Vernacular architecture is building done outside any academic tradition, and without professional guidance. This category encompasses a wide range and variety of building types, with differing methods of construction, from around the world, both historical and extant, representing the majority of buildings and settlements created in pre-industrial societies. Vernacular architecture constitutes 95% of the world's built environment, as estimated in 1995 by
Amos Rapoport
Amos Rapoport (28 March 1929, Warsaw) is an architect and one of the founders of Environment-Behavior Studies (EBS). Ingold, Tim (2002) ''Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology'', Taylor & Francis He is the author of over 200 academic publications ...
, as measured against the small percentage of new buildings every year designed by architects and built by engineers.
Vernacular architecture usually serves immediate, local needs; is constrained by the materials available in its particular region; and reflects local traditions and cultural practices. Traditionally, the study of vernacular architecture did not examine formally schooled
architect
An architect is a person who plans, designs and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings that h ...
s, but instead that of the design skills and tradition of local builders, who were rarely given any attribution for the work. More recently, vernacular architecture has been examined by designers and the building industry in an effort to be more energy conscious with contemporary design and construction—part of a broader interest in
sustainable design
Environmentally sustainable design (also called environmentally conscious design, eco-design, etc.) is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to comply with the principles of ecological sustainability ...
.
As of 1986, even among scholars publishing in the field, the exact boundaries of "vernacular" have not been clear.
:This issue of definition, apparently so simple, has proven to be one of the most serious problems for advocates of vernacular architecture and landscapes research. A straightforward, convincing, authoritative definition has not yet been offered. Vernacular architecture is a phenomenon that many understand intuitively but that few are able to define. The literature on the subject is thus filled with what might be called non-definitions. Vernacular architecture is ''non''-high style building, it is those structures ''not'' designed by professionals; it is ''not'' monumental; it is ''un''-sophisticated; it is ''mere'' building; it is, according to the distinguished historian Nikolaus Pevsner, ''not'' architecture. Those who take a more positive approach rely on adjectives like ordinary, everyday, and commonplace. While these terms are not as pejorative as other descriptive phrases that are sometimes applied to the vernacular, neither are they very precise. For example, the skyscrapers of Manhattan are works of high style architecture, but they are also commonplace in Manhattan. Are they not logically New York City vernacular buildings?
Vernacular architecture tends to be overlooked in traditional histories of design. It is not a stylistic description, much less one specific style, so it cannot be summarized in terms of easy-to-understand patterns, characteristics, materials, or elements. Because of the usage of traditional building methods and local builders, vernacular buildings are considered cultural expressions—aboriginal, indigenous, ancestral, rural, ethnic, or regional—as much as architectural artifacts.
Evolution of the phrase
The term ''
vernacular
A vernacular or vernacular language is in contrast with a "standard language". It refers to the language or dialect that is spoken by people that are inhabiting a particular country or region. The vernacular is typically the native language, n ...
'' means 'domestic, native, indigenous', from ''verna'' 'native slave' or 'home-born slave'. The word probably derives from an older
Etruscan word.
The term is borrowed from
linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Ling ...
, where
vernacular
A vernacular or vernacular language is in contrast with a "standard language". It refers to the language or dialect that is spoken by people that are inhabiting a particular country or region. The vernacular is typically the native language, n ...
refers to language use particular to a time, place, or group.
The phrase dates to at least 1857, when it was used by Sir
George Gilbert Scott
Sir George Gilbert Scott (13 July 1811 – 27 March 1878), known as Sir Gilbert Scott, was a prolific English Gothic Revival architect, chiefly associated with the design, building and renovation of churches and cathedrals, although he started ...
, as the focus of the first chapter of his book "Remarks on Secular & Domestic Architecture, Present & Future", and in a paper read to an architectural society in
Leicester
Leicester ( ) is a city status in the United Kingdom, city, Unitary authorities of England, unitary authority and the county town of Leicestershire in the East Midlands of England. It is the largest settlement in the East Midlands.
The city l ...
in October of that year. As a proponent of the
Gothic Revival movement in England, Scott used the term as a pejorative to refer to the "prevailing architecture" in England of the time, all of it, as opposed to the Gothic he wanted to introduce. In this "vernacular" category Scott included
St Paul's Cathedral
St Paul's Cathedral is an Anglicanism, Anglican cathedral in London and is the seat of the Bishop of London. The cathedral serves as the mother church of the Diocese of London. It is on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London ...
,
Greenwich Hospital, London, and
Castle Howard, although admitting their relative nobility.
The term was popularized with positive connotations in a 1964 exhibition at the
Museum of Modern Art, New York
The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues.
It plays a major role in developing and collecting modern art, and is often identified as one o ...
, designed by architect
Bernard Rudofsky, with a subsequent book. Both were called ''
Architecture Without Architects
200px, ''Architecture Without Architects'' cover
''Architecture Without Architects: A Short Introduction to Non-Pedigreed Architecture'' is a book based on the NYC MoMA exhibition of the same name by Bernard Rudofsky originally published in 1964 ...
''. Featuring dramatic black-and-white photography of vernacular buildings around the world, the exhibition was extremely popular. Rudofsky brought the concept into the eye of the public and of mainstream architecture, and also kept the definitions loose: he wrote that the exhibition "attempts to break down our narrow concepts of the art of building by introducing the unfamiliar world of nonpedigreed architecture. It is so little known that we don't even have a name for it. For want of a generic label we shall call it vernacular, anonymous, spontaneous, indigenous, rural, as the case may be."
[Rudofsky, ''Architecture Without Architects'', page 58] The book was a reminder of the legitimacy and "hard-won knowledge" inherent in vernacular buildings, from
Polish salt-caves to gigantic
Syria
Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
n water wheels to
Moroccan desert fortresses, and was considered
iconoclastic at the time.
The term "commercial vernacular" was popularized in the late 1960s by the publication of ''
Learning from Las Vegas'' by
Robert Venturi and
Denise Scott Brown, referring to 20th-century American
suburban
A suburb (more broadly suburban area) is an area within a metropolitan area, which may include commercial and mixed-use, that is primarily a residential area. A suburb can exist either as part of a larger city/urban area or as a separa ...
tract and commercial architecture.
Although vernacular architecture might be designed by people who do have some training in design, in 1971
Ronald Brunskill nonetheless defined vernacular architecture as:
...a building designed by an amateur without any training in design; the individual will have been guided by a series of conventions built up in his locality, paying little attention to what may be fashionable. The function of the building would be the dominant factor, aesthetic considerations, though present to some small degree, being quite minimal. Local materials would be used as a matter of course, other materials being chosen and imported quite exceptionally.
In the ''
Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World
The ''Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World'' is a three-volume encyclopedia detailing the traditional architecture of the world, by cultural region. Published in 1997, it was edited by Paul Oliver of the Oxford Institute for Sus ...
'' edited in 1997 by
Paul Oliver of the Oxford Institute for
Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is an organizing principle for meeting human development goals while also sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depend. The ...
. Oliver argued that vernacular architecture, given the insights it gives into issues of environmental adaptation, will be necessary in the future to "ensure sustainability in both cultural and economic terms beyond the short term." The encyclopedia defined the field of vernacular architecture as:
...comprising the dwellings and all other buildings of the people. Related to their environmental contexts and available resources they are customarily owner- or community-built, utilizing traditional technologies. All forms of vernacular architecture are built to meet specific needs, accommodating the values, economies and ways of life of the cultures that produce them.
In 2007 Allen Noble wrote a lengthy discussion of the relevant terms, in ''Traditional Buildings: A Global Survey of Structural Forms and Cultural Functions.'' Noble concluded that "folk architecture" is built by "persons not professionally trained in building arts." "Vernacular architecture" is "of the common people", but may be built by trained professionals, using local, traditional designs and materials. "Traditional architecture" is architecture passed down from person to person, generation to generation, particularly orally, but at any level of society, not just by common people. "Primitive architecture" is a term Noble discourages the use of. The term popular architecture is used more in eastern Europe and is synonymous with folk or vernacular architecture.
Vernacular and the architect
Architecture designed by professional architects is usually not considered to be vernacular. Indeed, it can be argued that the very process of consciously designing a building makes it not vernacular.
Paul Oliver, in his book ''Dwellings'', states: "...it is contended that 'popular architecture' designed by professional architects or commercial builders for popular use, does not come within the compass of the vernacular".
Oliver also offers the following simple definition of vernacular architecture: "the architecture of the people, and by the people, but not for the people."
Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, designer, writer, and educator. He designed more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years. Wright played a key role in the architectural movements o ...
described vernacular architecture as "Folk building growing in response to actual needs, fitted into environment by people who knew no better than to fit them with native feeling".
suggesting that it is a primitive form of design, lacking intelligent thought, but he also stated that it was "for us better worth study than all the highly self-conscious academic attempts at the beautiful throughout Europe".
