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The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is a
bibliographic Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes ''bibliography ...
and
library classification A library classification is a system of organization of knowledge by which library resources are arranged and ordered systematically. Library classifications are a notational system that represents the order of topics in the classification and al ...
representing the systematic arrangement of all branches of human knowledge organized as a coherent system in which knowledge fields are related and inter-linked. The UDC is an analytico-synthetic and
faceted classification A faceted classification is a classification scheme used in organizing knowledge into a systematic order. A faceted classification uses semantic categories, either general or subject-specific, that are combined to create the full classification ent ...
system featuring detailed
vocabulary A vocabulary is a set of familiar words within a person's language. A vocabulary, usually developed with age, serves as a useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring knowledge. Acquiring an extensive vocabulary is one of the ...
and syntax that enables powerful content indexing and
information retrieval Information retrieval (IR) in computing and information science is the process of obtaining information system resources that are relevant to an information need from a collection of those resources. Searches can be based on full-text or other c ...
in large collections.UDC History
"About UDC" - UDC Consortium website
Since 1991, the UDC has been owned and managed by the UDC Consortium, a non-profit international association of publishers with headquarters in
The Hague The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital o ...
,
Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
. Unlike other library classification schemes that have started their life as national systems, the UDC was conceived and maintained as an international scheme. Its translation into other languages started at the beginning of the 20th century and has since been published in various printed editions in over 40 languages. UDC Summary, an abridged Web version of the scheme, is available in over 50 languages. The classification has been modified and extended over the years to cope with increasing output in all areas of human knowledge, and is still under continuous review to take account of new developments. Albeit originally designed as an indexing and retrieval system, due to its logical structure and scalability, UDC has become one of the most widely used knowledge organization systems in libraries, where it is used for either shelf arrangement, content indexing or both. UDC codes can describe any type of document or object to any desired level of detail. These can include textual
documents A document is a written, drawn, presented, or memorialized representation of thought, often the manifestation of non-fictional, as well as fictional, content. The word originates from the Latin ''Documentum'', which denotes a "teaching" or ...
and other media such as
film A film also called a movie, motion picture, moving picture, picture, photoplay or (slang) flick is a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or atmospher ...
s,
video Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode-ray tube (CRT) sy ...
and
sound In physics, sound is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave, through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid. In human physiology and psychology, sound is the ''reception'' of such waves and their ''perception'' by ...
recordings,
illustration An illustration is a decoration, interpretation or visual explanation of a text, concept or process, designed for integration in print and digital published media, such as posters, flyers, magazines, books, teaching materials, animations, video ...
s,
map A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes. Many maps are static, fixed to paper or some other durable medium, while others are dynamic or interactive. Although ...
s as well as realia such as
museum A museum ( ; plural museums or, rarely, musea) is a building or institution that cares for and displays a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance. Many public museums make th ...
objects.


History

The UDC was developed by the
Belgian Belgian may refer to: * Something of, or related to, Belgium * Belgians, people from Belgium or of Belgian descent * Languages of Belgium, languages spoken in Belgium, such as Dutch, French, and German *Ancient Belgian language, an extinct languag ...
bibliographers
Paul Otlet Paul Marie Ghislain Otlet (; ; 23 August 1868 – 10 December 1944) was a Belgian author, entrepreneur, lawyer and peace activist; predicting the arrival of the internet before World War II, he is among those considered to be the father of infor ...
and
Henri La Fontaine Henri La Fontaine (; 22 April 1854 – 14 May 1943), was a Belgian international lawyer and president of the International Peace Bureau. He received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1913 because "he was the effective leader of the peace movement in ...
at the end of the 19th century. In 1895, they created the Universal Bibliographic Repertory (''Répertoire Bibliographique Universel'') (RBU) which was intended to become a comprehensive classified index to all published information. The idea that the RBU should take the form of a card catalogue came from the young American zoologist
Herbert Haviland Field Herbert Haviland Field (April 25, 1868 – April 5, 1921) was an American zoologist who founded the Concilium Bibliographicum, a leading science information service in the early twentieth century and was the father of Noel Field and Hermann Fiel ...
, who was at the time himself setting up a bibliographical agency in Zurich, the
Concilium Bibliographicum The Concilium Bibliographicum was established in Zurich. Switzerland in 1895 by the U.S. zoologist Herbert Haviland Field in response to the lack of timely and complete bibliographies to serve the new sciences that had begun to emerge in the late ...
. A means of arranging the entries would be needed, and Otlet, having heard of the
Dewey Decimal Classification The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), colloquially known as the Dewey Decimal System, is a proprietary library classification system which allows new books to be added to a library in their appropriate location based on subject. Section 4.1 ...
, wrote to Melvil Dewey and obtained permission to translate it into French. The idea outgrew the plan of mere translation, and a number of radical innovations were made, adapting the purely enumerative classification (in which all the subjects envisaged are already listed and coded) into one which allows for synthesis (that is, the construction of compound numbers to denote interrelated subjects that could never be exhaustively foreseen); various possible relations between subjects were identified, and symbols assigned to represent them. In its first edition in French "''Manuel du Répertoire bibliographique universel''" (1905), the UDC already included many features that were revolutionary in the context of knowledge classifications: tables of generally applicable (aspect-free) concepts—called common auxiliary tables; a series of special auxiliary tables with specific but re-usable attributes in a particular field of knowledge; an expressive notational system with connecting symbols and syntax rules to enable coordination of subjects and the creation of a documentation language proper. The Universal Bibliographic Repertory itself has developed into a remarkable information resource. In the period before World War I it grew to more than eleven million records. The catalogue and its content organized by UDC can still be seen in Mundaneum in Mons, Belgium (in 2013 recommended for inclusion in the UNESCO
Memory of the World Register Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action. If past events could not be remembere ...
UNESCO Memory of the World Register
"Universal Bibliographic Repertory - UNESCO Memory of the World Register"
).


