Uatsdin, an Ossetian folk religion, which nationwide is followed by 29% of the population. The remainder follow Protestantism, Islam, Armenian Orthodoxy and other beliefs.

Twin towns and sister cities

Vladikavkaz is twinned with:

* Ardahan, Turkey
* Asheville, North Carolina, United States
* Kardzhali, Bulgaria
* Nalchik, Russia
* Makhachkala, Russia
* Vladivostok, Russia

Geography

Climate

Vladikavkaz experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification ''Dfb'') with warm, wet summers and cold, drier winters (though very mild for Russia).

Notable people

* Nikolai Baratov (1865-1932), Cossack ataman and Imperial Russian Army General during WWI and the Russian Civil War.
* Lyubov Streicher (1888-1958), composer and founding member of the Society for Jewish Folk Music
* Alexander Kemurdzhian (1921–2003), Soviet mechanical engineer, best known for designing ''Lunokhod 1'', the first ever planetary rover for space exploration Republished in
*Norat Ter-Grigoryants (born 1936), Soviet and Armenian general, prominent in his role in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War
*David Baev (born 1997) – World champion freestyle wrestler
* Svitlana Bilyayeva (born 1946) – archaeologist
*Stanislav Buchnev (born 1990) – Russian-Armenian footballer, member of the Armenia national football team
* Lado Davidov (1924–1987) – Soviet soldier, Hero of the Soviet Union
*Murat Gassiev (born 1993) – professional boxer, undefeated unified cruiserweight world champion
*Valery Gazzaev (born 1954) – Russian football manager and former footballer
*Valery Gergiev (born 1953) – Russian conductor and opera company director
* Kazbek Hudalov (born 1959) – Soviet soldier
* Ilia II of Georgia (born 1933) – Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia and the spiritual leader of the Georgian Orthodox Church
* Vitaly Kaloyev (born 1956) – convicted murderer and former architect
*Aslan Karatsev (born 1993) – Russian tennis player
* Safarbek Malsagov (1868–1944) Russian general
* Issa Pliyev (1903–1979) – Soviet military commander, twice Hero of the Soviet Union
*Vyacheslav Voronin (born 1974) – Russian high jumper, gold medallist at the 1999 World Championships in Athletics

Notes

References

Bibliography

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External links

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Vladikavkaz official site

{{Authority control

Terek Oblast
Populated places established in 1784
1784 establishments in the Russian Empire
Cities and towns in North Ossetia–Alania