The Vienna Secession (german: Wiener Secession; also known as ''the Union of Austrian Artists'', or ''Vereinigung Bildender Künstler Österreichs'') is an art movement, closely related to Art Nouveau, that was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian painters, graphic artists, sculptors and architects, including Josef Hoffman,

Koloman Moser Koloman Moser (; 30 March 1868 – 18 October 1918) was an Austrian artist who exerted considerable influence on twentieth-century graphic art. He was one of the foremost artists of the Vienna Secession movement and a co-founder of Wiener Werks ...

Otto Wagner Otto Koloman Wagner (; 13 July 1841 – 11 April 1918) was an Austrian architect, furniture designer and urban planner. He was a leading member of the Vienna Secession movement of architecture, founded in 1897, and the broader Art Nouveau move ...

and Gustav Klimt. They resigned from the Association of Austrian Artists in protest against its support for more traditional artistic styles. Their most influential architectural work was the

Secession Building The Secession Building (german: Secessionsgebäude) is an exhibition hall in Vienna, Austria. It was completed in 1898 by Joseph Maria Olbrich as an architectural manifesto for the Vienna Secession, a group of rebel artists that seceded from the ...

Joseph Maria Olbrich Joseph Maria Olbrich (22 December 1867 – 8 August 1908) was an Austrian architect and one of the Vienna Secession founders. Early life Olbrich was born in Opava, Austrian Silesia (now Czech Republic), the third child of Edmund and Aloisia O ...

as a venue for expositions of the group. Their official magazine was called '' Ver Sacrum'' (''Sacred Spring'', in Latin), which published highly stylised and influential works of graphic art. In 1905 the group itself split, when some of the most prominent members, including Klimt, Wagner, and Hoffmann, resigned in a dispute over priorities, but it continued to function, and still functions today, from its headquarters in the Secession Building. In its current form, the Secession exhibition gallery is independently led and managed by artists.

History

Founding

The Vienna Secession was founded on 3 April 1897 by artist Gustav Klimt, designer

, architects

Josef Hoffmann Josef Hoffmann (15 December 1870 – 7 May 1956) was an Austrian- Moravian architect and designer. He was among the founders of Vienna Secession and co-establisher of the Wiener Werkstätte. His most famous architectural work is the Stoclet Pa ...

and

Max Kurzweil Maximilian Franz Viktor Zdenko Marie Kurzweil (12 October 1867, Bisenz – 9 May 1916, Vienna) was an Austrian painter and printmaker. He moved near Vienna in 1879. Maximillian or Max Kurzweil studied at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna wit ...

, Wilhelm Bernatzik and others. The architect

joined the group shortly after it was founded. The goals stated at the founding included establishing contact and an exchange of ideas with artists outside Austria, disputing artistic nationalism, renewing the decorative arts; creating a "total art", that unified painting, architecture, and the decorative arts; and, in particular, opposing the domination of the official Vienna Academy of the Arts, the Vienna ''Künstlerhaus'', and official art salons, with its traditional orientation toward Historicism. The movement took its name from

Munich Secession The Munich Secession was an association of visual artists who broke away from the mainstream Munich Artists' Association in 1892, to promote and defend their art in the face of what they considered official paternalism and its conservative polic ...

movement that was founded in 1892. The goals of the new movement in Vienna were expressed by the literary critic Hermann Bahr in the first issue of the new journal begun by the group, called '' Ver Sacrum'' ("Sacred Spring"). Bahr wrote, "Our art is not a combat of modern artists against those of the past, but the promotion of the arts against the peddlers who pose as artists and who have a commercial interest in not letting art bloom. The choice between commerce and art is the issue at stake in our Secession. It is not a debate over aesthetics, but a confrontation between two different spiritual states."Fahr-Becker, ''L'Art Nouveau'', pp. 335–340 At the beginning, the Secession had fifty members, and at its first elected the painter Gustav Klimt as its president. Other founding or early members included the architect

, the designer

, the designer and architect

, and the painters

and

Alphonse Mucha Alfons Maria Mucha (; 24 July 1860 – 14 July 1939), known internationally as Alphonse Mucha, was a Czech painter, illustrator and graphic artist, living in Paris during the Art Nouveau period, best known for his distinctly stylized and decorat ...

