kk, Түркістан автономиясы
ky, Түркестан автономиясы
tg, Мухторияти Туркистон
russian: Туркестанская автономия , conventional_long_name = Turkestan Autonomy , common_name = , era =

Russian Civil War {{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Russian Civil War , partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I , image = , caption = Clockwise from top left: {{flatlist, *Soldiers ...

, status = Unrecognized state , status_text = , empire = , government_type =

Republic A republic () is a " state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th ...

, event_start = Independence declared from

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...

, date_start = 27 November 1917 , year_start = , event_end = Sovietization of Turkestan , date_end = 22 February 1918 , year_end = , year_exile_start = , year_exile_end = , event1 = , date_event1 = , event2 = , date_event2 = , event3 = , date_event3 = , event4 = , date_event4 = , event5 = , date_event5 = , event_pre = , date_pre = , event_post = , date_post = , p1 = Russian Turkestan , flag_p1 = Flag of Russia.svg , image_p1 = , p2 = , flag_p2 = , p3 = , flag_p3 = , p4 = , flag_p4 = , p5 = , flag_p5 = , s1 = Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , flag_s1 = Turkestan Autonomous SSR Flag.svg , image_s1 = , s2 = , flag_s2 = , s3 = , flag_s3 = , s4 = , flag_s4 = , s5 = , flag_s5 = , image_flag = Flag of the Turkestan (Kokand) Autonomy.svg , flag_alt = , image_flag2 = , flag_alt2 = , flag = , flag2 = , flag_type = , flag2_type = , image_coat = , coa_size = , coat_alt = , symbol_type = , symbol_type_article = , image_map = ApproximatebordersAlashAutonomy.png , image_map_alt = , image_map_caption = Approximate borders of Turkestan Autonomy , image_map2 = , image_map2_alt = , image_map2_caption = , capital =

Kokand Kokand ( uz, Qo‘qon/Қўқон/قوقان, ; russian: Кока́нд; fa, خوقند, Xuqand; Chagatai: خوقند, ''Xuqand''; ky, Кокон, Kokon; tg, Хӯқанд, Xöqand) is a city in Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan, at the so ...

, capital_exile = , national_motto = , national_anthem = , common_languages = Uzbek
Kazakh

Kyrgyz Kyrgyz, Kirghiz or Kyrgyzstani may refer to: * Someone or something related to Kyrgyzstan *Kyrgyz people *Kyrgyz national games *Kyrgyz language *Kyrgyz culture *Kyrgyz cuisine *Yenisei Kirghiz *The Fuyü Gïrgïs language in Northeastern China ...

Tajik
Russian , religion =

Secular state A secular state is an idea pertaining to secularity, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion. A secular state claims to treat all its citizens equally regard ...

, demonym = , currency = , leader1 = , leader2 = , leader3 = , leader4 = , year_leader1 = , year_leader2 = , year_leader3 = , year_leader4 = , title_leader = , representative1 = , representative2 = , representative3 = , representative4 = , year_representative1 = , year_representative2 = , year_representative3 = , year_representative4 = , title_representative = , deputy1 = , deputy2 = , deputy3 = , deputy4 = , year_deputy1 = , year_deputy2 = , year_deputy3 = , year_deputy4 = , title_deputy = , legislature = , house1 = , type_house1 = , house2 = , type_house2 = , stat_year1 = 1918 , stat_area1 = , stat_pop1 = , stat_year2 = , stat_area2 = , stat_pop2 = , stat_year3 = , stat_area3 = , stat_pop3 = , stat_year4 = , stat_area4 = , stat_pop4 = , stat_year5 = , stat_area5 = , stat_pop5 = , today =

Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, ; uz, Ozbekiston, italic=yes / , ; russian: Узбекистан), officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( uz, Ozbekiston Respublikasi, italic=yes / ; russian: Республика Узбекистан), is a doubly landlocked co ...

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...

Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan,, pronounced or the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and the People's Republic of China to the ea ...

Tajikistan Tajikistan (, ; tg, Тоҷикистон, Tojikiston; russian: Таджикистан, Tadzhikistan), officially the Republic of Tajikistan ( tg, Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Jumhurii Tojikiston), is a landlocked country in Centr ...

, footnote_a = , footnote_b = , footnote_h = , area_km2 = , area_rank = , GDP_PPP = , GDP_PPP_year = , HDI = , HDI_year = , life_span = 1917–1918 The Turkestan Autonomy, or Kokand Autonomy, was an

unrecognized state A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as sovereign states, but have not been universally recognised as such. These entities often have ''de facto'' control of their ...

Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes the fo ...

that existed at the beginning of the

. It was formed on 27 November 1917 and existed until 22 February 1918. It was a

secular Secularity, also the secular or secularness (from Latin ''saeculum'', "worldly" or "of a generation"), is the state of being unrelated or neutral in regards to religion. Anything that does not have an explicit reference to religion, either negativ ...

republic A republic () is a " state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th ...

, headed by a president. It was one of the first secular states where the majority of the population were

Muslims Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...