Since at least the
Arts and Crafts Movement, many modern architects have studied vernacular buildings and claimed to draw inspiration from them, including aspects of the vernacular in their designs. In 1946, the
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning the North Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via a land bridg ...
ian architect
Hassan Fathy was appointed to design the town of
New Gourna near
Luxor
Luxor ( ar, الأقصر, al-ʾuqṣur, lit=the palaces) is a modern city in Upper (southern) Egypt which includes the site of the Ancient Egyptian city of ''Thebes''.
Luxor has frequently been characterized as the "world's greatest open-a ...
. Having studied traditional
Nubian
Nubian may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Nubia, a region along the Nile river in Southern Egypt and northern Sudan.
*Nubian people
*Nubian languages
*Anglo-Nubian goat, a breed of goat
* Nubian ibex
* , several ships of the Britis ...
settlements and technologies, he incorporated the traditional mud brick vaults of the Nubian settlements in his designs. The experiment failed, due to a variety of social and economic reasons.
Sri Lankan architect
Geoffrey Bawa is considered the pioneer of regional modernism in
South Asia
South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The region consists of the countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.;;;;; ...
. Along with him, modern proponents of the use of the vernacular in architectural design include
Charles Correa, a well known Indian architect;
Muzharul Islam and
Bashirul Haq, internationally known
Bangladeshi architects;
Balkrishna Doshi
Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi OAL (born 26 August 1927) is an Indian architect. He is considered to be an important figure of Indian architecture and noted for his contributions to the evolution of architectural discourse in India. Having worked ...
, another Indian, who established the Vastu-Shilpa Foundation in
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad ( ; Gujarati: Amdavad ) is the most populous city in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court. Ahmedabad's population of 5,570,585 (per ...
to research the vernacular architecture of the region; and
Sheila Sri Prakash who has used rural Indian architecture as an inspiration for innovations in environmental and socio-economically sustainable design and planning. The Dutch architect
Aldo van Eyck
Aldo van Eyck (; 16 March 1918 – 14 January 1999) was a Dutch architect. He was one of the most influential protagonists of the architectural movement Structuralism.
Family
He was born in Driebergen, Utrecht, a son of poet, critic, ess ...
was also a proponent of vernacular architecture.
Architects whose work exemplifies the modern take on vernacular architecture would be
Samuel Mockbee,
Christopher Alexander
Christopher Wolfgang John Alexander (4 October 1936 – 17 March 2022) was an Austrian-born British-American architect and design theorist. He was an emeritus professor at the University of California, Berkeley. His theories about the nature ...
and
Paolo Soleri
Paolo Soleri (21 June 1919 – 9 April 2013) was an Italian-born American architect. He established the educational Cosanti Foundation and Arcosanti. Soleri was a lecturer in the College of Architecture at Arizona State University and a National ...
.
Oliver claims that:
As yet there is no clearly defined and specialized discipline for the study of dwellings or the larger compass of vernacular architecture. If such a discipline were to emerge it would probably be one that combines some of the elements of both architecture and anthropology with aspects of history and geography.
Architects have developed a renewed interest in vernacular architecture as a model for sustainable design. Contemporary
complementary architecture is informed largely by vernacular architecture.
Influences on the vernacular
Vernacular architecture is influenced by a great range of different aspects of human behaviour and environment, leading to differing building forms for almost every different context; even neighbouring villages may have subtly different approaches to the construction and use of their dwellings, even if they at first appear the same. Despite these variations, every building is subject to the same laws of physics, and hence will demonstrate significant similarities in
structural forms.
Climate
One of the most significant influences on vernacular architecture is the macro climate of the area in which the building is constructed. Buildings in cold climates invariably have high thermal mass or significant amounts of insulation. They are usually sealed in order to prevent heat loss, and openings such as windows tend to be small or non-existent. Buildings in warm climates, by contrast, tend to be constructed of lighter materials and to allow significant cross-ventilation through openings in the fabric of the building.
Buildings for a continental climate must be able to cope with significant variations in temperature, and may even be altered by their occupants according to the seasons. In hot arid and semi-arid regions, vernacular structures typically include a number of distinctive elements to provide for ventilation and temperature control. Across the middle-east, these elements included such design features as courtyard gardens with water features, screen walls, reflected light, ''
mashrabiya'' (the distinctive
oriel window
An oriel window is a form of bay window which protrudes from the main wall of a building but does not reach to the ground. Supported by corbels, brackets, or similar cantilevers, an oriel window is most commonly found projecting from an upper f ...
with timber lattice-work) and ''bad girs'' (
wind-catchers).
Buildings take different forms depending on precipitation levels in the region – leading to dwellings on stilts in many regions with frequent flooding or rainy monsoon seasons. For example, the
Queenslander is an elevated weatherboard house with a sloped, tin roof that evolved in the early 19th-century as a solution to the annual flooding caused by monsoonal rain in Australia's northern states.
Flat roofs are rare in areas with high levels of precipitation. Similarly, areas with high winds will lead to specialised buildings able to cope with them, and buildings tend to present minimal surface area to prevailing winds and are often situated low on the landscape to minimise potential storm damage.
Climatic influences on vernacular architecture are substantial and can be extremely complex. Mediterranean vernacular, and that of much of the Middle East, often includes a courtyard with a fountain or pond; air cooled by water mist and evaporation is drawn through the building by the natural ventilation set up by the building form. Similarly, Northern African vernacular often has very high thermal mass and small windows to keep the occupants cool, and in many cases also includes chimneys, not for fires but to draw air through the internal spaces. Such specializations are not designed, but learned by trial and error over generations of building construction, often existing long before the scientific theories which explain why they work. Vernacular architecture is also used for the purposes of local citizens.
Culture
The way of life of building occupants, and the way they use their shelters, is of great influence on building forms. The size of family units, who shares which spaces, how food is prepared and eaten, how people interact and many other cultural considerations will affect the layout and size of dwellings.
For example, the family units of several East African ethnic communities live in family compounds, surrounded by marked boundaries, in which separate single-roomed dwellings are built to house different members of the family. In polygamous communities there may be separate dwellings for different wives, and more again for sons who are too old to share space with the women of the family. Social interaction within the family is governed by, and privacy is provided by, the separation between the structures in which family members live. By contrast, in Western Europe, such separation is accomplished inside one dwelling, by dividing the building into separate rooms.
Culture also has a great influence on the appearance of vernacular buildings, as occupants often decorate buildings in accordance with local customs and beliefs.
Nomadic dwellings
There are many cultures around the world which include some aspect of nomadic life, and they have all developed vernacular solutions for the need for shelter. These all include appropriate responses to climate and customs of their inhabitants, including practicalities of simple construction such as
huts, and if necessary, transport such as
tent
A tent () is a shelter consisting of sheets of fabric or other material draped over, attached to a frame of poles or a supporting rope. While smaller tents may be free-standing or attached to the ground, large tents are usually anchored using ...
s.
The
Inuit
Inuit (; iu, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ 'the people', singular: Inuk, , dual: Inuuk, ) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic and subarctic regions of Greenland, Labrador, Quebec, Nunavut, the Northwest Territorie ...
have a number of different forms of shelter appropriate to different seasons and geographical locations, including the
igloo
An igloo (Inuit languages: , Inuktitut syllabics (plural: )), also known as a snow house or snow hut, is a type of shelter built of suitable snow.
Although igloos are often associated with all Inuit, they were traditionally used only b ...
(for winter) and the
tupiq
The tupiq (plural: ''tupiit'', Inuktitut syllabics: ᑐᐱᖅ) is a traditional Inuit tent made from seal or caribou skin. An Inuk was required to kill five to ten ''ugjuk'' (bearded seal
The bearded seal (''Erignathus barbatus''), also calle ...
(for summer). The
Sami of Northern Europe, who live in climates similar to those experienced by the Inuit, have developed different shelters appropriate to their culture
including the
lavvu and
goahti
A goahti (Northern Sámi), goahte (Lule Sámi), gåhte (Pite Sámi), gåhtie (Ume Sámi) or gåetie (Southern Sámi), (also ''gábma''), ( Norwegian: ''gamme'', Finnish: ''kota'', Swedish: ''kåta''), is a Sami hut or tent of three types of c ...
. The development of different solutions in similar circumstances because of cultural influences is typical of vernacular architecture.
Many nomadic people use materials common in the local environment to construct temporary dwellings, such as the Punan of Sarawak who use palm fronds, or the Ituri Pygmies who use saplings and mongongo leaves to construct domed huts. Other cultures reuse materials, transporting them with them as they move. Examples of this are the tribes of Mongolia, who carry their
gers
Gers (; oc, Gers or , ) is a department in the region of Occitania, Southwestern France. Named after the Gers River, its inhabitants are called the ''Gersois'' and ''Gersoises'' in French. In 2019, it had a population of 191,377. (yurts) with them, or the black desert tents of the Qashgai in
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
.
Notable in each case is the significant impact of the availability of materials and the availability of pack animals or other forms of transport on the ultimate form of the shelters.