, who resided in Paris and was already famous for his Art Nouveau posters. The established painter

Rudolf von Alt Rudolf Ritter von Alt (; 28 August 1812 – 12 March 1905) was an Austrian landscape and architectural painter. Born as Rudolf Alt, he could call himself von Alt and bear the title of a Ritter (knight) after he gained nobility in 1889. Biogra ...

, eighty-five years old, was chosen as the Honorary President of the group, and he led a delegation with an invitation to the Emperor Franz-Joseph to attend the first Exposition. The first architectural project of the Secession was the creation of an exhibit space which would introduce international artists and art movements to Vienna. The architect was

, a student of

; and his domed gallery building, with a sculptural frieze over the entrance, in the center of Vienna, became the symbol of the movement. It was the first dedicated gallery of contemporary art in the city. This helped make the French Impressionists and others familiar to the Viennese public. The 14th Secession exhibition in 1902, designed by

and dedicated to

Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. Beethoven remains one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music; his works rank amongst the most performed of the classic ...

, was especially famous. A statue of Beethoven by Max Klinger stood at the center, with Klimt's Beethoven frieze mounted around it. The Klimt frieze has been restored and can be seen in the gallery today.

Split within the Secession

In 1899, Olbrich left Vienna to join the Darmstadt Artists’ Colony. In 1900, he obtained Hessian citizenship and did not work in

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

again. In 1903, Hoffmann and Moser founded the

Wiener Werkstätte The Wiener Werkstätte (engl.: ''Vienna Workshop''), established in 1903 by the graphic designer and painter Koloman Moser, the architect Josef Hoffmann and the patron Fritz Waerndorfer, was a productive association in Vienna, Austria that b ...

as a fine-arts society with the goal of reforming the applied arts (arts and crafts). In 1907,

and Hoffmann personally became founding members of

Deutscher Werkbund The Deutscher Werkbund (English: "German Association of Craftsmen"; ) is a German association of artists, architects, designers and industrialists established in 1907. The Werkbund became an important element in the development of modern arch ...

. An important division soon emerged inside the Secession between those who wished to give precedence to the painters and the traditional fine arts, and others, including Klimt, Hoffmann, Wagner, Moser and others who favored equal treatment for the decorative arts. This dispute came to a head in 1905 when a prominent painter in the group, Carl Moll, proposed that the Secession purchase the Gallery Miethke, as an outlet for its work. This was supported by Klimt, Wagner, Hoffmann, Moser, and others. The issue was put to a vote by the members, and Klimt and his supporters lost by a single vote. On June 14, 1905, Klimt, Hoffmann, Moser and a group of other artists resigned from the Secession.

Later years

The Secession continued to function after the departure of Klimt, Hoffmann, Wagner and their supporters, giving regular exhibitions in the Secession building, but they lacked the originality and excitement of the earlier period. The designer Peter Behrens became a member of the Secession in 1938. Under the regime of the

Nazi Party The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (german: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported t ...

the Secession building was destroyed as a symbol of

degenerate art Degenerate art (german: Entartete Kunst was a term adopted in the 1920s by the Nazi Party in Germany to describe modern art. During the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, German modernist art, including many works of internationally renowned artists, ...

, but was faithfully reconstructed following

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...

. In 1945, following the War, Hoffmann rejoined the Vienna Secession, the artistic movement from which he, Klimt and Wagner had dramatically quit in 1905. He was elected President of the Secession from 1948 to 1950. The Secession continues to function today, holding regular exhibitions in the Secession Hall.

Genres of Art

Painting and Graphic Arts

File:Ernst_Stöhr,_Vampir,_1899.png, Vampire in Ver Sacrum #12 (1899) p. 8 by Ernst Stöhr File:Klimt - Beethovenfries - Mittelwand.jpg, Section of the Beethoven Frieze by Gustav Klimt in the

(1902) File:Alfred roller, XIV austellung... secession, vienna 1902, 02.jpg, Poster for the 14th Secession Exhibit (1902), by

Alfred Roller Alfred Roller (2 October 1864 – 21 June 1935) was an Austrian painter, graphic designer, and set designer. His wife was Mileva Roller and they were members of the Viennese Secession movement. Life and work Roller was born in Brünn (Br ...