The application of UDC

UDC is used in around 150,000 libraries in 130 countries and in many bibliographical services which require detailed content indexing. In a number of countries it is the main classification system for information exchange and is used in all types of libraries: public, school, academic and special libraries. UDC Users Worldwide
UDC Consortium website

UDC Consortium website
UDC is also used in
national bibliographies A national bibliography is a systematic bibliography of acquisitions of a national library. Most countries either have a national bibliography or are in the process of compiling one. Some countries that do not have a national bibliography of the ...
of around 30 countries. Examples of large databases indexed by UDC include:Collections indexed by UDC
UDC Consortium website
: NEBIS (The Network of Libraries and Information Centers in Switzerland) — 2.6 million records : COBIB.SI (Slovenian National Union Catalogue) — 3.5 million records : Hungarian National Union Catalogue (MOKKA) — 2.9 million records :
VINITI RAS VINITI Database RAS is a database provided by the All-Russian Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI). The database is devoted to scientific publications. It is described as a large abstracting database. In general, it is index ...
database (All-Russian Scientific and Technical Information Institute of Russian Academy of Science) with 28 million records : Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts (MGA) with 600 journal titles : PORBASE (Portuguese National Bibliography) with 1.5 million records UDC has traditionally been used for the indexing of scientific articles which was an important source of information of scientific output in the period predating electronic publishing. Collections of research articles in many countries covering decades of scientific output contain UDC codes. Examples of journal articles indexed by UDC: :UDC code 663.12:57.06 in the article "Yeast Systematics: from Phenotype to Genotype" in the journal ''Food Technology and Biotechnology'' () :UDC code 37.037:796.56, provided in the article "The game method as means of interface of technical-tactical and psychological preparation in sports orienteering" in the Russian journal "''Pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of the physical culture and sport''" (). :UDC code 621.715:621.924:539.3 in the article Residual Stress in Shot-Peened Sheets of AIMg4.5Mn Alloy - in the journal ''Materials and technology'' (). : The design of UDC lends itself to machine readability, and the system has been used both with early automatic mechanical sorting devices, and modern library
OPAC The online public access catalog (OPAC), now frequently synonymous with ''library catalog'', is an online database of materials held by a library or group of libraries. Online catalogs have largely replaced the analog card catalogs previously ...
s. Since 1993, a standard version of UDC has been maintained and distributed in a
database In computing, a database is an organized collection of data stored and accessed electronically. Small databases can be stored on a file system, while large databases are hosted on computer clusters or cloud storage. The design of databases ...
format: UDC Master Reference File (UDC MRF) which is updated and released regularly.UDC Master Reference File
UDC Consortium website
The 2011 version of the MRF (released in 2012) contains over 70,000 classes. In the past full printed editions used to have around 220,000 subdivisions.


UDC structure


Notation

A notation is a code commonly used in classification schemes to represent a class, i.e. a subject and its position in the hierarchy, to enable mechanical sorting and filing of subjects. UDC uses
Arabic numerals Arabic numerals are the ten numerical digits: , , , , , , , , and . They are the most commonly used symbols to write decimal numbers. They are also used for writing numbers in other systems such as octal, and for writing identifiers such a ...
arranged decimally. Every number is thought of as a decimal fraction with the initial decimal point omitted, which determines the filing order. An advantage of decimal notational systems is that they are infinitely extensible, and when new subdivisions are introduced, they need not disturb the existing allocation of numbers. For ease of reading, a UDC notation is usually punctuated after every third digit: In UDC the notation has two features that make the scheme easier to browse and work with: * hierarchically expressive – the longer the notation, the more specific the class: removing the final digit automatically produces a broader class code. * syntactically expressive – when UDC codes are combined, the sequence of digits is interrupted by a precise type of punctuation sign which indicates that the expression is a combination of classes rather than a simple class e.g. the colon in 34:32 indicates that there are two distinct notational elements: 34 Law. Jurisprudence and 32 Politics; the closing and opening parentheses and double quotes in the following code 913(574.22)"19"(084.3) indicate four separate notational elements: 913 Regional geography, (574.22) North Kazakhstan (Soltüstik Qazaqstan); "19" 20th century and (084.3) Maps (document form)


Basic features and syntax

UDC is an analytico-synthetic and
faceted classification A faceted classification is a classification scheme used in organizing knowledge into a systematic order. A faceted classification uses semantic categories, either general or subject-specific, that are combined to create the full classification ent ...
. It allows an unlimited combination of attributes of a subject and relationships between subjects to be expressed. UDC codes from different tables can be combined to present various aspects of document content and form, e.g. 94(410)"19"(075) History ''(main subject)'' of United Kingdom ''(place)'' in 20th century ''(time)'', a textbook ''(document form)''. Or: 37:2 Relationship between Education and Religion. Complex UDC expressions can be accurately parsed into constituent elements. UDC is also a disciplinary classification covering the entire universe of knowledge.UDC Subject Coverage
UDC Consortium website
This type of classification can also be described as ''aspect'' or ''perspective'', which means that concepts are subsumed and placed under the field in which they are studied. Thus, the same concept can appear in different fields of knowledge. This particular feature is usually implemented in UDC by re-using the same concept in various combinations with the main subject, e.g. a code for language in common auxiliaries of language is used to derive numbers for ethnic grouping, individual languages in linguistics and individual literatures. Or, a code from the auxiliaries of place, e.g. ''(410) United Kingdom'', uniquely representing the concept of United Kingdom can be used to express ''911(410) Regional geography of United Kingdom'' and ''94(410) History of United Kingdom''.


Organization of classes

Concepts are organized in two kinds of tables in UDC:UDC Structure and Tables
UDC Consortium website
*Common auxiliary tables (including certain auxiliary signs). These tables contain facets of concepts representing general recurrent characteristics, applicable over a range of subjects throughout the main tables, including notions such as place, language of the text and physical form of the document, which may occur in almost any subject. UDC numbers from these tables, called common auxiliaries are simply added at the end of the number for the subject taken from the main tables. There are over 15,000 common auxiliaries in UDC. *The main tables or main schedules containing the various disciplines and branches of knowledge are arranged in 9 main classes, numbered from 0 to 9 (with class 4 being vacant). At the beginning of each class there are also series of special auxiliaries, which express aspects that are recurrent within this specific class. Main tables in UDC contain more than 60,000 subdivisions.