All the shelters are adapted to suit the local climate. The Mongolian gers (yurts), for example, are versatile enough to be cool in hot continental summers and warm in the sub-zero temperatures of Mongolian winters, and include a close-able ventilation hole at the centre and a chimney for a stove. A ger is typically not often relocated, and is therefore sturdy and secure, including wooden front door and several layers of coverings. A traditional
Berber
Berber or Berbers may refer to:
Ethnic group
* Berbers, an ethnic group native to Northern Africa
* Berber languages, a family of Afro-Asiatic languages
Places
* Berber, Sudan, a town on the Nile
People with the surname
* Ady Berber (1913–19 ...
tent, by contrast, might be relocated daily, and is much lighter and quicker to erect and dismantle – and because of the climate it is used in, does not need to provide the same degree of protection from the elements.
File:igloo.jpg, An unfinished Igloo
An igloo (Inuit languages: , Inuktitut syllabics (plural: )), also known as a snow house or snow hut, is a type of shelter built of suitable snow.
Although igloos are often associated with all Inuit, they were traditionally used only b ...
, an Inuit
Inuit (; iu, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ 'the people', singular: Inuk, , dual: Inuuk, ) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic and subarctic regions of Greenland, Labrador, Quebec, Nunavut, the Northwest Territorie ...
winter dwelling
Image:Tuareg 1907.jpg, Tuareg tent during Colonial exhibition in 1907.
Image:Nez-perce-couple-teepee-1900.jpg, A tipi of the Nez Perce tribe, .
Image:Algerian_nomads.jpg, Arab Beduin tent from North Africa. Similar tents are also used by Arabs in the Middle East as well as by Persian and Tibetan nomads.
File:BerberTentZagora.jpg, A Berber tent near Zagora, Morocco
File:Fäbod i Oviksfjällen.JPG, In transhumance
Transhumance is a type of pastoralism or nomadism, a seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures. In montane regions (''vertical transhumance''), it implies movement between higher pastures in summer and lower val ...
(the seasonal movement of people with their livestock to pasture) the herders stay in huts or tents.
File:Iraqi mudhif interior.jpg, Interior of a mudhif; a reed dwelling used by Iraqi people of the marshlands
Permanent dwellings
The type of structure and materials used for a dwelling vary depending on how permanent it is. Frequently moved nomadic structures will be lightweight and simple, more permanent ones will be less so. When people settle somewhere permanently, the architecture of their dwellings will change to reflect that.
Materials used will become heavier, more solid and more durable. They may also become more complicated and more expensive, as the capital and labour required to construct them is a one-time cost. Permanent dwellings often offer a greater degree of protection and shelter from the elements. In some cases however, where dwellings are subjected to severe weather conditions such as frequent flooding or high winds, buildings may be deliberately "designed" to fail and be replaced, rather than requiring the uneconomical or even impossible structures needed to withstand them. The collapse of a relatively flimsy, lightweight structure is also less likely to cause serious injury than a heavy structure.
Over time, dwellings' architecture may come to reflect a very specific geographical locale.
Environment, construction elements and materials
The local environment and the construction materials it can provide, govern many aspects of vernacular architecture. Areas rich in trees will develop a wooden vernacular, while areas without much wood may use mud or stone. In early California
redwood
Sequoioideae, popularly known as redwoods, is a subfamily of coniferous trees within the family Cupressaceae. It includes the largest and tallest trees in the world.
Description
The three redwood subfamily genera are '' Sequoia'' from coasta ...
water towers supporting redwood tanks and enclosed by redwood siding
(tankhouses) were part of a self-contained wind-powered domestic water system. In the Far East it is common to use bamboo, as it is both plentiful and versatile. Vernacular, almost by definition, is sustainable, and will not exhaust the local resources. If it is not sustainable, it is not suitable for its local context, and cannot be vernacular.
Construction elements and materials frequently found in vernacular buildings include:
*
Adobe
Adobe ( ; ) is a building material made from earth and organic materials. is Spanish for '' mudbrick''. In some English-speaking regions of Spanish heritage, such as the Southwestern United States, the term is used to refer to any kind of ...
– a type of mud brick, often covered with white-wash, commonly used in Spain and Spanish colonies
*
Cob – a type of plaster made from subsoil with the addition of fibrous material to give added strength
*
Mashrabiya (also known as shanashol in Iraq) – a type of oriel window with timber lattice-work, designed to allow ventilation, commonly found in Iraq and Egypt in upper-class homes
*
Mud bricks – loam or sand mixed with water and vegetable matter such as straw
*
Rammed earth often used in foundations
*
Saddleback roof
*
Thatch – dry vegetation used as roofing material
*
Windcatcher – a type of chimney used to provide natural ventilation without the use of air conditioning, commonly found in Iran, Iraq and other parts of the Middle-East
*
Wychert
Wychert or witchert (with a number of variant spellings existing and meaning "white earth") is a natural blend of white chalk and clay which is mixed with straw to make walls and buildings, usually then thatched or topped with red clay tiles. ...
– a blend of white earth and clay
Legal aspects
As many jurisdictions introduce tougher
building code
A building code (also building control or building regulations) is a set of rules that specify the standards for constructed objects such as buildings and non-building structures. Buildings must conform to the code to obtain planning permissi ...
s and
zoning
Zoning is a method of urban planning in which a municipality or other tier of government divides land into areas called zones, each of which has a set of regulations for new development that differs from other zones. Zones may be defined for a si ...
regulations, "folk architects" sometimes find themselves in conflict with the local authorities.
A case that made news in Russia was that of an
Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk (, ; rus, Арха́нгельск, p=ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk), also known in English as Archangel and Archangelsk, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina near ...
entrepreneur Nikolay P. Sutyagin, who built what was reportedly the world's tallest single-family wooden house for himself and his family, only to see it condemned as a fire hazard. The 13-storey, tall
[ structure, known locally as "Sutyagin's skyscraper" ( Небоскрёб Сутягина), was found to be in violation of Arkhangelsk building codes, and in 2008 the courts ordered the building to be demolished by February 1, 2009.][Sutyagin House, Arkhangelsk, Russia: Standing tall]
WorldArchitectureNews.com, Wednesday 07 Mar 2007. (Includes photo) On December 26, 2008, the tower was pulled down, and the remainder was dismantled manually over the course of the next several months.
Gallery
Africa
Image:Case à la chefferie de Bana.jpg, Rondavel in Cameroon.
Image:Traditional round houses in Manica (4419157639).jpg, Traditional houses in Tanzania
Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands ...
Image:Maasai house.jpg, Maasai house in Tanzania
Image:Village in Aït Bouguemez.jpg, Loam
Loam (in geology and soil science) is soil composed mostly of sand ( particle size > ), silt (particle size > ), and a smaller amount of clay (particle size < ). By weight, its mineral composition is about 40–40–20% concentration of sand–si ...
houses in the High Atlas, Aït Bouguemez
Image:Gordon Laing House.jpg, A house in Timbuktu
Timbuktu ( ; french: Tombouctou;
Koyra Chiini: ); tmh, label=Tuareg, script=Tfng, ⵜⵏⴱⴾⵜ, Tin Buqt a city in Mali, situated north of the Niger River. The town is the capital of the Tombouctou Region, one of the eight administrativ ...
.
File:Chã_das_Caldeiras-Maison_traditionnelle_(1).jpg, Funco house in Cape Verde
, national_anthem = ()
, official_languages = Portuguese
, national_languages = Cape Verdean Creole
, capital = Praia
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, demonym ...
Anatolia
Image:Cappadocia .JPG, Basalt tuff, rock-cut architecture in Cappadocia
Cappadocia or Capadocia (; tr, Kapadokya), is a historical region in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It largely is in the provinces Nevşehir, Kayseri, Aksaray, Kırşehir, Sivas and Niğde.
According to Herodotus, in the time of the Ionian Revo ...
, found in central Anatolia and parts of Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
.
Image:Tholoi-Harran.jpg, Tholoi type homes have been constructed for millennia in Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia ''Mesopotamíā''; ar, بِلَاد ٱلرَّافِدَيْن or ; syc, ܐܪܡ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ, or , ) is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the ...
, like these found in Harran
Harran (), historically known as Carrhae ( el, Kάρραι, Kárrhai), is a rural town and district of the Şanlıurfa Province in southeastern Turkey, approximately 40 kilometres (25 miles) southeast of Urfa and 20 kilometers from the border ...
.
Image:Safranbolu traditional house 1.jpg, Timber-framed house in Safranbolu
Safranbolu () is a town and district of Karabük Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is about 9 km north of the city of Karabük, north of Ankara and about 100 km south of the Black Sea coast. The town's historic names in G ...
, as found in northern Anatolia and European Ottoman territories.
Image:Bosphorus yali bergie.jpg, Late Ottoman wooden Yali, a type found on the Bosphorus
The Bosporus Strait (; grc, Βόσπορος ; tr, İstanbul Boğazı 'Istanbul strait', colloquially ''Boğaz'') or Bosphorus Strait is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul in northwestern Tu ...
shore and on the Princes' Islands.
Image:House in Taşören, Çaykara8.jpg, A typical alpine chalet as found in the Pontic Mountains
The Pontic Mountains or Pontic Alps (Turkish language, Turkish: ''Kuzey Anadolu Dağları'', meaning North Anatolian Mountains) form a mountain range in northern Anatolia, Turkey. They are also known as the ''Parhar Mountains'' in the local Turki ...
and parts of the Caucasus
The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historica ...