File:Kolo Moser - Serpentinentänzerin - ca1902.jpeg, ''Dance'' by

(1902), inspired by dancer Loïe Fuller File:Maximilian_Liebenwein_-_aus_dem_Märchen_Die_Gänsemagd.jpg, Illustration to

The Goose Girl "The Goose Girl" (german: Die Gänsemagd) is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm and first published in ''Grimm's Fairy Tales'' in 1815 (KHM 89). It is of Aarne-Thompson type 533. The story was first translated into English b ...

by Maximilian Liebenwein, published in ''Ver Sacrum'' in 1902 File:Josef_Maria_Auchentaller_-_Plakat_Seebad_Grado_-_Leopold_Museum_1906.jpg, Advertising poster of Grado by

Josef Maria Auchentaller Josef Maria Auchentaller (2 August 1865 – 31 December 1949) was an Austrian painter, draftsman, and printmaker associated with the Vienna Secession and the Art Nouveau style. Early life Josef Auchentaller attended the Technical College in Vienna ...

(1906) File:Dame_in_Gelb_Max_Kurzweil_1907.jpg, Woman in a Yellow Dress by

(1907) File:The Kiss - Gustav Klimt - Google Cultural Institute.jpg, The Kiss by Gustav Klimt (1907–08)

Architecture

Along with painters and sculptors, several prominent architects were associated the Vienna Secession, most notably

and

. In 1897-98 Olbrich designed the

to display the art of Klimt and the members of the group, and also by foreign artists, including Max Klinger,

Eugène Grasset Eugène Samuel Grasset (25 May 1845 – 23 October 1917) was a Swiss decorative artist who worked in Paris, France in a variety of creative design fields during the Belle Époque. He is considered a pioneer in Art Nouveau design. Biography G ...

Charles Rennie Mackintosh Charles Rennie Mackintosh (7 June 1868 – 10 December 1928) was a Scottish architect, designer, water colourist and artist. His artistic approach had much in common with European Symbolism. His work, alongside that of his wife Margaret Macdo ...

, and Arnold Bocklin.

became the principal designer of exhibitions at the Secession House. The dome and stylized facade became a symbol of the movement. A group of artists including

, Othmar Schimkowitz,

Jože Plečnik Jože Plečnik () (23 January 1872 – 7 January 1957) was a Slovene architect who had a major impact on the modern architecture of Vienna, Prague and of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, most notably by designing the iconic Triple Bridge an ...

, and others, under the direction of architect

, decorated two apartment buildings Wagner designed; the

Linke Wienzeile Buildings The Linke Wienzeile Buildings are two apartment buildings in Vienna constructed by Otto Wagner in 1898-99 in the Vienna Secession style. They are both lavishly decorated with colorful tiles, sculpture and wrought iron. One house, at 40 Linke Wie ...

in 1898–1899. The building at Linke Wienzeile 40 is known as ''Majolikahaus'' or Majolica House. Its facade is entirely covered with

majolica In different periods of time and in different countries, the term ''majolica'' has been used for two distinct types of pottery. Firstly, from the mid-15th century onwards, was ''maiolica'', a type of pottery reaching Italy from Spain, Majorca a ...

, or colorful fired clay tiles in floral designs. The Art Nouveau ornaments of its facade was done by his student . The other building, ''Linke Wienzeile 38'', is known as ''House with medallions'' because of its decor of gilded stucco medallions by Wagner's student and frequent collaborator,

. The most ornate earlier decoration was removed but later restored. During this period,

also built extraordinarily stylized stations for the new Vienna urban transport system, the

Stadtbahn ' (; German for "city railway"; plural ') is a German word referring to various types of urban rail transport. One type of transport originated in the 19th century, firstly in Berlin and followed by Vienna, where rail routes were created that co ...

, which also became the symbols of the Secession style. The most famous of these is the

Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station is a former station of the Viennese ''Stadtbahn''. The buildings above ground on Karlsplatz are a well-known example of ''Jugendstil'' architecture. These buildings were included in The Vienna Secession, as they foll ...

in the center of Vienna,

was his collaborator for this project. The style of these buildings marked a transition toward more geometric forms, and the beginnings of modernism. Wagner's later buildings built after 1899, including the Church of St. Leopold (1902–1907) and especially the

Austrian Postal Savings Bank The Austrian Postal Savings Bank building (German language: ''Österreichische Postsparkasse'') is a famous building in Vienna, designed and built by the architect Otto Wagner. The building is regarded as an important work of Vienna Secession, br ...