Main classes

*0
Science Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence ...
and
Knowledge Knowledge can be defined as awareness of facts or as practical skills, and may also refer to familiarity with objects or situations. Knowledge of facts, also called propositional knowledge, is often defined as true belief that is distin ...
.
Organization An organization or organisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is an entity—such as a company, an institution, or an association—comprising one or more people and having a particular purpose. The word is derived f ...
.
Computer Science Computer science is the study of computation, automation, and information. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, information theory, and automation) to Applied science, practical discipli ...
.
Information Science Information science (also known as information studies) is an academic field which is primarily concerned with analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information. ...
.
Documentation Documentation is any communicable material that is used to describe, explain or instruct regarding some attributes of an object, system or procedure, such as its parts, assembly, installation, maintenance and use. As a form of knowledge manageme ...
.
Librarianship Library science (often termed library studies, bibliothecography, and library economy) is an interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, information technology, education, and ...
.
Institutions Institutions are humanly devised structures of rules and norms that shape and constrain individual behavior. All definitions of institutions generally entail that there is a level of persistence and continuity. Laws, rules, social conventions a ...
.
Publications To publish is to make content available to the general public.Berne Conve ...
*1
Philosophy Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. ...
.
Psychology Psychology is the science, scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of consciousness, conscious and Unconscious mind, unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immens ...
*2
Religion Religion is usually defined as a social- cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relates humanity to supernatur ...
.
Theology Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing th ...
*3
Social Sciences Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of so ...
*4 ''vacant'' *5
Mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
.
Natural Sciences Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer review and repeat ...
*6
Applied Sciences Applied science is the use of the scientific method and knowledge obtained via conclusions from the method to attain practical goals. It includes a broad range of disciplines such as engineering and medicine. Applied science is often contrasted ...
.
Medicine Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care pr ...
,
Technology Technology is the application of knowledge to reach practical goals in a specifiable and reproducible way. The word ''technology'' may also mean the product of such an endeavor. The use of technology is widely prevalent in medicine, scien ...
*7
The Arts The arts are a very wide range of human practices of creative expression, storytelling and cultural participation. They encompass multiple diverse and plural modes of thinking, doing and being, in an extremely broad range of media. Both ...
.
Entertainment Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience or gives pleasure and delight. It can be an idea or a task, but is more likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousa ...
.
Sport Sport pertains to any form of competitive physical activity or game that aims to use, maintain, or improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants and, in some cases, entertainment to spectators. Sports can, ...
*8
Linguistics Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Ling ...
.
Literature Literature is any collection of Writing, written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to ...
*9
Geography Geography (from Greek: , ''geographia''. Combination of Greek words ‘Geo’ (The Earth) and ‘Graphien’ (to describe), literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, an ...
.
History History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well ...
The vacant class 4 is the result of a planned schedule expansion. This class was freed by moving linguistics into class 8 in the 1960s to make space for future developments in the rapidly expanding fields of knowledge; primarily natural sciences and technology.


Common auxiliary tables

''Common auxiliaries'' are aspect-free concepts that can be used in combination with any other UDC code from the main classes or with other common auxiliaries. They have unique notational representations that makes them stand out in complex expressions. Common auxiliary numbers always begin with a certain symbol known as a facet indicator, e.g. = (equal sign) always introduces concepts representing the language of a document; (0...) numbers enclosed in parentheses starting with zero always represent a concept designating document form. Thus (075) Textbook and =111 English can be combined to express, e.g.(075)=111 Textbooks in English, and when combined with numbers from the main UDC tables they can be used as follows: 2(075)=111 Religion textbooks in English, 51(075)=111 Mathematics textbooks in English etc. *=... Common auxiliaries of language. Table 1c *(0...) Common auxiliaries of form. Table 1d *(1/9) Common auxiliaries of place. Table 1e *(=...) Common auxiliaries of human ancestry, ethnic grouping and nationality. Table 1f *"..." Common auxiliaries of time. Table 1g helps to make minute division of time e.g.: "1993-1996" *-0... Common auxiliaries of general characteristics: Properties, Materials, Relations/Processes and Persons. Table 1k. *-02 Common auxiliaries of properties. Table 1k *-03 Common auxiliaries of materials. Table 1k *-04 Common auxiliaries of relations, processes and operations. Table 1k *-05 Common auxiliaries of persons and personal characteristics. Table 1k this table is repeated


Connecting signs

In order to preserve the precise meaning and enable accurate parsing of complex UDC expressions, a number of connecting symbols are made available to relate and extend UDC numbers. These are:


UDC outline

UDC classes in this outline are taken from the Multilingual Universal Decimal Classification Summary (UDCC Publication No. 088) released by the UDC Consortium under the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 license (first release 2009, subsequent update 2012).


Main tables


0

Science Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence ...
and
knowledge Knowledge can be defined as awareness of facts or as practical skills, and may also refer to familiarity with objects or situations. Knowledge of facts, also called propositional knowledge, is often defined as true belief that is distin ...
. Organization.
Computer science Computer science is the study of computation, automation, and information. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, information theory, and automation) to Applied science, practical discipli ...
. Information. Documentation. Librarianship. Institution. Publications