.
Central Asia
File:Altai Ail - traditional dwelling.jpg, Ayil - Herding House in the Altai Mountains
The Altai Mountains (), also spelled Altay Mountains, are a mountain range in Central and East Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan converge, and where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters. The massif merges with the ...
File:Kazah Jurt2.jpg, alt=Kazakh Yurt in the Altai, Kazakh Yurt in the Altai
File:Ail13.jpg, alt=A house made of bark - Aalachic. Алтай, A house made of bark - Aalachic. Алтай
File:Altai Ail.jpg, alt=Shepherd's house, Shepherd's house in the mountains. Kosh-Agach
File:Olgiy1111 04.jpg, North-Western Mongolia
Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million ...
, Ölgii city
File:Mng041020111043050001 03.jpg, alt=Mongolian nomad yurt, Mongolia
Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million ...
n nomad
A nomad is a member of a community without fixed habitation who regularly moves to and from the same areas. Such groups include hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads (owning livestock), tinkers and trader nomads. In the twentieth century, the po ...
yurt
A yurt (from the Turkic languages) or ger ( Mongolian) is a portable, round tent covered and insulated with skins or felt and traditionally used as a dwelling by several distinct nomadic groups in the steppes and mountains of Central Asia ...
File:Chaban13.jpg, alt=Animal Farm in the Altai Mountains, Animal Farm in the Altai Mountains
The Altai Mountains (), also spelled Altay Mountains, are a mountain range in Central and East Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan converge, and where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters. The massif merges with the ...
File:20130518 alt 1348 01.jpg, alt=Stone Yurt in Mongolia, Stone Yurt in Mongolia
Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million ...
File:Felt yurt, Altai, Russia.jpg, alt=Telengitskaya yurt in Altai, Telengits yurt in Altai
Middle East
File:Sana, Yemen (4324243257).jpg, Traditional Yemeni house in Sana'a
Sanaa ( ar, صَنْعَاء, ' , Yemeni Arabic: ; Old South Arabian: 𐩮𐩬𐩲𐩥 ''Ṣnʿw''), also spelled Sana'a or Sana, is the capital and largest city in Yemen and the centre of Sanaa Governorate. The city is not part of the Gover ...
.
File:House Details, Sanaa, Yemen (10737189323).jpg, Traditional Yemeni house in Sana'a
Sanaa ( ar, صَنْعَاء, ' , Yemeni Arabic: ; Old South Arabian: 𐩮𐩬𐩲𐩥 ''Ṣnʿw''), also spelled Sana'a or Sana, is the capital and largest city in Yemen and the centre of Sanaa Governorate. The city is not part of the Gover ...
.
File:Traditional house in Al Balad.JPG, Traditional architecture of the Hejaz
The Hejaz (, also ; ar, ٱلْحِجَاز, al-Ḥijāz, lit=the Barrier, ) is a region in the west of Saudi Arabia. It includes the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif, and Baljurashi. It is also known as the "Western Prov ...
, Al-Balad, Jeddah
Al-Balad ( ar, البلد) is the historical area of Jeddah, the second largest city of Saudi Arabia. Balad can literally be translated as "The Town." Balad is the historic center of the City of Jeddah.Baker, Razan.Tales of Old Jeddah" ''Arab N ...
.
File:Al kaimah vernacular architecture of UAE.jpg, Replica of a vernacular house in Dubai
Dubai (, ; ar, wikt:دبي, دبي, translit=Dubayy, , ) is the List of cities in the United Arab Emirates#Major cities, most populous city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the capital of the Emirate of Dubai, the most populated of the 7 ...
, including a windcatcher.
File:Sukkah in Tel Aviv.jpg, Traditional temporary Jewish Sukkah
A or succah (; he, סוכה ; plural, ' or ''sukkos'' or ''sukkoth'', often translated as "booth") is a temporary hut constructed for use during the week-long Jewish festival of Sukkot. It is topped with branches and often well decorated ...
in Israel constructed out of native foliage.
File:Sattar khan home 001 copy.jpg, Traditional brick house of Iran and Central Asia, Tabriz
Tabriz ( fa, تبریز ; ) is a city in northwestern Iran, serving as the capital of East Azerbaijan Province. It is the sixth-most-populous city in Iran. In the Quru River valley in Iran's historic Azerbaijan region between long ridges of vo ...
.
File:Islamic architectural heritage in the Old City of Jerusalem.jpg, The mashrabiya (a type of oriel window) is a characteristic feature of upper-class homes across the region as in this example from Jerusalem
File:Old Jerusalem, Jewish Quarter road, Hadaya Jewelry 2009.jpg, Houses in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem made of Jerusalem stone.
South Asia
File:Guest house in Sylhet (01).jpg, The origin of the vernacular bungalow
A bungalow is a small house or cottage that is either single-story or has a second story built into a sloping roof (usually with dormer windows), and may be surrounded by wide verandas.
The first house in England that was classified as a b ...
has its roots in Bengal
Bengal ( ; bn, বাংলা/বঙ্গ, translit=Bānglā/Bôngô, ) is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal, predom ...
, Bangladesh
Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mo ...
.
File:Naulakha Pavilion in Lahore Fort.jpg, The Naulakha Pavilion in Lahore Fort
The Lahore Fort ( ur, , lit=Royal Fort, translit=Shāhī Qilā, label=Punjabi and Urdu) is a citadel in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. The fortress is located at the northern end of walled city Lahore, and spreads over an area greater than ...
, Pakistan, features a Do-chala
The architecture of Bengal, which comprises the modern country of Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam's Barak Valley, has a long and rich history, blending indigenous elements from the Indian subcontinent, with influ ...
roof originating in Bengal
Bengal ( ; bn, বাংলা/বঙ্গ, translit=Bānglā/Bôngô, ) is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal, predom ...
.
File:Sarahan - Bhimakali Temple.jpg, Bhimakali temple, built in Kath-Kuni style of architecture, Indian vernacular architecture
Indian vernacular architecture the informal, functional architecture of structures, often in rural areas of India, built of local materials and designed to meet the needs of the local people. The builders of these structures are unschooled in f ...
.
File:Limboo house in Hee- kengbari village in West Sikkim, Sikkim, India.jpg, Limboo house in Hee- kengbari village in West Sikkim, Sikkim
Gyalshing District or Geyzing District is a district of the Indian state of Sikkim. Its headquarter is Geyzing, also known as Gyalshing. The district is a favourite with trekkers due to the high elevations. Other important towns include Pelli ...
, India.
Far East Asia
File:Lingshi Jingsheng Wangjia Dayuan 2013.08.24 14-14-08.jpg, Wang Family Compound
The Wang Family Compound (also variously called the Wang Family Grand Courtyard, Wang Family Mansion, or Wang Family Manor) is the largest of the Shanxi Courtyard Houses. Located in Lingshi County, Shanxi, the fortress compound is a tight arrang ...
in Lingshi
Lingshi County () is a county of southwest-central Shanxi province, China. It is under the administration of Jinzhong
Jinzhong, formerly Yuci, is a prefecture-level city in east central Shanxi province of the People's Republic of China, bord ...
, Shanxi
Shanxi (; ; formerly romanised as Shansi) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the North China region. The capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-leve ...
File:Siheyuan fukan.JPG, Siheyuan in Beijing
}
Beijing ( ; ; ), Chinese postal romanization, alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the Capital city, capital of the China, People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's Li ...
File:Suzhoupic1.jpg, Downtown in Suzhou
Suzhou (; ; Suzhounese: ''sou¹ tseu¹'' , Mandarin: ), alternately romanized as Soochow, is a major city in southern Jiangsu province, East China. Suzhou is the largest city in Jiangsu, and a major economic center and focal point of trad ...
File:Wuyi Yuyuan 20120219-72.jpg, Mansion in Zhejiang
Zhejiang ( or , ; , also romanized as Chekiang) is an eastern, coastal province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou, and other notable cities include Ningbo and Wenzhou. Zhejiang is bordered by Ji ...
File:安徽宏村.jpg, Hongcun in Anhui
Anhui , (; formerly romanized as Anhwei) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the East China region. Its provincial capital and largest city is Hefei. The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze Riv ...
File:流坑.jpg, Village in Jiangxi
Jiangxi (; ; formerly romanized as Kiangsi or Chianghsi) is a landlocked province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its major cities include Nanchang and Jiujiang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north int ...
File:Snail pit tulou.jpg, Fujian Tulou
File:Zhaojiabao - P1260269.JPG, Traditional house in Fujian
Fujian (; alternately romanized as Fukien or Hokkien) is a province on the southeastern coast of China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its ...
File:佛山东华里.JPG, Lane in Guangdong
Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020 ...