(1903–1906, extended at 1910–12), had straight lines and geometric forms, a striking use of new materials, such reinforced concrete and aluminum, and a minimum of decoration on the facade or inside. The work of

also showed a gradual transition away from floral designs and curving lines. His best-known building, the Palais Stoclet in Brussels, had a tower of stacked cubic forms, minimum ornament on the facade, and an interior of right angles and geometric designs. The only Art Nouveau elements were the murals by Gustav Klimt. The Palais Stoclet best illustrated Hoffmann's transition from Art Nouveau toward modernism. Secession 2016, Vienna.jpg,

(1897-8) Majolikahaus_Detail_10.JPG, Floral design by Alois Ludwig on the facade of one of the

(1898) Wienzeile.JPG, A medallion by

and sculptures by Othmar Schimkowitz at Linke Wienzeile 38 (1898) Penzing (Wien) - Kirche am Steinhof (2).JPG, Church of St. Leopold by

(1902-1907) Wien - Österreichische Postsparkasse, Georg-Coch-Platz.JPG,

(1904-1912) Woluwe-St-Pierre - Hoffmann 050917 (1).jpg, Stoclet Palace by

Brussels Brussels (french: Bruxelles or ; nl, Brussel ), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (french: link=no, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; nl, link=no, Bruss ...

(1905-1911)

Furniture

Secession architects often designed furniture to accompany their architectural projects, along with carpets, lamps, wallpaper, and even bathroom fixtures and even towels. The furniture presented by the Secession at the 1900 Paris Universal Exposition was particularly praised, and won international attention for its creators, including Else Unger and Emilio Zago. Later in the movement, in 1902, the architect

designed chairs using modern materials, including aluminum, combined with wood, to match the architecture of his

building. In 1905 Josef Hoffmann produced an adjustable-backed chair which reflected the more geometric forms of the late Secession. File:Otto wagner, sedia con braccioli n.8, vienna 1898-99.jpg, Armchair by Otto Wagner (1898–99) File:Pillar cabinet (pfeilerschrank) - LACMA M.2007.162.jpg, Cabinet by

, of maple, fruitwood, ebony and brass (c. 1900) (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) File:Fauteuil de J.M. Olbrich (Musée de la colonie dartistes, Darmstadt) (7928651530).jpg, Armchair by

made for the

Darmstadt Artists' Colony The Darmstadt Artists’ Colony refers both to a group of Jugendstil artists as well as to the buildings in Mathildenhöhe in Darmstadt in which these artists lived and worked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The artists were largely fi ...

(1900) File:Armchair model 718 F, Otto Wagner, Vienna, made by Gebruder Thonet, c. 1905-1906, beechwood, aluminum, caning under upholstery - Montreal Museum of Fine Arts - Montreal, Canada - DSC09152.jpg, Otto Wagner, Armchair of beechwood, aluminum, and cane under the upholstery (1905–06) (Montreal Museum of Fine Arts) File:Otto wagner, armadio, creato per la sede del giornale die zeit a vienna, 1902.JPG, Cabinet made for the offices of the newspaper ''Die Zeit'',

, (1902) File:Otto wagner, tavolino portavivande, creato per la villa dell'artista, vienna 1904.JPG, Wagner, Otto, Portable table made for Wagner's villa (1904) File:Bookcase - LACMA M.2003.29.jpg, Bookcase by

(1902) (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) File:Koloman_Moser_-_Inlaid_Armoire_from_the_Eisler-Terramare_Apartment_Bedroom_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg, Inlaid Armoire by

(1903) (Leopold Museum) File:Ngv design, josef hoffmann, adjustable-back chair (stitzmachine) 1905 circa 02.JPG, Adjustable-back chair ''Model 670 "Sitzmaschine"'' by

(1905)

