The Victoria Hall disaster occurred on 16 June 1883 at the Victoria Hall in
Sunderland
Sunderland () is a port city in Tyne and Wear, England. It is the City of Sunderland's administrative centre and in the Historic counties of England, historic county of County of Durham, Durham. The city is from Newcastle-upon-Tyne and is on t ...
, England, when a stampede for free toys caused 183 children (aged between 3 and 14 years old) to be crushed to death due to
compressive asphyxia
Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of deficient supply of oxygen to the body which arises from abnormal breathing. Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which affects primarily the tissues and organs. There are many circumstances that can ...
.
Events
On 16 June 1883, a children's
variety show
Variety show, also known as variety arts or variety entertainment, is entertainment made up of a variety of acts including musical performances, sketch comedy, magic, acrobatics, juggling, and ventriloquism. It is normally introduced by a co ...
was presented by travelling entertainers Mr. and Mrs. Fay.
The travelling magic show, consisting of a variety of conjuring tricks and illusions, passed without incident, except when a puff of smoke from one of the tricks "disagreed" with some of those in the front row, and caused a few children to be sick.
At the end of the show, an announcement was made that children with certain numbered tickets would be presented with a
prize
A prize is an award to be given to a person or a group of people (such as sporting teams and organizations) to recognize and reward their actions and achievements. upon exit. At the same time, entertainers began distributing gifts from the stage to the children in the
stalls. Worried about missing out on the treats, many of the estimated 1,100 children in the
gallery
Gallery or The Gallery may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
* Art gallery
** Contemporary art gallery
Music
* Gallery (band), an American soft rock band of the 1970s
Albums
* ''Gallery'' (Elaiza album), 2014 album
* ''Gallery'' (Gr ...
surged toward the staircase leading downstairs.
At the bottom of the staircase, the door opened inward and had been bolted so as to leave a gap only wide enough for one child to pass at a time. It is believed this was to ensure orderly checking of tickets.
With few accompanying adults to maintain order, the children surged down the stairs toward the door. Those at the front became trapped and were crushed to death by the weight of the crowd behind them.
When the adults in the auditorium realised what was happening they rushed to the door, but they could not open it fully as the bolt was on the children's side. Caretaker Frederick Graham tried in vain to disentangle the pile-up, then ran up another staircase and diverted approximately 600 children to safety by another exit.
Meanwhile, other adults pulled the children one by one through the narrow gap, before one man wrenched the door off its hinges.
In his 1894 account, survivor William Codling, Jr., described the crush and the realisation that people were dying:
Aftermath
The compressive asphyxia as a result of the stampede killed 183 children between 3 and 14 years of age.
Queen Victoria
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days was longer than that of any previ ...
sent a message of condolence to the grieving families and contributed to the disaster fund.
Donations sent from all over Britain totalled £5,000 (equivalent to £ in ) and were used for the children's funerals and a memorial in Mowbray Park. The memorial, of a grieving mother holding a dead child, was later moved to
Bishopwearmouth Cemetery
Bishopwearmouth Cemetery is a cemetery in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England. It lies between Hylton Road and Chester Road ( A183 road).
History
Due to the cholera epidemic of 1831 and the subsequent overcrowding of churchyards, it was decided ...
where it gradually fell into disrepair and was vandalised. In 2002, the marble statue was restored at a cost of £63,000 and moved back to Mowbray Park with a protective canopy.
Newspaper reports at the time triggered a mood of national outrage and the resulting inquiry led to legislation that public entertainment venues be fitted with a minimum number of outward opening
emergency exit
An emergency exit in a structure is a special exit for emergencies such as a fire: the combined use of regular and special exits allows for faster evacuation, while it also provides an alternative if the route to the regular exit is blocked.
...
s,
which led to the invention of "
push bar" emergency doors. This law still remains in force.
No one was prosecuted for the disaster
and the person responsible for bolting the door was never identified. The Victoria Hall remained in use until 1941 when it was destroyed by a World War II
parachute bomb.
Annual memorial services were set up in 2010 by the Sunderland Old Township Heritage Society.
Depiction in media
The disaster inspired a poem by Scottish poet
William McGonagall entitled "The Sunderland Calamity".
See also
*
Barnsley Public Hall disaster
The Barnsley Public Hall disaster took place on Saturday 11 January 1908 in a public hall in Barnsley, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. It resulted in the deaths of sixteen children. At least 40 others were seriously injured. A number of ...
*
Laurier Palace Theatre fire
*
Hillsborough disaster
The Hillsborough disaster was a fatal human crush during a football match at Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, on 15 April 1989. It occurred during an FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest in ...
References
{{Human stampedes
1883 disasters in the United Kingdom
1883 in England
19th century in County Durham
Disasters in England
History of County Durham
History of Tyne and Wear
Human stampedes in the United Kingdom
Sunderland