File:Rui Shi Lou.jpg, Kaiping Diaolou
File:Miao.woodhouse.shop.jpg, Miao people
The Miao are a group of linguistically-related peoples living in Southern China and Southeast Asia, who are recognized by the government of China as one of the 56 official ethnic groups. The Miao live primarily in southern China's mountains, in ...
house in Guizhou
File:Chaozhou_Mansion.jpg, Han Teochew dwelling in Guangdong
File:Cave_Dwelling_-_Courtyard.jpg, Yaodong or cave dwelling in Shaanxi
Shaanxi (alternatively Shensi, see § Name) is a landlocked province of China. Officially part of Northwest China, it borders the province-level divisions of Shanxi (NE, E), Henan (E), Hubei (SE), Chongqing (S), Sichuan (SW), Gansu (W), N ...
Southeast Asia and Austronesia
File:Maison Nias.JPG, A traditional house, Nias Island, North Sumatra
North Sumatra ( id, Sumatra Utara) is a province of Indonesia located on the northern part of the island of Sumatra. Its capital and largest city is Medan. North Sumatra is Indonesia's fourth most populous province after West Java, East Java and ...
, Indonesia.
File:Rumah Batak - panoramio.jpg, Toba Toba may refer to:
Languages
* Toba Sur language, spoken in South America
* Batak Toba, spoken in Indonesia
People
* Toba people, indigenous peoples of the Gran Chaco in South America
* Toba Batak people, a sub-ethnic group of Batak people from N ...
traditional house, Indonesia
File:Batak Karo House - Jamburta Ras Rumah Berastagi 01.jpg, House of the chief of a village in Kabanjahe shows the vernacular architecture of Karo people Karo people may refer to:
*Karo people (Indonesia)
*Karo people (East Africa)
''Karo'' is a group of Nilotic tribes that straddles the Nile in the Republic of South Sudan and is predominately found in Central Equatoria State, and as far South ...
, Indonesia.
File:Rumah Melayu Bangkinang.JPG, Rumah Lancang or Rumah Lontiok style, a traditional Malay Indonesians
Malay Indonesians ( Malay/ Indonesian: Orang Melayu Indonesia; Jawi: اورڠ ملايو ايندونيسيا) are ethnic Malays living throughout Indonesia. They are one of the indigenous peoples of the country. Indonesian, the national langu ...
house from Riau
Riau is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the central eastern coast of Sumatra along the Strait of Malacca. The province shares land borders with North Sumatra to the northwest, West Sumatra to the west, and Jambi to the south. Accordi ...
, Sumatra, Indonesia.
File:Traditional Toraja House.JPG, A village of tongkonan, the house of Toraja people, Sulawesi, Indonesia
File:Traditional house Ratenggaro Sumba.jpg, Sumba house, a traditional house, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
File:Rumah Adat Mamuju.jpg, Mamuju house, a traditional house, West Sulawesi, Indonesia
File:Apolinario Mabini House 1.jpg, A nipa hut, the traditional house of the Philippines
File:Century-Old Houses Along the Streets of Taal, Batangas - panoramio.jpg, Bahay na bato houses in the cultural and historical areas of the Philippines
File:BahnarRong.jpg, A "rong" house of the Bahnar people
The Bahnar or Ba-Na are an ethnic group of Vietnam living primarily in the Central Highland provinces of Gia Lai and Kon Tum, as well as the coastal provinces of Bình Định and Phú Yên. They speak the Bahnar language belongs the Bahnari ...
of Vietnam
File:Dan toc hoc 19.jpg, Long communal house of the Rhade people
File:Nhà sàn của người Lào ở Lai Châu.jpg, Stilt house of Lao people in Lai Châu
Lai Châu () is a city in the Northwest region of Vietnam. It is the capital city of Lai Châu Province. The city borders Phong Thổ District, Sìn Hồ District và Tam Đường District.
History
Lai Châu, or Muang Lay (Vietnamese: Mư ...
File:Nhà người Hà Nhì (mặt bên).jpg, A Hani people
The Hani or Ho people (Hani: ''Haqniq''; zh, c=哈尼族, p=Hānízú; vi, Người Hà Nhì / 𠊛何贰) are a Lolo-speaking ethnic group in Southern China and Northern Laos and Vietnam. They form one of the 56 officially recognized nat ...
house in northern Vietnam
File:Nhà người Dao.jpg, A Yao people
The Yao people (its majority branch is also known as Mien; ; vi, người Dao) is a government classification for various minorities in China and Vietnam. They are one of the 55 officially recognised ethnic minorities in China and reside in t ...
house in Vietnam
File:Cambo 169.jpg, A typical Khmer stilt house
File:House of peoble M'Nong.jpg, A Mnong people hut in southern Vietnam
File:Nhà ngang (Tiên Lữ, Lập Thạch).jpg, A traditional Vietnamese house in Red River Delta region
File:Oldest House in Ivatan.jpg, Stone house of the Ivatan people in Batanes
Batanes, officially the Province of Batanes ( ivv, Provinsiya nu Batanes; Ilocano: ''Probinsia ti Batanes''; fil, Lalawigan ng Batanes, ), is an archipelagic province in the Philippines, administratively part of the Cagayan Valley region. It i ...
, the Philippines
Australia and New Zealand
Image:Moscow villa hut.jpg, Moscow Villa Hut
The Australian Alps is a mountain range in southeast Australia. It comprises an interim Australian bioregion, , Victorian Alps, Australia
File:Queenslander House Brisbane1.jpg, " Queenslanders" in Brisbane
Brisbane ( ) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Queensland, and the third-most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a population of approximately 2.6 million. Brisbane lies at the centre of the South ...
, Australia
File:Haka1908.jpg, Wharenui Meeting House of the Māori people
The Māori (, ) are the indigenous Polynesian people of mainland New Zealand (). Māori originated with settlers from East Polynesia, who arrived in New Zealand in several waves of canoe voyages between roughly 1320 and 1350. Over severa ...
, Te Papaiouru Marae
Te Papaiouru is a marae at Ohinemutu, Rotorua, New Zealand. It is the home marae of the Ngāti Whakaue subtribes Ngāti Tae-o-Tū and Ngāti Tūnohopū. The marae's carved wharenui (meeting house), Tamatekapua, is named after Tama-te-kapua, the ...
, New Zealand. 1908
File:StateLibQld 2 239273 Bark humpy on Cleveland Road, Brisbane, 1874.jpg, Humpy Brisbane, QLD - a structure, often temporary, made from bark or other available materials
Europe
File:VelikiVrag-old-huse-1395.jpg, A traditional village house near Kstovo
Kstovo (russian: Ксто́во) is a town and the administrative center of Kstovsky District in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Volga River, southeast of Nizhny Novgorod, the administrative center of the oblas ...
, Russia.
File:Mountain log cabin in Pyrohiv 2409.JPG, Timber-cutter's mountain log cabin at the Museum of Folk Architecture, Pyrohiv
Pyrohiv ( uk, Пирогі́в), also known as Pirogov (russian: Пирого́в), originally a village south of Kyiv, is a neighborhood in the southern outskirts of the Ukrainian capital city. It is now home to an outdoor Museum of Folk Arch ...
, Ukraine.
File:Bychawa shtetl-1.jpg, A Jewish village at Bychawa
Bychawa () is a town in Poland, in Lublin Voivodeship, in Lublin County, about 25 km south of Lublin. The town lies in Lublin Upland and belongs to historic Lesser Poland. The town was first mentioned in historical documents from the 14 ...
, Poland, prior to WWII.
File:A Greek house and walls rendered and white washed.jpg, Thick walled, white washed houses commonly found on many of Greece's Aegean Islands.
File:Payerhuette HQ.jpg, Payerhütte in the Ortler Alps
The Ortler Alps ( it, Ortles-Cevedale ; german: Ortler-Alpen; rm, Alps da l'Ortler) are a mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps mountain group in the Central Eastern Alps, in Italy and Switzerland.
Geography
The Ortler Alps are separate ...
, Italy
File:1997 Arnol Blackhouse Lewis.jpg, The Blackhouse Museum, Arnol, Isle of Lewis
The Isle of Lewis ( gd, Eilean Leòdhais) or simply Lewis ( gd, Leòdhas, ) is the northern part of Lewis and Harris, the largest island of the Western Isles or Outer Hebrides archipelago in Scotland. The two parts are frequently referred to a ...
. Scotland
File:1568 - 240411 - Parte posterior de la Casa do Penedo.jpg, Casa do Penedo, Portugal
File:Shatili Arrival2.jpg, Defensive housing in Shatili, Georgia
File:Old houses in Sighnaghi, Georgia.JPG, Old houses in Sighnaghi, Georgia
Georgia most commonly refers to:
* Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States
Georgia may also refer to:
Places
Historical states and entities
* Related to the ...
File:Swtan, historic photo.jpg, Welsh thatched longhouse, named Swtan, dating back to the 16th century. Anglesey
Anglesey (; cy, (Ynys) Môn ) is an island off the north-west coast of Wales. It forms a principal area known as the Isle of Anglesey, that includes Holy Island across the narrow Cymyran Strait and some islets and skerries. Anglesey island ...