00 Prolegomena. Fundamentals of knowledge and culture. Propaedeutics 001
Science Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence ...
and
knowledge Knowledge can be defined as awareness of facts or as practical skills, and may also refer to familiarity with objects or situations. Knowledge of facts, also called propositional knowledge, is often defined as true belief that is distin ...
in general. Organization of intellectual work 002 Documentation. Books. Writings. Authorship 003 Writing systems and scripts 004
Computer science Computer science is the study of computation, automation, and information. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, information theory, and automation) to Applied science, practical discipli ...
and technology. Computing 004.2 Computer architecture 004.3 Computer hardware 004.4
Software Software is a set of computer programs and associated documentation and data. This is in contrast to hardware, from which the system is built and which actually performs the work. At the lowest programming level, executable code consist ...
004.5 Human-computer interaction 004.6 Data 004.7 Computer communication 004.8
Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence—perceiving, synthesizing, and inferring information—demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence displayed by animals and humans. Example tasks in which this is done include speech ...
004.9 Application-oriented computer-based techniques 005
Management Management (or managing) is the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a nonprofit organization, or a government body. It is the art and science of managing resources of the business. Management includes the activitie ...
005.1 Management Theory 005.2 Management agents. Mechanisms. Measures 005.3 Management activities 005.5 Management operations. Direction 005.6 Quality management. Total quality management (TQM) 005.7 Organizational management (OM) 005.9 Fields of management 005.92 Records management 005.93 Plant management. Physical resources management 005.94 Knowledge management 005.95/.96 Personnel management. Human Resources management 006 Standardization of products, operations, weights, measures and time 007 Activity and organizing. Information. Communication and control theory generally (cybernetics) 008 Civilization.
Culture Culture () is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups ...
. Progress 01 Bibliography and bibliographies. Catalogues 02 Librarianship 030 General reference works (as subject) 050 Serial publications, periodicals (as subject) 06 Organizations of a general nature 069 Museums 070 Newspapers (as subject). The Press. Outline of
journalism Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the " news of the day" and that informs society to at least some degree. The word, a noun, applies to the occupation (p ...
08 Polygraphies. Collective works (as subject) 09 Manuscripts. Rare and remarkable works (as subject)


1

Philosophy Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. ...
.
Psychology Psychology is the science, scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of consciousness, conscious and Unconscious mind, unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immens ...

101 Nature and role of philosophy 11 Metaphysics 111 General metaphysics. Ontology 122/129 Special Metaphysics 13 Philosophy of mind and spirit. Metaphysics of spiritual life 14 Philosophical systems and points of view 141 Kinds of viewpoint. Including: Monism. Dualism. Pluralism. Ontological Materialism. Metaphysical Idealism. Platonism, etc. 159.9
Psychology Psychology is the science, scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of consciousness, conscious and Unconscious mind, unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immens ...
159.91 Psychophysiology (physiological psychology). Mental physiology 159.92 Mental development and capacity. Comparative psychology 159.93 Sensation. Sensory perception 159.94 Executive functions 159.95 Higher mental processes 159.96 Special mental states and processes 159.97 Abnormal psychology 159.98 Applied psychology (psychotechnology) in general 16
Logic Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the science of deductively valid inferences or of logical truths. It is a formal science investigating how conclusions follow from prem ...
.
Epistemology Epistemology (; ), or the theory of knowledge, is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge. Epistemology is considered a major subfield of philosophy, along with other major subfields such as ethics, logic, and metaphysics. Epi ...
. Theory of knowledge. Methodology of logic 17 Moral philosophy.
Ethics Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior".''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' The field of ethics, along with aesthetics, concer ...
. Practical philosophy


2

Religion Religion is usually defined as a social- cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relates humanity to supernatur ...
.
Theology Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing th ...

The UDC tables for religion are fully faceted. Indicated in italics below, are special auxiliary numbers that can be used to express attributes (facets) of any specific faith. Any special number can be combined with any religion e.g. ''-5 Worship'' can be used to express e.g. ''26-5 Worship in Judaism'', ''27-5 Worship in Christianity'', ''24-5 Worship in Buddhism''. The complete special auxiliary tables contain around 2000 subdivisions of various attributes that can be attached to express various aspects of individual faiths to a great level of specificity allowing equal level of detail for every religion. ''2-1/-9 Special auxiliary subdivision for religion'' ''2-1 Theory and philosophy of religion. Nature of religion. Phenomenon of religion'' ''2-2 Evidences of religion'' ''2-3 Persons in religion'' ''2-4 Religious activities. Religious practice'' ''2-5 Worship broadly. Cult. Rites and ceremonies'' ''2-6 Processes in religion'' ''2-7 Religious organization and administration'' ''2-8 Religions characterised by various properties'' ''2-9 History of the faith, religion, denomination or church'' 21/29 Religious systems. Religions and faiths 21 Prehistoric and primitive religions 22 Religions originating in the Far East 23 Religions originating in Indian sub-continent. Hindu religion in the broad sense 24
Buddhism Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
25 Religions of antiquity. Minor cults and religions 26
Judaism Judaism ( he, ''Yahăḏūṯ'') is an Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people. It has its roots as an organized religion in th ...
27
Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.38 billion followers representing one-third of the global popula ...
28
Islam Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God (or '' Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the ...
29 Modern spiritual movements


3

Social sciences Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of so ...

303 Methods of the social sciences 304 Social questions. Social practice. Cultural practice. Way of life (Lebensweise) 305 Gender studies 308 Sociography. Descriptive studies of society (both qualitative and quantitative) 311
Statistics Statistics (from German: '' Statistik'', "description of a state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, indust ...
as a science. Statistical theory 314/316
Society A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Soc ...
314 Demography. Population studies 316
Sociology Sociology is a social science that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. It uses various methods of empirical investigation an ...
32
Politics Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that studies ...
33
Economics Economics () is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics anal ...
. Economic science 34
Law Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior,Robertson, ''Crimes against humanity'', 90. with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been vario ...
. Jurisprudence 35 Public administration. Government. Military affairs 36 Safeguarding the mental and material necessities of life 37
Education Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty ...
39 Cultural anthropology. Ethnography. Customs. Manners. Traditions. Way of life


4 Currently Vacant

This section is currently vacant.


5

Mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
.
Natural sciences Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer review and repeat ...

