Vegetation classification is the process of classifying and mapping the

vegetation Vegetation is an assemblage of plants and the ground cover they provide. It is a general term, without specific reference to particular Taxon, taxa, life forms, structure, Spatial ecology, spatial extent, or any other specific Botany, botanic ...

over an area of the Earth's surface. Vegetation classification is often performed by state based agencies as part of land use,

resource ''Resource'' refers to all the materials available in our environment which are Technology, technologically accessible, Economics, economically feasible and Culture, culturally Sustainability, sustainable and help us to satisfy our needs and want ...

and environmental management. Many different methods of vegetation classification have been used. In general, there has been a shift from structural classification used by forestry for the mapping of timber resources, to floristic community mapping for biodiversity management. Whereas older forestry-based schemes considered factors such as height, species and density of the woody canopy, floristic community mapping shifts the emphasis onto ecological factors such as climate, soil type and floristic associations. Classification mapping is usually now done using

geographic information systems A geographic information system (GIS) consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data. Much of this often happens within a spatial database; however, this is not ...

(GIS) software.

Classification schemes

Following, some important classification schemes.

Köppen (1884)

Although this scheme is in fact of a

climate classification Climate zones are systems that categorize the world's climates. A climate classification may correlate closely with a biome classification, as climate is a major influence on life in a region. The most used is the Köppen climate classification ...

, it has a deep relationship with vegetation studies: * Class A ** Tropical rainforest ''(Af)'' ** Tropical monsoon ''(Am)'' ** Tropical savanna ''(Aw, As)'' * Class B ** Desert'' (BWh, BWk)'' ** Semi-arid ''(BSh, BSk)'' * Class C ** Humid subtropical ''(Cfa, Cwa)'' ** Oceanic ''(Cfb, Cwb, Cfc, Cwc)'' ** Mediterranean ''(Csa, Csb, Csc)'' * Class D ** Humid continental ''(Dfa, Dwa, Dfb, Dwb, Dsa, Dsb)'' ** Subarctic ''(Dfc, Dwc, Dfd, Dwd, Dsc, Dsd)'' * Class E ** Tundra ''(ET)'' ** Ice cap ''(EF)'' ** Alpine ''(ET, EF)''

Wagner & von Sydow (1888)

Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( ; ; 22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, essayist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most o ...

& von Sydow (1888) scheme: ''Vegetationsgürtel'' (vegetation belts):Wagner, H. & von Sydow, E. 1888. ''Sydow-Wagners methodischer Schulatlas''. Gotha: Perthes

23th (last) ed., 1944, . * ''Tundren'' (tundra) * ''Hochgebirgsflora'' (mountain flora) * ''Vegetationsarme Gebiete (Wüsten)'' (vegetation poor areas eserts * ''der gemässigten zone'' (the temperate zone) ** ''Grasland'' (prairie) ** ''Vorherrschend Nadelwald'' (mainly coniferous forest) ** ''Wald (Laub und Nadelwald) und Kulturland'' (forest eciduous and coniferous forestand cultivated land) * ''in tropischen und subtropischen Gebieten'' (in tropical and subtropical areas) ** ''Grasland'' (prairie) ** ''Wald und Kulturland'' (forest and cultivated land) ** ''Urwald'' (jungle)

Warming (1895, 1909)

Warming (1895, 1909) oecological classes:Warming, E. (1895). '' Plantesamfund - Grundtræk af den økologiske Plantegeografi.'' P.G. Philipsens Forlag, Kjøbenhavn. 335 pp.Warming, E. (1909). ''Oecology of Plants. An introduction to the study of plant-communities'', translated by P. Groom and I. B. Balfour. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 422 pp
BHL
* A. The soil (in the widest sense) is very wet, and the abundant water is available to the plant (at least in Class 1), the formations are therefore more or less hydrophilous: ** Class 1. Hydrophytes (of formations in water). ** Class 2. Helophytes (of formations in marsh). * B. The soil is physiologically dry, i. e. contains water which is available to the plant only to a slight extent; the formations are therefore essentially composed of xerophilous species: ** Class 3. Oxylophytes (of formations on sour (acid) soil). ** Class 4. Psychrophytes (of formations on cold soil). ** Class 5. Halophytes (of formations on saline soil). * C. The soil is physically dry, and its slight power of retaining water determines the vegetation, the climate being of secondary import; the formations are therefore likewise xerophilous: ** Class 6. Lithophytes (of formations on rocks). ** Class 7.