, Wales
File:Altja paadikuurid.jpg, Fishermen huts in Altja, Estonia
File:Piodão DSC00098 (36307060003).jpg, Houses of Schist, Lousã Hills, Portugal
File:Le Barcares Fishing Hut.jpg, Le Barcarès 19th century fishing hut, France
File:Alberobello BW 2016-10-16 13-43-03.jpg, Trulli in Puglia
it, Pugliese
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1_info1 =
, demographic ...
, Italy
North America
Image:Valley Forge cabin.jpg, Replica log cabin at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania
Image:Apache_Wickiup%2C_Edward_Curtis%2C_1903.jpg, Apache Wickiup
Image:Maison Bequette-Ribault.jpg, The Maison Bequette-Ribault, a French style building in Ste. Genevieve, Missouri.
Image:Maison Bolduc.jpg, Maison Bolduc, in Ste. Genevieve, Missouri is a grander building in the same style as the Maison Bequette-Ribault.
Image:Lasource-Durand House Under a Tree in Ste Genevieve MO.jpg, The Lasource-Durand house in Ste. Genevieve, Missouri.
Image:Photograph of a house on Gabouri St in Ste Genevieve MO.jpg, A house on Gabouri Creek in Ste. Genevieve, Missouri.
Image:Quonset.jpg, Quonset hut
A Quonset hut is a lightweight prefabricated structure of corrugated galvanized steel having a semi cylindrical cross-section. The design was developed in the United States, based on the Nissen hut introduced by the British during World War ...
s in Point Mugu, California in 1946 (Laguna Peak
The Santa Monica Mountains is a coastal mountain range in Southern California, next to the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Transverse Ranges. Because of its proximity to densely populated regions, it is one of the most visited natural areas i ...
in background).
File:Slave_cabin_Arundel_Plantation.jpg, Slave cabin, Arundel Plantation, Georgetown County, South Carolina
File:Abandoned Virginia farmhouse in Creeds LR.jpg, An abandoned and decaying example of Southern American Rural Vernacular architecture commonly seen in the 1800s and 1900s, surviving well into the 21st Century
South America
File:Chalet Guemes al sur.jpg, A Mar del Plata style chalet, with its traditional coating of locally extracted orthoquartzite
Quartzite is a hard, non- foliated metamorphic rock which was originally pure quartz sandstone.Essentials of Geology, 3rd Edition, Stephen Marshak, p 182 Sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure usually related to tect ...
in Mar del Plata
Mar del Plata is a city on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the seat of General Pueyrredón district. Mar del Plata is the second largest city in Buenos Aires Province. The name "Mar del Plata" is a sh ...
, Argentina
File:Oca do Brasil.jpg, Oca
OCA or Oca may refer to:
Places and jurisdictions
* The ancient town and bishopric Oca in Asia Minor (present Asia Turkey), now a Latin Catholic titular see
* The former Spanish Oca, modern Villafranca Montes de Oca, also see of a medieval bis ...
, a communal house typical of the indigenous people of Brazil.
File:Palafitos De Castro (72870335).jpeg, Palafitos in Castro, Chiloé Island, Chile.
File:Maloca indígena Cubay - panoramio.jpg, A maloca, typical of the indigenous peoples of the Amazon Rainforest.
File:Old house in San Salvador 123045.jpg, An old house in San Salvador, El Salvador
El Salvador (; , meaning " The Saviour"), officially the Republic of El Salvador ( es, República de El Salvador), is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south ...
.
Types and examples by region
Inter-regional
* Bender tent – a temporary dwelling used by Nomadic people
* Stilt house
Stilt houses (also called pile dwellings or lake dwellings) are houses raised on stilts (or piles) over the surface of the soil or a body of water. Stilt houses are built primarily as a protection against flooding; they also keep out vermin. ...
– a raised house found in monsoonal regions, especially monsoonal South Asia or other areas prone to flooding
Brazil
* Bustee – a dwelling made from waste materials, often associated with the slums of India or the favellas of Brazil
Canada
* Canadian Railway style, Railway station
Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in Track (rail transport), tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the ...
s built in Canada in the 19th and early 20th centuries were often simple wood structures that lacked decorative features. Some of these stations survive today but not as active railway stations.
Iraq
* Desert castles – (in Arabic, known as q'sar) fortified palaces or castle
A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders. Scholars debate the scope of the word ''castle'', but usually consider it to be the private fortified r ...
s built during the Umayyad
The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE; , ; ar, ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, al-Khilāfah al-ʾUmawīyah) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the ...
period, the ruins of which are now scattered across the semi-arid regions of north-eastern Jordan
Jordan ( ar, الأردن; tr. ' ), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,; tr. ' is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan Rive ...
, Syria
Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
, Israel, Palestine and Iraq. These often served as hunting lodges for noble families.
* Mudhif – a traditional building constructed entirely of reeds and common to the Marsh Arabs of southern Iraq. Many were destroyed by Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein ( ; ar, صدام حسين, Ṣaddām Ḥusayn; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutio ...
, but since 2003, Arab communities have been returning to their traditional homes and way of life.
Germany
* Gulf house
* Low German house
The Low German house or ''Fachhallenhaus'' is a type of timber-framed farmhouse found in northern Germany and the easternmost Netherlands, which combines living quarters, byre and barn under one roof. It is built as a large hall with bays on th ...
* Middle German house
The Middle German house (german: mitteldeutsches Haus, Ernhaus) is a style of traditional German farmhouse which is predominantly found in Central Germany.
It is known by a variety of other names, many of which indicate its regional distribution ...
* Old Frisian farmhouse
Indonesia
Israel
* Sukkah
A or succah (; he, סוכה ; plural, ' or ''sukkos'' or ''sukkoth'', often translated as "booth") is a temporary hut constructed for use during the week-long Jewish festival of Sukkot. It is topped with branches and often well decorated ...
– a temporary dwelling for use during the Jewish holiday of Sukkot
or ("Booths, Tabernacles")
, observedby = Jews, Samaritans, a few Protestant denominations, Messianic Jews, Semitic Neopagans
, type = Jewish, Samaritan
, begins = 15th day of Tishrei
, ends = 21st day of Tis ...
. A sukkah must be made of organic materials, have three walls, and must have a roof that is partially open to the sky. The roof is typically made of branches or thatch.
* Four room house- Iron Age structures constructed of mud and stone.
* Wild Bau cladding style- the practice of repurposing rubble from Israeli structures destroyed during wars and terrorist attacks in masonry, especially in Katamon
, settlement_type = Neighborhood of Jerusalem
, image_skyline = בית רה"מ לוי אשכול ברחוב בוסתנאי 3 בשכנות קטמון בירושלים.jpg
, imagesize = 300px
, image_caption = House ...
.
Italy
* Alpine 'barn' houses (dwellings built on the storey above the ground floor, which housed cattle during winter
* Dammuso (Dammusu) dry stone housing of Pantelleria
Pantelleria (; Sicilian: ''Pantiddirìa'', Maltese: ''Pantellerija'' or ''Qawsra''), the ancient Cossyra or Cossura, is an Italian island and comune in the Strait of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea, southwest of Sicily and east of the Tunisi ...
* Sassi di Matera – cave dwellings
* Trullo – dry stone hut-shaped house with a conical roof
Norway
Philippines
* Torogan sleeping house in Mindanao
Mindanao ( ) ( Jawi: مينداناو) is the second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the island is part of an island group of ...
, Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
Scotland
* Bastle house
Bastel, bastle, or bastille houses are a type of construction found along the Anglo-Scottish border, in the areas formerly plagued by border reivers. They are fortified farmhouses, characterised by security measures against raids. Their name i ...
– a multi-storey, fortified farmhouse with sophisticated security measures designed to provide defense against the frequent raiding parties along the Scottish border.
* Blackhouse
A blackhouse ( ga, teach dubh ; gd, t(a)igh-dubh ) is a traditional type of house which used to be common in Ireland, the Hebrides, and the Scottish Highlands.
Origin of the name
The origin of the name blackhouse is of some debate. On the Is ...
– a traditional dry-stone wall building, roofed with thatch of turf, a flagstone
Flagstone (flag) is a generic flat stone, sometimes cut in regular rectangular or square shape and usually used for paving slabs or walkways, patios, flooring, fences and roofing. It may be used for memorials, headstones, facades and other c ...
floor and central hearth, designed to accommodate livestock and people, separated by a partition.
* Crofters cottage – a simple construction of stone walls filled with earth for insulation, a thatched or turf roof and stone slabs were set into the middle of the room for a peat fire which provided some form of central heating. An unusual croft house Brotchie's Steading, Dunnet
Dunnet is a village in Caithness, in the Highland area of Scotland. It is within the Parish of Dunnet.
Village
The village centres on the A836– B855 road junction. The A836 leads towards John o' Groats in the east and toward Thurso and ...
was built with whale bone couples.
* Cruck house – a medieval structure designed to cope with shortages of long-span timber. The frame of the structure uses "siles" or "couples" (a type of fork) for the end walls. The walls do not support the roof, which is instead carried on the cruck frame. This type of building is common throughout England, Scotland and Wales, although only a few intact examples have survived.