502/504 Environmental science. Conservation of natural resources. Threats to the environment and protection against them 502 The environment and its protection 504 Threats to the environment 51
Mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
510 Fundamental and general considerations of mathematics 511 Number theory 512
Algebra Algebra () is one of the broad areas of mathematics. Roughly speaking, algebra is the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols in formulas; it is a unifying thread of almost all of mathematics. Elementary ...
514
Geometry Geometry (; ) is, with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. It is concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is c ...
517 Analysis 519.1 Combinatorial analysis. Graph theory 519.2
Probability Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning numerical descriptions of how likely an event is to occur, or how likely it is that a proposition is true. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1, where, roughly speaking, ...
. Mathematical statistics 519.6 Computational mathematics.
Numerical analysis Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation (as opposed to symbolic manipulations) for the problems of mathematical analysis (as distinguished from discrete mathematics). It is the study of numerical methods ...
519.7 Mathematical cybernetics 519.8 Operational research (OR): mathematical theories and methods 52
Astronomy Astronomy () is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, g ...
. Astrophysics.
Space research Space research is scientific study carried out in outer space, and by studying outer space. From the use of space technology to the observable universe, space research is a wide research field. Earth science, materials science, biology, medici ...
. Geodesy 53
Physics Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which ...
531/534 Mechanics 535 Optics 536 Heat. Thermodynamics. Statistical physics 537 Electricity. Magnetism. Electromagnetism 538.9 Condensed matter physics. Solid state physics 539 Physical nature of matter 54
Chemistry Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a natural science that covers the elements that make up matter to the compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, proper ...
. Crystallography. Mineralogy 542 Practical laboratory chemistry. Preparative and experimental chemistry 543 Analytical chemistry 544 Physical chemistry 546 Inorganic chemistry 547
Organic chemistry Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.Clayden, J ...
548/549 Mineralogical sciences. Crystallography. Mineralogy 55
Earth sciences Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. This is a branch of science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biological complex constitutions and synergistic linkages of Earth's four spheres ...
. Geological sciences 56 Paleontology 57 Biological sciences in general 58
Botany Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek w ...
59
Zoology Zoology ()The pronunciation of zoology as is usually regarded as nonstandard, though it is not uncommon. is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, an ...


6

Applied sciences Applied science is the use of the scientific method and knowledge obtained via conclusions from the method to attain practical goals. It includes a broad range of disciplines such as engineering and medicine. Applied science is often contrasted ...
.
Medicine Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care pr ...
.
Technology Technology is the application of knowledge to reach practical goals in a specifiable and reproducible way. The word ''technology'' may also mean the product of such an endeavor. The use of technology is widely prevalent in medicine, scien ...

Class 6 occupies the largest proportion of UDC schedules. It contains over 44,000 subdivisions. Each specific field of technology or industry usually contains more than one special auxiliary table with concepts needed to express operations, processes, materials and products. As a result, UDC codes are often created through the combination of various attributes. Equally, some parts of this class enumerate concepts to a great level of detail e.g. ''621.882.212 Hexagon screws with additional shapes. Including: Flank screws. Collar screws. Cap screws'' 60
Biotechnology Biotechnology is the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services. The term ''biotechnology'' was first used ...
61 Medical sciences 611/612 Human biology 613 Hygiene generally. Personal health and hygiene 614 Public health and hygiene. Accident prevention 615 Pharmacology. Therapeutics. Toxicology 616 Pathology. Clinical medicine 617 Surgery. Orthopaedics. Ophthalmology 618 Gynaecology. Obstetrics 62
Engineering Engineering is the use of scientific principles to design and build machines, structures, and other items, including bridges, tunnels, roads, vehicles, and buildings. The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more speciali ...
.
Technology Technology is the application of knowledge to reach practical goals in a specifiable and reproducible way. The word ''technology'' may also mean the product of such an endeavor. The use of technology is widely prevalent in medicine, scien ...
in general 620 Materials testing. Commercial materials. Power stations. Economics of energy 621 Mechanical engineering in general. Nuclear technology. Electrical engineering. Machinery 622
Mining Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef, or placer deposit. The exploitation of these deposits for raw material is based on the econom ...
623 Military engineering 624 Civil and structural engineering in general 625 Civil engineering of land transport. Railway engineering. Highway engineering 626/627 Hydraulic engineering and construction. Water (aquatic) structures 629 Transport vehicle engineering 63
Agriculture Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people ...
and related sciences and techniques. Forestry. Farming. Wildlife exploitation 630 Forestry 631/635 Farm management. Agronomy. Horticulture 633/635 Horticulture in general. Specific crops 636 Animal husbandry and breeding in general. Livestock rearing. Breeding of domestic animals 64 Home economics. Domestic science. Housekeeping 65 Communication and transport industries. Accountancy. Business management. Public relations 654 Telecommunication and telecontrol (organization, services) 655 Graphic industries. Printing. Publishing. Book trade 656 Transport and postal services. Traffic organization and control 657 Accountancy 658
Business management Business administration, also known as business management, is the administration of a commercial enterprise. It includes all aspects of overseeing and supervising the business operations of an organization. From the point of view of managemen ...
, administration. Commercial organization 659 Publicity. Information work.
Public relations Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing and disseminating information from an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) to the public in order to influence their perception. ...
66 Chemical technology. Chemical and related industries 67 Various industries, trades and crafts 68 Industries, crafts and trades for finished or assembled articles 69 Building (
construction Construction is a general term meaning the art and science to form objects, systems, or organizations,"Construction" def. 1.a. 1.b. and 1.c. ''Oxford English Dictionary'' Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) Oxford University Press 2009 and ...
) trade. Building materials. Building practice and procedure


7 The arts. Recreation.

Entertainment Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience or gives pleasure and delight. It can be an idea or a task, but is more likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousa ...
.
Sport Sport pertains to any form of competitive physical activity or game that aims to use, maintain, or improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants and, in some cases, entertainment to spectators. Sports can, ...