Psammophyte A psammophyte is a plant that grows in sandy and often unstable soils. Psammophytes are commonly found growing on beaches, deserts, and sand dunes. Because they thrive in these challenging or inhospitable habitats, psammophytes are considered extr ...

s (of formations on sand and gravel). ** Class 8. Chersophytes (of formations on waste land). * D. The climate is very dry and decides the character of the vegetation; the properties of the soil are dominated by climate; the formations are also xerophilous: ** Class 9. Eremophytes (of formations on desert and steppe). ** Class 10. Psilophytes (of formations on savannah). ** Class 11. Sclerophyllous formations (bush and forest). * E. The soil is physically or physically dry: ** Class 12. Coniferous formations (forest). * F. Soil and climate favour the development of mesophilous formations: ** Class 13. Mesophytes. Warming's types of formations: * 1. Microphyte-formation * 2. Moss-formation * 3. Herb-formation * 4. Dwarf-shrub formations and undershrub-formations * 5. Bush-wood or shrub-wood * 6. Forest ** High forest ** Underwood ** Forest-floor vegetation * Other ** Simple formations ** Compound formations ** Mixed formations ** Secondary formations ** Sub-formations

Schimper (1898, 1903)

Schimper (1898, 1903) climatic chief formation types:Schimper, A. F. W. 1898. ''Pflanzen-Geographie auf physiologischer Grundlage''. Fisher, Jena. 876 pp. English translation, 1903

* Woodland, forest, bushwood, shrubwood * Grassland, meadow (hygrophilous or tropophilous), steppe (xerophilous), savannah (xerophilous grassland containing isolated trees) * Desert (dry or cold) Schimper formation types across the zones and regions * Tropical zone formations ** Climatic formations *** Tropical districts constantly moist **** Rain-forest *** Tropical districts with pronounced dry seasons **** Woodland formations (monsoon-forest, savannah-forest, thorn-forest) **** Grassland formations *** Tropical deserts ** Glossary of botanical terms#edaphic, Edaphic formations *** In Tropical Inland Country *** In Tropical Sea-shore * Temperate zone formations ** Climatic formations *** Warm temperate belts **** Subtropical districts **** Constantly moist districts (without a dry season) **** Moist summer districts **** Moist winter districts *** Cold temperate belts *** Temperate deserts ** Edaphic formations *** Littoral Formations *** Heath *** Moors * Arctic zone formations ** Tundra, moss-tundra, lichen-tundra, moors, oases * Mountain climate formations (basal region, montane region, alpine region) ** In the tropics ** In the temperate zones * Aquatic vegetation ** Marine vegetation ** Freshwater vegetation

Schimper & Faber (1935)

Formation-types:Beard J.S. (1978). The Physiognomic Approach. In: R. H. Whittaker (editor). ''Classification of Plant Communities'', pp 33-64

* 1. Tropical rainforest * 2. Subtropical rainforest * 3. Monsoon forest * 4. Temperate rainforest * 5. Summer-green deciduous forest * 6. Needle-leaf forest * 7. Evergreen hardwood forest * 8. Savanna woodland * 9. Thorn forest and scrub * 10. Savanna * 11. Steppe and semidesert * 12. Heath * 13. Dry desert * 14. Tundra and cold woodland * 15. Cold desert

Ellenberg & Mueller-Dombois (1967)

Heinz Ellenberg, Ellenberg and Mueller-Dombois (1967) scheme: * Formation-class I. Closed forests * Formation-class II. Woodlands * Formation-class III. Fourrés (shrublands or thickets) * Formation-class IV. Dwarf-scrub and related communities * Formation-class V. Terrestrial herbaceous communities * Formation-class VI. Deserts and other scarcely vegetated areas * Formation-class VII. Aquatic plant formations

Oliveira-Filho (2009, 2015)

A vegetation classification with six main criteria ("hierarchical attributes", with exemplified categories applicable mainly to

Neotropical The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In biogeogra ...

region): * A. Basic vegetation physiognomies ** 1. Forest physiognomies ** 2. Shrubland physiognomies ** 3. Savanna physiognomies ** 4. Grassland physiognomies ** 5. Man-made physiognomies * B. Climatic regime ** Maritime ** Semi-arid ** Seasonal ** Rain ** Cloud * C. Leaf flush regime ** Evergreen ** Semideciduous ** Deciduous ** Alternate ** Ephemeral * D. Thermal realm ** Tropical ** Subtropical, etc. * E. Elevation range ** Coastal ** Lower plains ** Upper plains ** Lower highlands ** Upper highlands ** Montane * F. Substrate ** Shallow soils ** Deep soils ** Soily ** Sandy ** Gravelly ** Rocky ** Dystrophic ** Mesotrophic ** Eutrophic ** Ridge ** Slope ** Thalweg ** Riverine ** Floodplain ** Marshy ** Swampy

Other

Other important schemes: Grisebach (1872), Tansley and Chipp (1926), Rübel (1930), Burtt Davy (1938),

Beard A beard is the hair that grows on the jaw, chin, upper lip, lower lip, cheeks, and neck of humans and some non-human animals. In humans, beards are most commonly seen on pubescent or adult males, though women have been observed with beards ...

(1944, 1955), André Aubréville (1956, 1957), Trochain (1955, 1957), Dansereau (1958), Küchler (1967), Webb and Tracey (1975). In the sixties, A. W. Kuchler coordinated an extensive review of vegetation maps from all the continents, compiling the terminology used for the types of vegetation. The Braun-Blanquet method focuses on the composition of plant species within a community. It examines which species grow together, looking at patterns and differences in species groups across different areas. This method uses data collected from specific plots to compare the plant communities and understand how these patterns are influenced by environmental factors.Dengler J, Chytrý M, Ewald J (2008) Phytosociology. In: Jorgensen SE, Fath BD (Eds) Encyclopedia of Ecology, vol. 4, General Ecology. Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 2767–2779. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045405-4.00533-4

References

{{Biomes Botany Ecology