* Shieling
A shieling is a hut or collection of huts on a seasonal pasture high in the hills, once common in wild or sparsely populated places in Scotland. Usually rectangular with a doorway on the south side and few or no windows, they were often con ...
– a type of temporary hut (or a collection of huts) constructed of stone, sod and turf used as a dwelling during the Summer months when highlanders took their livestock to higher ground in search of new pasture.
* Tower house
A tower house is a particular type of stone structure, built for defensive purposes as well as habitation. Tower houses began to appear in the Middle Ages, especially in mountainous or limited access areas, in order to command and defend strateg ...
or peel tower
Peel towers (also spelt pele) are small fortified keeps or tower houses, built along the English and Scottish borders in the Scottish Marches and North of England, mainly between the mid-14th century and about 1600. They were free-stand ...
– a medieval building, typically of stone, constructed by the aristocratic classes as a defensible residence.
* Turf house – e.g. East Ayrshire, Medieval turf house
Spain
* Adobe house - mudbrick buildings found in Spain and Spanish colonies
United States
*Creole architecture in the United States
Creole architecture in the United States is present in buildings in Louisiana and elsewhere in the South, and also in the U.S. associated territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. One interesting variant is Ponce Creole style.
Creo ...
- a type of house or cottage common along the Gulf Coast and associated rivers, especially in southern Louisiana and Mississippi.
*Vernacular Architecture of Rural and Small-Town Missouri, by Howard Wight Marshall
* Earth lodge -a subterranean dwelling used by the Native Americans of the Great Plains
The Great Plains (french: Grandes Plaines), sometimes simply "the Plains", is a broad expanse of flatland in North America. It is located west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains, much of it covered in prairie, steppe, a ...
* Hogan –traditional dwelling of Navajo
The Navajo (; British English: Navaho; nv, Diné or ') are a Native Americans in the United States, Native American people of the Southwestern United States.
With more than 399,494 enrolled tribal members , the Navajo Nation is the largest fe ...
people
* Earl A. Young (born March 31, 1889 – May 24, 1975) was an American architect, realtor and insurance agent. Over a span of 52 years, he designed and built 31 structures in Charlevoix, Michigan but was never a registered architect
An architect is a person who plans, designs and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings that h ...
. He worked mostly in stone
In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its Chemical compound, chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks ...
, using limestone
Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms w ...
, fieldstone
Fieldstone is a naturally occurring type of stone, which lies at or near the surface of the Earth. Fieldstone is a nuisance for farmers seeking to expand their land under cultivation, but at some point it began to be used as a construction mate ...
, and boulders
In geology, a boulder (or rarely bowlder) is a rock fragment with size greater than in diameter. Smaller pieces are called cobbles and pebbles. While a boulder may be small enough to move or roll manually, others are extremely massive.
In c ...
he found throughout Northern Michigan. The homes are commonly referred to as gnome
A gnome is a mythological creature and diminutive spirit in Renaissance magic and alchemy, first introduced by Paracelsus in the 16th century and later adopted by more recent authors including those of modern fantasy literature. Its characte ...
homes, mushroom houses, or Hobbit houses. His door, window, roof and fireplace designs were very distinct because of his use of curved lines. Young's goal was to show that a small stone house could be as impressive as a castle. Young also helped make Charlevoix the busy, summer resort town that it is today.
Ukraine
Different regions in Ukraine have their own examples of vernacular architecture. For example, in the Carpathian Mountains
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians () are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. Roughly long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Urals at and the Scandinavian Mountains at . The range stretche ...
and the surrounding foothills
Foothills or piedmont are geographically defined as gradual increases in elevation at the base of a mountain range, higher hill range or an upland area. They are a transition zone between plains and low relief hills and the adjacent topogr ...
, wood and clay are the primary traditional building materials. Ukrainian architecture
Ukrainian architecture has initial roots in the Eastern Slavic state of Kyivan Rus. After the 12th century, the distinct architectural history continued in the principalities of Galicia-Volhynia and later in Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthe ...
is preserved at The Museum of Folk Architecture and Way of Life of Central Naddnipryanshchyna located in Pereiaslav
Pereiaslav ( uk, Перея́слав, translit=Pereiaslav, yi, פּרעיאַסלעוו, Periyoslov) is a historical city in the Boryspil Raion, Kyiv Oblast ( province) of central Ukraine, located near the confluence of Alta and Trubizh ri ...
, Ukraine.
See also
Indigenous architecture
House types:
* A-frame house
* Barabara
A barabara or barabora (Russian); ulax̂, ''ulaagamax'', ''ulaq'', or ''ulas'' (plural) (Aleut); and ciqlluaq ( Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq)Jeff Leer (introduction) 2007 (eighth printing). Nanwalegmiut Paluwigmiut-llu Nupugnerit / Conversational Alutiiq Di ...
(Aleut)
* Bastle house
Bastel, bastle, or bastille houses are a type of construction found along the Anglo-Scottish border, in the areas formerly plagued by border reivers. They are fortified farmhouses, characterised by security measures against raids. Their name i ...
(England, Scotland)
* Beehive house (Bantu, Africa)
* Bender tent
* Blackhouse
A blackhouse ( ga, teach dubh ; gd, t(a)igh-dubh ) is a traditional type of house which used to be common in Ireland, the Hebrides, and the Scottish Highlands.
Origin of the name
The origin of the name blackhouse is of some debate. On the Is ...
* Bothy
A bothy is a basic shelter, usually left unlocked and available for anyone to use free of charge. It was also a term for basic accommodation, usually for gardeners or other workers on an estate. Bothies are found in remote mountainous areas of Sco ...
* Bungalow
A bungalow is a small house or cottage that is either single-story or has a second story built into a sloping roof (usually with dormer windows), and may be surrounded by wide verandas.
The first house in England that was classified as a b ...
* Burdei (Romania, Ukraine)
* Cabana (structure)
A cabana is a type of shelter often found near beaches or pools. A cabana can be used to relax in the shade or change clothes.
A cabana bathroom is a bathroom attached to a building or a house that is commonly used by swimmers and beachgoers.
S ...
* Chalet
A chalet (pronounced in British English; in American English usually ), also called Swiss chalet, is a type of building or house, typical of the Alpine region in Europe. It is made of wood, with a heavy, gently sloping roof and wide, well-suppo ...
(Alpine regions of Europe)
* Clochán (Ireland)
* Cruck house
* Earth lodge (American Indian)
* Four room house ( ancient Israel and Judah)
* Gulf house (East Frisia
East Frisia or East Friesland (german: Ostfriesland; ; stq, Aastfräislound) is a historic region in the northwest of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is primarily located on the western half of the East Frisian peninsula, to the east of West Frisia ...
and North Germany)
* Half-timbered construction
Timber framing (german: Holzfachwerk) and "post-and-beam" construction are traditional methods of building with heavy timbers, creating structures using squared-off and carefully fitted and joined timbers with joints secured by large wooden ...
* Hall house
The hall house is a type of vernacular house traditional in many parts of England, Wales, Ireland and lowland Scotland, as well as northern Europe, during the Middle Ages, centring on a hall. Usually timber-framed, some high status examples w ...
* Hut
* Icelandic turf house
Icelandic turf houses ( ) were the product of a difficult climate, offering superior insulation compared to buildings solely made of wood or stone, and the relative difficulty in obtaining other construction materials in sufficient quantities.
...
s
* Igloo
An igloo (Inuit languages: , Inuktitut syllabics (plural: )), also known as a snow house or snow hut, is a type of shelter built of suitable snow.
Although igloos are often associated with all Inuit, they were traditionally used only b ...
* Khmer house
* Log cabin
A log cabin is a small log house, especially a less finished or less architecturally sophisticated structure. Log cabins have an ancient history in Europe, and in America are often associated with first generation home building by settlers.
Eur ...
* Longhouse
A longhouse or long house is a type of long, proportionately narrow, single-room building for communal dwelling. It has been built in various parts of the world including Asia, Europe, and North America.
Many were built from timber and often re ...
* Low German house
The Low German house or ''Fachhallenhaus'' is a type of timber-framed farmhouse found in northern Germany and the easternmost Netherlands, which combines living quarters, byre and barn under one roof. It is built as a large hall with bays on th ...
* List of human habitation forms
* List of house types
* Machiya Japan
* Malay houses traditional houses of Bahasa people of Malaya
* Mitato
Mitato ( el, μιτάτο, archaic form: , from la, metor, "to measure off/to pitch camp") is a term meaning "shelter" or "lodging" in Greek.
Appearing in the 6th century, during the Byzantine period it referred to an inn or trading house for for ...
(Greece)
* Mountain hut
A mountain hut is a building located high in the mountains, generally accessible only by foot, intended to provide food and shelter to mountaineers, climbers and hikers. Mountain huts are usually operated by an Alpine Club or some organization ...
* Mudhif
* Nakamal (Vanuatu)
* Nipa hut (Philippines)
* Oast house
* Oca (structure)
Oca is the name given to the typical Brazilian indigenous housing. The term comes from the Tupi-Guarani language family.