Glass

Glass, particularly stained glass windows, played a significant part in the Vienna Secession. Leopold Forstner was in important artist in this domain, working closely with

and other architects. He designed the windows for the

, one of the landmarks of the Vienna Secession style, and also for the St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery Church, the most notable of Vienna Secession churches. Another notable figure in Secession glass art was Johann Loetz Witwe, who made a striking series of iridescent vases which won a gold medal at the 1900 Paris Exposition. File:Johann loetz witwe, vaso iridescente giallo e blu, serie farfalle 1900.jpg, Vase by Johann Loetz Witwe (1900) File:Johann loetz witwe, vasi iridescenti, 1900.jpg, Iridescent vases by Johann Loetz Witwe (1900) File:Karl-Borromäus-Kirche-Innen2.jpg, Stained glass window of St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery Church by Leopold Forstner (1908-1911) File:Phänomen.jpg, Loetz Phänomen 2/484 'Medici' in Maron glass (10") File:Spreading Chestnut.jpg, thumb

Ceramics

Mosaics of

ceramic A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain ...

tiles were another important element of the Vienna Secession style. They were used to decorate both building facades and interiors.

used them to decorate the Majolika House, where they served both as decoration and for a practical purpose; the facade could be efficiently cleaned with the use of fire hoses. File:Wien - Otto-Wagner-Kirche, Innenansicht.JPG, Altar wall mosaics of Church of St. Leopold by Leopold Forstner File:Otto-Wagner-Kirche Seitenaltar links 2.jpg, Altar mosaics of Church of St. Leopold by Bruno Mayer (1903-1907)

Other genres

File:Wien_-_Marc-Anton-Monument_(2).JPG, The monument to

Mark Antony Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the au ...

by Arthur Strasser (1899) File:Klinger_Beethoven2.jpg, ''Beethoven torso'' statue by Max Klinger for XIV Secession exhibition (1902) File:Jugendstil lamp - Friedhofskirche zum Heiligen Karl Borromäus - Max Hegele - Vienna.jpg, A lamp in St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery Church File:Ankeruhr Wien.jpg, clock by Franz Matsch (1911-1914)

Influence

Art Palace in Kraków, Poland, September 2019, 01

Art Nouveau is called after Vienna Secession in languages of former Austro-Hungary: hu, szecesszió, cs, secese, sk, secesia, pl, secesja. Vienna Secession also influenced the Polish movement '' Młoda Polska'' (Young Poland), that was also inclusive of other than Art Nouveau artistic styles and encompassed a broader approach to art, literature, and lifestyle. Vienna Secession influenced not only movements but also particular architects, e.g. Russian Illarion Ivanov-Schitz who created his own unique style on its base. From the mid-1890s onwards,

Mintons Mintons was a major company in Staffordshire pottery, "Europe's leading ceramic factory during the Victorian era", an independent business from 1793 to 1968. It was a leader in ceramic design, working in a number of different ceramic bodies, ...

in England made major contributions to Art Nouveau ceramics, many designed by Marc-Louis Solon's son Leon Solon and his colleague John Wadsworth. Leon Solon was hired by Mintons after his work was published in the hugely influential design magazine '' The Studio'' and he worked for the company from 1895 to 1905, including a brief stint as Art Director. Solon introduced designs influenced by the Vienna Secession, and a range in earthenware made from about 1901 to 1916 was branded as "Secessionist Ware". It was made mostly using industrial techniques that kept it relatively cheap, and was aimed at a broad market. The range concentrated on items bought singly or in pairs, such as jugs or vases, rather than full table services.

Commemoration

The Secession movement was selected as the theme for an Austrian commemorative coin: the 100 euro Secession commemorative coin minted on 10 November 2004. On the obverse side there is a view of the Secession exhibition hall in

Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

. The reverse side features a small portion of the '' Beethoven Frieze'' by Gustav Klimt. The extract from the painting features three figures: a knight in armor representing Armed Strength, one woman in the background symbolizing Ambition and holding up a wreath of victory, and a second woman representing Sympathy with lowered head and clasped hands. On the obverse side of the Austrian € 0,50 or 50 euro-cent coin, the Vienna Secession Building figures within a circle, symbolising the birth of the movement and a new age in the country.

Other Secession artists

Artists of Vienna Secession not mentioned above are: *

Teodor Axentowicz Teodor Axentowicz ( Armenian: Թեոդոր Աքսենտովիչ; 13 May 1859 in Brașov, Austrian Empire – 26 August 1938 in Kraków, Second Polish Republic) was a Polish- Armenian painter and university professor. A renowned artist of his times ...