''7.01/.09 Special auxiliary subdivision for the arts'' ''7.01 Theory and philosophy of art. Principles of design, proportion, optical effect'' ''7.02 Art technique. Craftsmanship'' ''7.03 Artistic periods and phases. Schools, styles, influences'' ''7.04 Subjects for artistic representation. Iconography. Iconology'' ''7.05 Applications of art (in industry, trade, the home, everyday life)'' ''7.06 Various questions concerning art'' ''7.07 Occupations and activities associated with the arts and entertainment'' ''7.08 Characteristic features, forms, combinations etc. (in art, entertainment and sport)'' ''7.091 Performance, presentation (in original medium)'' 71 Physical planning. Regional, town and country planning. Landscapes, parks, gardens 72
Architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing buildings ...
73 Plastic arts 74
Drawing Drawing is a form of visual art in which an artist uses instruments to mark paper or other two-dimensional surface. Drawing instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, various kinds of paints, inked brushes, colored pencils, crayo ...
.
Design A design is a plan or specification for the construction of an object or system or for the implementation of an activity or process or the result of that plan or specification in the form of a prototype, product, or process. The verb ''to design' ...
. Applied arts and crafts 745/749 Industrial and domestic arts and crafts. Applied arts 75
Painting Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and a ...
76 Graphic art, printmaking. Graphics 77
Photography Photography is the art, application, and practice of creating durable images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. It is emplo ...
and similar processes 78
Music Music is generally defined as the art of arranging sound to create some combination of form, harmony, melody, rhythm or otherwise expressive content. Exact definitions of music vary considerably around the world, though it is an aspe ...
79 Recreation.
Entertainment Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience or gives pleasure and delight. It can be an idea or a task, but is more likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousa ...
.
Games A game is a structured form of play, usually undertaken for entertainment or fun, and sometimes used as an educational tool. Many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports or games) or art (suc ...
.
Sport Sport pertains to any form of competitive physical activity or game that aims to use, maintain, or improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants and, in some cases, entertainment to spectators. Sports can, ...
791 Cinema.
Films A film also called a movie, motion picture, moving picture, picture, photoplay or (slang) flick is a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or atmospher ...
(motion pictures) 792
Theatre Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, usually actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The perfor ...
.
Stagecraft Stagecraft is a technical aspect of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes constructing and rigging scenery; hanging and focusing of lighting; design and procurement of costumes; make-up; stage management; audio engineering; a ...
. Dramatic performances 793 Social entertainments and recreations. Art of movement.
Dance Dance is a performing art form consisting of sequences of movement, either improvised or purposefully selected. This movement has aesthetic and often symbolic value. Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire ...
794 Board and table games (of thought, skill and chance) 796
Sport Sport pertains to any form of competitive physical activity or game that aims to use, maintain, or improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants and, in some cases, entertainment to spectators. Sports can, ...
.
Games A game is a structured form of play, usually undertaken for entertainment or fun, and sometimes used as an educational tool. Many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports or games) or art (suc ...
. Physical exercises 797 Water sports. Aerial sports 798 Riding and driving. Horse and other animal sports 799 Sport fishing. Sport hunting. Shooting and target sports


8 Language.

Linguistics Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Ling ...
.
Literature Literature is any collection of Writing, written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to ...

Tables for class 8 are fully faceted and details are expressed through combination with common auxiliaries of language (Table 1c) and a series of special auxiliary tables to indicate other facets or attributes in Linguistics or Literature. As a result, this class allows for great specificity in indexing although the schedules themselves occupy very little space in UDC. The subdivisions of e.g. ''811 Languages'' or ''821 Literature'' are derived from common auxiliaries of language =1/=9 (Table 1c) by substituting a point for the equals sign, e.g. 811.111 English language (as a subject of a linguistic study) and ''821.111 English literature'' derives from ''=111 English language''. Common auxiliaries of place and time are also frequently used in this class to express place and time facets of Linguistics or Literature, e.g. ''821.111(71)"18" English literature of Canada in 19th century'' 80 General questions relating to both linguistics and literature. Philology 801 Prosody. Auxiliary sciences and sources of philology 808 Rhetoric. The effective use of language 81
Linguistics Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Ling ...
and languages ''81`1/`4 Special auxiliary subdivision for subject fields and facets of linguistics and languages'' '' 81`1 General linguistics'' ''81`2 Theory of signs. Theory of translation. Standardization. Usage. Geographical linguistics'' ''81`3 Mathematical and applied linguistics. Phonetics. Graphemics. Grammar. Semantics. Stylistics'' ''81`4 Text linguistics, Discourse analysis. Typological linguistics'' ''81`42 Text linguistics. Discourse analysis'' ''81`44 Typological linguistics'' 811 Languages Derived from the common auxiliaries of language =1/=9 (Table 1c) by replacing the equal sign = with prefix ''811.'' e.g. ''=111 English'' becomes ''811.111 Linguistics of English language'' 811.1/.9 All languages natural or artificial 811.1/.8 Individual natural languages 811.1/.2 Indo-European languages 811.21/.22 Indo-Iranian languages 811.3 Dead languages of unknown affiliation. Caucasian languages 811.4 Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Congo-Kordofanian, Khoisan languages 811.5 Ural-Altaic, Palaeo-Siberian, Eskimo-Aleut, Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan languages. Japanese. Korean. Ainu 811.6 Austro-Asiatic languages. Austronesian languages 811.7 Indo-Pacific (non-Austronesian) languages. Australian languages 811.8 American indigenous languages 811.9 Artificial languages 82
Literature Literature is any collection of Writing, written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to ...
''82-1/-9 Special auxiliary subdivision for literary forms, genres'' ''82-1
Poetry Poetry (derived from the Greek '' poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meani ...
. Poems. Verse'' ''82-2 Drama. Plays'' ''82-3
Fiction Fiction is any creative work, chiefly any narrative work, portraying individuals, events, or places that are imaginary, or in ways that are imaginary. Fictional portrayals are thus inconsistent with history, fact, or plausibility. In a tradi ...
. Prose narrative'' ''82-31 Novels. Full-length stories'' ''82-32 Short stories. Novellas'' ''82-4 Essays'' ''82-5 Oratory. Speeches'' ''82-6 Letters. Art of letter-writing. Correspondence. Genuine letters'' ''82-7 Prose satire. Humour, epigram, parody'' ''82-8 Miscellanea. Polygraphies. Selections'' ''82-9 Various other literary forms'' ''82-92 Periodical literature. Writings in serials, journals, reviews'' ''82-94 History as literary genre. Historical writing. Historiography. Chronicles. Annals. Memoirs'' ''82.02/.09 Special auxiliary subdivision for theory, study and technique of literature'' ''82.02 Literary schools, trends and movements'' ''82.09 Literary criticism. Literary studies'' ''82.091 Comparative literary studies. Comparative literature'' 821 Literatures of individual languages and language families Derived from the common auxiliaries of language =1/=9 (Table 1c) by replacing the equal sign = with prefix ''821.'' e.g. ''=111 English'' becomes ''821.111 English literature''


9

Geography Geography (from Greek: , ''geographia''. Combination of Greek words ‘Geo’ (The Earth) and ‘Graphien’ (to describe), literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, an ...
. Biography.
History History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well ...