They are large buildings, serving as collective housing for several families,
and may reach 40 m in length. They are built t ...
(Brazil)
* Old Frisian farmhouse (The Netherlands and North German Plain)
* Orri (France)
* Peel tower
Peel towers (also spelt pele) are small fortified keeps or tower houses, built along the English and Scottish borders in the Scottish Marches and North of England, mainly between the mid-14th century and about 1600. They were free-stand ...
(England, Scotland)
* The Queenslander
''The Queenslander'' was the weekly summary and literary edition of the ''Brisbane Courier'', the leading journal in the colony—and later, federal state—of Queensland since the 1850s. ''The Queenslander'' was launched by the Brisbane New ...
(Australia)
* Rondavel (Central and South Africa)
* Rumoh Aceh indigenous architecture of Aceh, Indonesia
* Sheiling
* Shotgun house
* Sod house
The sod house or soddy was an often used alternative to the log cabin during frontier settlement of the Great Plains of Canada and the United States in the 1800s and early 1900s. Primarily used at first for animal shelters, corrals, and fen ...
* Stilt house
Stilt houses (also called pile dwellings or lake dwellings) are houses raised on stilts (or piles) over the surface of the soil or a body of water. Stilt houses are built primarily as a protection against flooding; they also keep out vermin. ...
* Tipi
* Torogan (Philippines)
* Tower house
A tower house is a particular type of stone structure, built for defensive purposes as well as habitation. Tower houses began to appear in the Middle Ages, especially in mountainous or limited access areas, in order to command and defend strateg ...
(Scotland, Spain and mountainous regions)
* Trullo
* Wharenui, a Māori longhouse (New Zealand)
* Wigwam
* Yaranga
* Yurt
A yurt (from the Turkic languages) or ger ( Mongolian) is a portable, round tent covered and insulated with skins or felt and traditionally used as a dwelling by several distinct nomadic groups in the steppes and mountains of Central Asia ...
(Central Asia)
Architectural elements
* Dormer window
* Mashrabiya (also known as ''shanashel'' in Iraq)
* Oriel window
An oriel window is a form of bay window which protrudes from the main wall of a building but does not reach to the ground. Supported by corbels, brackets, or similar cantilevers, an oriel window is most commonly found projecting from an upper f ...
* Windcatcher (''bad girs'' in Arabic)
Building techniques and materials:
* Bundwerk
''Bundwerk'' is a method of building with timber that was used especially in the 19th century in Austria, South Tyrol and Bavaria. After log construction and timber framing, ''bundwerk'' is one of the most widespread forms of timber building ...
construction method used in Austria, Tyrol and Bavaria
* Cob (material)
* Grouted roof
* Pierrotage (French infill material)
* Sod roof
* Stilts (architecture)
* Thatch
* Veranda
A veranda or verandah is a roofed, open-air gallery or porch, attached to the outside of a building. A veranda is often partly enclosed by a railing and frequently extends across the front and sides of the structure.
Although the form ''vera ...
(Australia)
* Wattle and daub
Wattle and daub is a composite building method used for making walls and buildings, in which a woven lattice of wooden strips called wattle is daubed with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil, clay, sand, animal dung a ...
Organizations:
* Vernacular Architecture Forum
The Vernacular Architecture Forum (VAF) is a scholarly organization founded in 1980 to support the study and preservation of all aspects of vernacular architecture and landscapes. The organization has brought together scholars and practitioners ...
* Architecture, SUST
* International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture & Urbanism
Regional vernacular architecture:
* Architecture in early modern Scotland#Vernacular architecture in Early modern Scotland
* Baita (architecture)
Baita (pl. ''baite'') is a term used mainly in Italy and France to refer to small dwellings of the central and western Alps. This word is found from the Lepontine to the Maritime alpine sections.
Description
''Baite'' are huts usually constructe ...
Alpine regions of Europe
* Balinese architecture
Balinese architecture is a vernacular architecture tradition of Balinese people that inhabits volcanic island of Bali, Indonesia. The Balinese architecture is a centuries-old architectural tradition influenced by Balinese culture developed from Hi ...
Bali, Indonesia
* Batak architecture Indigenous architecture of the people of Sumatra, Indonesia
* Creole architecture in the United States
Creole architecture in the United States is present in buildings in Louisiana and elsewhere in the South, and also in the U.S. associated territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. One interesting variant is Ponce Creole style.
Creo ...
* Estonian vernacular architecture
* European medieval architecture in North America
* Indian vernacular architecture
Indian vernacular architecture the informal, functional architecture of structures, often in rural areas of India, built of local materials and designed to meet the needs of the local people. The builders of these structures are unschooled in f ...
* Kanak traditional architecture
* Mar del Plata style
* Scottish Vernacular
* Shophouse
A shophouse is a building type serving both as a residence and a commercial business. It is defined in dictionary as a building type found in Southeast Asia that is "a shop opening on to the pavement and also used as the owner's residence", a ...
(South-East Asia)
* Traditional architecture of Enggano
The traditional architecture of the Indonesian island of Enggano until the early 20th century consisted of unusual round beehive-shaped houses.
Description
Groups of round houses about 9 metres in diameter and built on piles formed Enggano vill ...
(Indonesia)
* Vernacular architecture in Indonesia
* Rustic architecture of the United States
* Vernacular architecture of the Carpathians
* Vernacular architecture of old Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)
* Vernacular architecture in Norway
Vernacular architecture in Norway covers about 4,000 years of archeological, literary, and preserved structures. Within the history of Norwegian architecture, vernacular traditions form a distinct and pervasive influence that persists to this day. ...
* Vernacular architecture of Ukraine
* Vernacular residential architecture of Western Sichuan
The vernacular residential architecture of Western Sichuan is one kind of Sichuan vernacular architecture styles in Sichuan, China. Those vernacular residential areas are located with a densely populated plain with rivers in the west of the Longq ...
* Vernacular architecture of Spain
Examples:
* Al-Mashrabiya Building
Al-Mashrabiya Building is a building designed by Palestinians, Palestinian architect Senan Abdelqader in the Beit Safafa neighborhood of Jerusalem. It is a contemporary reinterpretation of traditional elements of Arab vernacular architecture.
...
* Broken Angel House
* Ethel S. Roy House
* Machiya – traditional Japanese wooden town houses
* Phonehenge West
Phonehenge West was a large folk art structure envisioned and constructed by Alan Kimble "Kim" Fahey, which included a 70 foot tower made from reclaimed material such as telephone poles, and props from old movie sets. The structure rested on his 1 ...
* Slow architecture Slow architecture is a term believed to have grown from the slow food movement of the mid-1980s.Holly Hoffma''Calgary designers take interest in ‘slow architecture’'', The Calgary Journal, 12 August 2010. Retrieved 2011-11-11.[Watts Towers
The Watts Towers, Towers of Simon Rodia, or ''Nuestro Pueblo'' ("our town" in Spanish) are a collection of 17 interconnected sculptural towers, architectural structures, and individual sculptural features and mosaics within the site of the artis ...]
* Witch window
People:
* Laurie Baker
* Geoffrey Bawa
* Rifat Chadirji
* Bashirul Haq
* Saiful Haq
* Friedensreich Hundertwasser
* Howard Moffitt
* Mudéjar
Mudéjar ( , also , , ca, mudèjar , ; from ar, مدجن, mudajjan, subjugated; tamed; domesticated) refers to the group of Muslims who remained in Iberia in the late medieval period despite the Christian reconquest. It is also a term for M ...
* Dan Phillips
* Kea Tawana
Kea Tawana (c. 1935 – August 4, 2016) was an American artist known for creating the ''Ark'', an 86-foot-long, three-story high ship she built in Newark, New Jersey, starting in 1982. For decades she had collected salvaged wood, stained glass, and ...
References
Sources and further reading
* Large format.
*
*
* Clifton-Taylor pioneered the study of the English vernacular.
*
Glassie, Henry. "Architects, Vernacular Traditions, and Society" ''Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review'', Vol 1, 1990, 9-21
*
*
*
* Mark Jarzombek, Architecture of First Societies: A Global Perspective, (New York: Wiley & Sons, August 2013)
*
*
*
* Carl Pruscha, Austrian architect and United Nations-UNESCO advisor to the government of Nepal, lived and worked in the Himalayas 1964–74. He continued his activities as head of the design studio "Habitat, Environment and Conservation" at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna.
*
*
* Schittich, Christian, ed. (2019). Vernacular Architecture: Atlas for Living Throughout the World. Basle: Birkhäuser.
*Upton, Dell and John Michael Vlach, eds. ''Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture.'' Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1986. .
*Wharton, David
"Roadside Architecture."
''Southern Spaces'', February 1, 2005
*
External links
Centre for Vernacular Architecture-Bangalore-India
Vernacular Architecture Forum
– Environmental Design Library, University of California, Berkeley
Himalayan Vernacular Architecture - Technische Universität Berlin
DATs Fachwerk interiors (Germany)
{{Authority control
Vernacular architecture,
Folklore