* Renate Bertlmann * Adolf Michael Boehm *

Julian Fałat Julian Fałat, (30 July 1853 in Tuligłowy near Lwów – 9 July 1929 in Bystra Śląska) was one of the most prolific Polish painters of watercolor and one of the country's foremost landscape painters as well as one of the leading Polish im ...

Wlastimil Hofman Wlastimil Hofman (27 April 1881 – 6 March 1970) was a Polish painter, one of the more popular painters of the interwar and postwar years. Life Hofman was born Vlastimil Hofmann in Prague to Ferdinand Hofmann, a Czech, and Teofila Muzyk Terlec ...

* Maximilian Liebenwein * Jacek Malczewski * Julius Mayreder * Emilie Mediz-Pelikan *

Józef Mehoffer Józef Mehoffer (19 March 1869 – 8 July 1946) was a Polish painter and decorative artist, one of the leading artists of the Young Poland movement and one of the most revered Polish artists of his time. Life Mehoffer was born in Ropczyce, ...

* Carl Moll *

Maximilian Pirner Maximilian Pirner ( cs, Maxmilián Pirner; 13 February 1853 in Sušice – 2 April 1924 in Prague) was a Czech painter. He was a member of the Vienna Secession, and associated with the Mánes Union of Fine Arts. Life and work He was enrolled fro ...

* Kazimierz Pochwalski * Teresa Feoderovna Ries * Jan Stanisławski * Wacław Szymanowski *

Wojciech Weiss Wojciech Weiss (4 May 1875 – 7 December 1950) was a prominent Polish painter and draughtsman of the Young Poland movement. Weiss was born in Bukovina to a Polish family in exile of Stanisław Weiss and Maria Kopaczyńska. He gave up mus ...

Leon Wyczółkowski Leon Jan Wyczółkowski (; 24 April 1852 – 27 December 1936) was one of the leading painters of the Young Poland movement, as well as the principal representative of Polish Realism in art of the Interbellum. From 1895 to 1911 he served as pro ...

Stanisław Wyspiański Stanisław Mateusz Ignacy Wyspiański (; 15 January 1869 – 28 November 1907) was a Polish playwright, painter and poet, as well as interior and furniture designer. A patriotic writer, he created a series of symbolic, national dramas withi ...

Some artists from other cities and countries, like Max Liebermann from

Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and List of cities in Germany by population, largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's List of cities in the European Union by population within ci ...

or Auguste Rodin and

from

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...

were made corresponding members.

References

Bibliography

* Arnanson, Harvard H. "History of Modern Art". Ed. Daniel Wheeler. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc, 1986. . * Borsi, Franco, and Ezio Godoli. "Vienna 1900 Architecture and Design". New York, NY: Rizzoli International Publications, Inc, 1986. * "Architecture in Austria in the 20th and 21st Centuries". Ed. Gudrun Hausegger. Basel, SW: Birkhauser, 2006. * * * O'Connor, Anne-Marie (2012). The Lady in Gold, The Extraordinary Tale of Gustav Klimt's Masterpiece, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, . * Kathrin Romberg (ed.): ''Maurizio Cattelan''. Text by Francesco Bonami, Wiener Secession, Wien. * Schorske, Carl E. "Gustav Klimt: Painting and the Crisis of the Liberal Ego" in ''Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture''. Vintage Books, 1981. * * Sekler, Eduard F. "Josef Hoffmann The Architectural Work". Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1985. * Topp, Leslie. "Architecture and truth in fin-de-siecle vienna". Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2004.

External links

Association of Visual Artists Vienna SecessionGraphic design of the Vienna Secession

iKlimt.com, Life and Work of Gustav Klimt

Exhibition catalogues of the Vienna Secession in the digital library of Belvedere, Vienna

Josef Hoffmann Biografie at WOKA (de/en)

Wiener Werkstaette

Arts and Crafts in Vienna 1900

Senses: Vienna Secession

The Vienna Secession in a video-portrait by CastYourArt
Vienna 2011
"This Kiss to the Whole World" ''Klimt and the Vienna Secession'' (NYARC)
{{Authority control Austrian artist groups and collectives 19th-century art groups Central European art groups 1897 establishments in Austria Art Nouveau Austrian art Artist-run centres 1897 in art