Tables for Geography and History in UDC are fully faceted and place, time and ethnic grouping facets are expressed through combination with common auxiliaries of place (Table 1d), ethnic grouping (Table 1f) and time (Table 1g) 902/908 Archaeology. Prehistory. Cultural remains. Area studies 902
Archaeology Archaeology or archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landsc ...
903 Prehistory. Prehistoric remains, artifacts, antiquities 904 Cultural remains of historical times 908 Area studies. Study of a locality 91
Geography Geography (from Greek: , ''geographia''. Combination of Greek words ‘Geo’ (The Earth) and ‘Graphien’ (to describe), literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, an ...
. Exploration of the Earth and of individual countries. Travel.
Regional geography Regional geography is a major branch of geography. It focuses on the interaction of different cultural and natural geofactors in a specific land or landscape, while its counterpart, systematic geography, concentrates on a specific geofactor at the ...
910 General questions. Geography as a science. Exploration. Travel 911 General geography. Science of geographical factors (systematic geography). Theoretical geography 911.2 Outline of geography#Physical geography, Physical geography 911.3 Outline of geography#Human geography, Human geography (cultural geography). Geography of cultural factors 911.5/.9 Theoretical geography 912 Nonliterary, nontextual representations of a region 913
Regional geography Regional geography is a major branch of geography. It focuses on the interaction of different cultural and natural geofactors in a specific land or landscape, while its counterpart, systematic geography, concentrates on a specific geofactor at the ...
92 Biographical studies. Genealogy. Heraldry. Flags 929 Biographical studies 929.5 Genealogy 929.6 Heraldry 929.7 Nobility. Titles. Peerage 929.9 Flags. Standards. Banners 93/94
History History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well ...
930 Science of history. Historiography 930.1 History as a science 930.2 Methodology of history. Ancillary historical sciences 930.25 Archivistics. Archives (including public and other records) 930.85 History of civilization. Cultural history 94 General


Common auxiliary tables


Common auxiliaries of language. Table 1c

=1/=9 Languages (natural and artificial) =1/=8 Natural languages =1/=2 Indo-European languages =1 Indo-European languages of Europe =11 Germanic languages =12 Italic languages =13 Romance languages =14 Greek (Hellenic) =15 Celtic languages =16 Slavic languages =17 Baltic languages =18 Albanian =19 Armenian =2 Indo-Iranian, Nuristani (Kafiri) and dead Indo-European languages =21/=22 Indo-Iranian languages =21 Indic languages =22 Iranian languages =29 Dead Indo-European languages (not listed elsewhere) =3 Dead languages of unknown affiliation. Caucasian languages =34 Dead languages of unknown affiliation, spoken in the Mediterranean and Near East (except Semitic) =35 Caucasian languages =4 Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Congo-Kordofanian, Khoisan languages =41 Afro-Asiatic (Hamito-Semitic) languages =42 Nilo-Saharan languages =43 Congo-Kordofanian (Niger-Kordofanian) languages =45 Khoisan languages =5 Ural-Altaic, Palaeo-Siberian, Eskimo-Aleut, Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan languages. Japanese. Korean. Ainu =51 Ural-Altaic languages =521 Japanese =531 Korean =541 Ainu =55 Palaeo-Siberian languages =56 Eskimo-Aleut languages =58 Sino-Tibetan languages =6 Austro-Asiatic languages. Austronesian languages =61 Austro-Asiatic languages =62 Austronesian languages =7 Indo-Pacific (non-Austronesian) languages. Australian languages =71 Indo-Pacific (non-Austronesian) languages =72 Australian languages =8 American indigenous languages =81 Indigenous languages of Canada, USA and Northern-Central Mexico =82 Indigenous languages of western North American Coast, Mexico and Yucatán =84/=88 Central and South American indigenous languages =84 Ge-Pano-Carib languages. Macro-Chibchan languages =85 Andean languages. Equatorial languages =86 Chaco languages. Patagonian and Fuegian languages =88 Isolated, unclassified Central and South American indigenous languages =9 Artificial languages =92 Artificial languages for use among human beings. International auxiliary languages (interlanguages) =93 Artificial languages used to instruct machines. Programming languages. Computer languages


(0...) Common auxiliaries of form. Table 1d

''(0.02/.08) Special auxiliary subdivision for document form'' ''(0.02) Documents according to physical, external form'' ''(0.03) Documents according to method of production'' ''(0.032) Handwritten documents (autograph, holograph copies). Manuscripts. Pictorial documents (drawings, paintings)'' ''(0.034) Machine-readable documents'' ''(0.04) Documents according to stage of production'' ''(0.05) Documents for particular kinds of user'' ''(0.06) Documents according to level of presentation and availability'' ''(0.07) Supplementary matter issued with a document'' ''(0.08) Separately issued supplements or parts of documents'' (01) Bibliographies (02) Books in general (03) Reference works (04) Non-serial separates. Separata (041) Pamphlets. Brochures (042) Addresses. Lectures. Speeches (043) Theses. Dissertations (044) Personal documents. Correspondence. Letters. Circulars (045) Articles in serials, collections etc. Contributions (046) Newspaper articles (047) Reports. Notices. Bulletins (048) Bibliographic descriptions. Abstracts. Summaries. Surveys (049) Other non-serial separates (05) Serial publications. Periodicals (06) Documents relating to societies, associations, organizations (07) Documents for instruction, teaching, study, training (08) Collected and polygraphic works. Forms. Lists. Illustrations. Business publications (09) Presentation in historical form. Legal and historical sources (091) Presentation in chronological, historical form. Historical presentation in the strict sense (092) Biographical presentation (093) Historical sources (094) Legal sources. Legal documents