. It was the first democratic state in the history of Central Asia. The capital of the state was

, which until then was the capital of the

Kokand Khanate The Khanate of Kokand ( fa, ; ''Khānneshin-e Khoqand'', chg, ''Khoqand Khānligi'') was a Central Asian polity in the Fergana Valley centred on the city of Kokand between 1709 and 1876. Its territory is today divided between Uzbekistan, Kyrg ...

. There were 5 official languages: Uzbek, Kazakh,

, Tajik and Russian. The population was about 5 million people, mostly

Uzbeks The Uzbeks ( uz, , , , ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to the wider Central Asian region, being among the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, next to Kazakh and Karakalpak mino ...

as well as

Kazakhs The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: , , , , , ; the English name is transliterated from Russian; russian: казахи) are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group native to northern parts of Central Asia, chiefly Kazakhstan, but also part ...

Tajiks Tajiks ( fa, تاجيک، تاجک, ''Tājīk, Tājek''; tg, Тоҷик) are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Tajiks are the largest ethnicity in Taj ...

Russians , native_name_lang = ru , image = , caption = , population = , popplace = 118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 '' Winkler Prins'' estimate) , region1 = , pop1 ...

and others.

History

The Turkestan Autonomy occupied former territories of the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War ...

, which was called the Turkestan Krai or the Russian Turkestan, more particular parts of the

Semirechye Zhetysu, or Jeti-Suu ( kk, , Жетісу, pronounced ; ky, ''Jeti-Suu'', (), meaning "seven rivers"; also transcribed ''Zhetisu'', ''Jetisuw'', ''Jetysu'', ''Jeti-su'', ''Jity-su'', ''Жетысу'',, United States National Geospatial-I ...

Syr-Darya The Syr Darya (, ),, , ; rus, Сырдарья́, Syrdarjja, p=sɨrdɐˈrʲja; fa, سيردريا, Sirdaryâ; tg, Сирдарё, Sirdaryo; tr, Seyhun, Siri Derya; ar, سيحون, Seyḥūn; uz, Sirdaryo, script-Latn/. historically known ...

and

Fergana Fergana ( uz, Fargʻona/Фарғона, ), or Ferghana, is a district-level city and the capital of Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan. Fergana is about 420 km east of Tashkent, about 75 km west of Andijan, and less than 20 km ...

Oblasts (Provinces). From the north it bordered on the

Alash Autonomy The Alash Autonomy ( kk, Алаш Автономиясы; Alaş Avtonomiasy, italic=no, ; russian: Алашская автономия, italic=no, ) was a Kazakh provisional government, or proto-state, located mainly in Central Asia, and partly ...

, from the east on the

Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeas ...

, from the south on the

Emirate of Afghanistan The Emirate of Afghanistan also referred to as the Emirate of Kabul (until 1855) ) was an emirate between Central Asia and South Asia that is now today's Afghanistan and some parts of today's Pakistan (before 1893). The emirate emerged from t ...

, from the south-west on the

Emirate of Bukhara The Emirate of Bukhara ( fa, , Amārat-e Bokhārā, chg, , Bukhārā Amirligi) was a Muslim polity in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It occupied the land ...

, on the west and north-west on the

Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

Central Asian Regions. The state was created by

Jadid The Jadids were Muslim modernist reformers within the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century. They normally referred to themselves by the Turkic terms ''Taraqqiparvarlar'' ('progressives'), ''Ziyalilar'' ('intellectuals') or simp ...

s and . The government of Turkestan autonomy in January announced its intention to convene its parliament on 20 March 1918, on the basis of universal, direct, equal and secret ballot. Two-thirds of the seats in parliament were intended for Muslim deputies, and one-third was guaranteed to representatives of the non-Muslim population. The existence of such a parliament was to be the first step towards the democratization of Turkestan. In January 1918, in response to an ultimatum from the Soviets on the voluntary inclusion into

Soviet Russia The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...

, Mustafa Shokay refused to recognize the authority of the Soviets. For the destruction of the self-proclaimed Turkestan Autonomy, 11 trains with troops and artillery under the command of arrived from

Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...

Tashkent Tashkent (, uz, Toshkent, Тошкент/, ) (from russian: Ташкент), or Toshkent (; ), also historically known as Chach is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan. It is the most populous city in Central Asia, with a population of 2 ...

. As a result of hostilities, thousands of civilians were killed. Thus, the Turkestan autonomy was liquidated by the

Bolsheviks The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...

only three months after its creation. It was replaced by

Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic The Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (initially, the Turkestan Socialist Federative Republic; 30 April 191827 October 1924) was an autonomous republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic located in Soviet Central ...

. In November 1917, Muhamedzhan Tynyshpaev was the first president of the state. The second and last president was Mustafa Shokay.

Notes

References

General references

"Turkiston Muxtoriyati"
entry in the

National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan The ''National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan'' ( uz, Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi, OʻzME in Latin script, Ўзбекистон миллий энциклопедияси, ЎзМЭ in Cyrillic script) is a general-knowledge encyclopedia written i ...

. {{inlang, uz 1917 establishments in Asia 1918 disestablishments in Asia History of Uzbekistan History of Kazakhstan Post–Russian Empire states Former countries in Central Asia States and territories established in 1917 Historical Turkic states

History

See also

Notes

References

General references