(1/9) Common auxiliaries of place. Table 1e

(1) Place and space in general. Localization. Orientation ''(1-0/-9) Special auxiliary subdivision for boundaries and spatial forms of various kinds'' ''(1-0) Zones'' ''(1-1) Orientation. Points of the compass. Relative position'' ''(1-11) East. Eastern'' ''(1-13) South. Southern'' ''(1-14) South-west. South-western'' ''(1-15) West. Western'' ''(1-17) North. Northern'' ''(1-19) Relative location, direction and orientation'' ''(1-2) Lowest administrative units. Localities'' ''(1-5) Dependent or semi-dependent territories'' ''(1-6) States or groupings of states from various points of view'' ''(1-7) Places and areas according to privacy, publicness and other special features'' ''(1-8) Location. Source. Transit. Destination'' ''(1-9) Regionalization according to specialized points of view'' (100) Universal as to place. International. All countries in general (2) Physiographic designation (20) Ecosphere (21) Surface of the Earth in general. Land areas in particular. Natural zones and regions (23) Above sea level. Surface relief. Above ground generally. Mountains (24) Below sea level. Underground. Subterranean (25) Natural flat ground (at, above or below sea level). The ground in its natural condition, cultivated or inhabited (26) Oceans, seas and interconnections (28) Inland waters (29) The world according to physiographic features (3) Places of the ancient and mediaeval world (31) Ancient China and Japan (32) Outline of ancient Egypt, Ancient Egypt (33) Ancient Roman Province of Judaea. The Holy Land. Region of the Israelites (34) Outline of ancient India, Ancient India (35) Medo-Persia (36) Regions of the so-called barbarians (37) Italia. Outline of ancient Rome, Ancient Rome and Italy (38) Outline of ancient Greece, Ancient Greece (39) Catalan regions (399) Other regions. Ancient geographical divisions other than those of classical antiquity (4/9) Countries and places of the modern world (4) Outline of Europe, Europe (5) Outline of Asia, Asia (6) Outline of Africa, Africa (7) Outline of North America, North and Central America (8) Outline of South America, South America (9) States and regions of the South Pacific and Outline of Australia, Australia. Arctic. Antarctic


(=...) Common auxiliaries of human ancestry, ethnic grouping and nationality. Table 1f

''They are derived mainly from the common auxiliaries of language =... (Table 1c) and so may also usefully distinguish linguistic-cultural groups, e.g. =111 English is used to represent (=111) English speaking peoples'' (=01) Human ancestry groups (=011) European Continental Ancestry Group (=012) Asian Continental Ancestry Group (=013) African Continental Ancestry Group (=014) Oceanic Ancestry Group (=017) American Native Continental Ancestry Group (=1/=8) Linguistic-cultural groups, ethnic groups, peoples [derived from Table 1c] (=1:1/9) Peoples associated with particular places ''e.g. (=111:71) Anglophone population of Canada''


"..." Common auxiliaries of time. Table 1g

"0/2" Dates and ranges of time (CE or AD) in conventional Christian (Gregorian) reckoning "0" First millennium CE "1" Second millennium CE "2" Third millennium CE "3/7" Time divisions other than dates in Christian (Gregorian) reckoning "3" Conventional time divisions and subdivisions: numbered, named, etc. "4" Duration. Time-span. Period. Term. Ages and age-groups "5" Periodicity. Frequency. Recurrence at specified intervals. "6" Geological, archaeological and cultural time divisions "61/62" Geological time division "63" Archaeological, prehistoric, protohistoric periods and ages "67/69" Time reckonings: universal, secular, non-Christian religious "67" Universal time reckoning. Before Present "68" Secular time reckonings other than universal and the Christian (Gregorian) calendar "69" Dates and time units in non-Christian (non-Gregorian) religious time reckonings "7" Phenomena in time. Phenomenology of time


-0 Common auxiliaries of general characteristics. Table 1k

-02 Common auxiliaries of properties -021 Properties of existence -022 Properties of magnitude, degree, quantity, number, temporal values, dimension, size -023 Properties of shape -024 Properties of structure. Properties of position -025 Properties of arrangement -026 Properties of action and movement -027 Operational properties -028 Properties of style and presentation -029 Properties derived from other main classes -03 Common auxiliaries of materials -032 Naturally occurring mineral materials -033 Manufactured mineral-based materials -034 Metals -035 Materials of mainly organic origin -036 Macromolecular materials. Rubbers and plastics -037 Textiles. Fibres. Yarns. Fabrics. Cloth -039 Other materials -04 Common auxiliaries of relations, processes and operations -042 Phase relations -043 General processes -043.8/.9 Processes of existence -045 Processes related to position, arrangement, movement, physical properties, states of matter -047/-049 General operations and activities -05 Common auxiliaries of persons and personal characteristics -051 Persons as agents, doers, practitioners (studying, making, serving etc.) -052 Persons as targets, clients, users (studied, served etc.) -053 Persons according to age or age-groups -054 Persons according to ethnic characteristics, nationality, citizenship etc. -055 Persons according to gender and kinship -056 Persons according to constitution, health, disposition, hereditary or other traits -057 Persons according to occupation, work, livelihood, education -058 Persons according to social class, civil status


See also

Special classifications based on or used in combination with UDC
Universal Decimal Classification for Use in Polar Libraries - Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge
*Lonclass, BBC LonClass
Global Forest Decimal Classification
Other faceted classifications: *Bliss bibliographic classification *Colon classification
Broad System of Ordering
Other library classifications *
Dewey Decimal Classification The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), colloquially known as the Dewey Decimal System, is a proprietary library classification system which allows new books to be added to a library in their appropriate location based on subject. Section 4.1 ...
*Library of Congress Classification * Russian Library-Bibliographical Classification (BBK) *Chinese Library Classification *Harvard-Yenching Classification


References


External links


Universal Decimal Classification Consortium



Multilingual UDC Summary

UDC Linked Data
{{Authority control Belgian inventions Controlled vocabularies Decimal classification systems Library cataloging and classification