Turbinidae, the turban snails, are a
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
of small to large
marine
Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean.
Marine or marines may refer to:
Ocean
* Maritime (disambiguation)
* Marine art
* Marine biology
* Marine debris
* Marine habitats
* Marine life
* Marine pollution
Military ...
gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...
mollusc
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is est ...
s in the superfamily
Trochoidea.
[Bouchet, P. (2014). Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=503 on 2014-07-28]
Description
Turbinidae have a strong, thick
calcareous
Calcareous () is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime or being chalky. The term is used in a wide variety of scientific disciplines.
In zoology
''Calcareous'' is used as an ad ...
operculum readily distinguishing them from the somewhat similar
Trochidae or top snails, which have a
corneous operculum. This strong operculum serves as a passive defensive structure against
predator
Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill t ...
s that try to enter by way of the
aperture
In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane.
An ...
or that would break the shell at the outer
lip
The lips are the visible body part at the mouth of many animals, including humans. Lips are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound and speech. Human lips are a tactile sensory organ, and can be ...
. These operculum are rounded ovals that are flat with a swirl design on one side and domed on the other. They are known as Pacific cat's eye or Shiva eye shells or mermaid money, and are used for decorative purposes.
Etymology
The
common name
In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...
''turban snail'' presumably refers to the shell's similarity in appearance to a
turban
A turban (from Persian دولبند, ''dulband''; via Middle French ''turbant'') is a type of headwear based on cloth winding. Featuring many variations, it is worn as customary headwear by people of various cultures. Communities with promin ...
. However, the scientific name Turbinidae is based on the genus name ''
Turbo
In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (often called a turbo) is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to pr ...
'', which is
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...
for ''
spinning top'', a child's toy. The word ''
turbine
A turbine ( or ) (from the Greek , ''tyrbē'', or Latin ''turbo'', meaning vortex) is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. The work produced by a turbine can be used for generating ...
'' has a similar derivation.
Taxonomy
Previously they were classified in the subclass
Prosobranchia, in the order
Archaeogastropoda in the
superfamily
SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, especially into SCOP superfamilies. Domains are functional, str ...
Trochacea. Trochaecea is now a synonym for the superfamily
Trochoidea. However, this is a quite ancient group of gastropods, probably originating in the
Permian
The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.9 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleo ...
period 298 to 250 million years ago.
[Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, .] They have typical
primitive characters like the nacreous interior of the shell.
2005 taxonomy
Turbinidae belongs to superfamily
Turbinoidea according to the
taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family consists of eight following subfamilies (according to the
taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005):
* Turbininae
Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae
Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae
Gray, 1847; Astraliinae
H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae
Davies, 1935;
Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
*
Angariinae Gray, 1857 - synonym: Delphinulinae
Stoliczka, 1868
*
Colloniinae
Colloniidae is a family of small sea snails with calcareous opercula, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Colloniidae Cossmann, 1917. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species ...
Cossmann, 1917
** tribe Colloniini
Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae
Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae
Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae
Cox, 1960
** tribe † Adeorbisinini
Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995
** tribe † Crossostomatini
Cox, 1960
** tribe † Helicocryptini
Cox, 1960
*
Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
* †
Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
* Prisogasterinae
Hickman & McLean, 1990 - synonym: "Prisogastrinae" in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) is a spelling error.
*
Skeneinae
Turbinidae, the turban snails, are a family of small to large marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochoidea.Bouchet, P. (2014). Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecie ...
W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae
Thiele, 1924
*
Tegulinae
Tegulidae is a family of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Bouchet, P. (2013). Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971. Acces ...
K
uroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
2008 taxonomy
Turbinidae was redefined and moved to the redefined superfamily
Trochoidea according to Williams et al. (2008):
[Williams S. T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (September 2008) "Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined". '']Zoologica Scripta
''Zoologica Scripta'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal on systematic zoology, published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It was established in 197 ...
'' 37(5): 483-506. Angariidae was elevated to family level, Colloniinae was elevated to family
Colloniidae within
Phasianelloidea
Trochoidea is a superfamily of small to very large vetigastropod sea snails with gills and an operculum.Gofas, S. (2013). Trochoidea. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id ...
,
Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae.
This family consists of five following subfamilies according to Williams et al. (2008):
* Turbininae
Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae
Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae
Gray, 1847; Astraliinae
H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae
Davies, 1935; Bolmidae
Delpey, 1941
* Skeneinae
W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae
Thiele, 1924 (upgraded to the rank of family
Skeneidae
The Skeneidae are a speciose family of minute to small marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochoidea.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2013). Skeneidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia ...
)
* Margaritinae
Thiele, 1924 - tribes are sensu
taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) - upgraded to the rank of family
Margaritidae
Margaritidae is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Bouchet, P. (2012). Margaritidae. Accessed through: World Register o ...
** tribe Margaritini
Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae
Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.)
** tribe Gazini
Hickman & McLean, 1990
** tribe Kaiparathinini
Marshall, 1993
* Tegulinae Kuroda,
Habe & Oyama, 1971: upgraded to the rank of family
Tegulidae
Tegulidae is a family of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Bouchet, P. (2013). Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971. Acces ...
Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
* Prisogasterinae
Hickman & McLean, 1990
The following subfamilies (sensu Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) classification of subfamilies in Turbinidae) were kept in Turbinidae:
*
Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 - ''
Moelleria'' was not included in the molecular studies performed in 2010.
* †
Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
Distribution
Turbinids occur in shallow and deep waters. The family has a large distribution, from the tropics to the polar regions, but most of the species live in tropical and subtropical shallow waters.
Genera
Genera in the family Turbinidae include:
;Not belonging to any subfamily:
* ''
Phanerolepida''
Dall, 1907
* ''
Tropidomarga''
Powell, 1951
;Turbininae
* ''
Astraea''
Röding, 1798
* ''
Astralium''
Link, 1807
* ''
Bellastraea''
Iredale, 1924
* ''
Bolma
''Bolma'' is a genus of medium to large sea snails with a calcareous operculum, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2014). Bolma Risso, 1826. Accessed through: World Register of Marine S ...
''
Risso, 1826
* ''
Cookia
''Cookia'' is a genus of large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.
''Cookia'' is sometimes treated as a subgenus of the genus '' Bolma''
The genus was named after Captain James Cook
James Co ...
''
Lesson, 1832
* ''
Guildfordia''
Gray, 1850
* ''
Lithopoma''
Gray, 1850
* ''
Lunella
''Lunella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.
The Australian Faunal Directory classifies ''Lunella'' as ''Turbo (Lunella)'' Röding, 1798
Species
Species within the genus ''L ...
''
Röding, 1798
* ''
Megastraea''
McLean, 1970[Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1-82, pls 104-245.]
* ''
Modelia''
Gray, 1850
* ''
Pomaulax''
Gray, 1850
* ''
Turbo
In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (often called a turbo) is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to pr ...
''
Linnaeus, 1758 - type genus
* ''
Uvanilla''
Gray, 1850
* ''
Yaronia''
Mienis, 2011
;Prisogasterinae
Hickman & McLean, 1990
* ''
Prisogaster''
Mörch, 1850[Gofas, S. (2009). Prisogasterinae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382193 on 2010-04-19]
;Genera brought into synonymy:
* ''Astrea''
Link, 1807: synonym of ''Astraea''
Röding, 1798
* ''Agathistoma''
Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of ''Tegula''
Lesson, 1832
* ''Amyxa''
Troschel, 1852: synonym of ''Prisogaster''
Mörch, 1850
* ''Calcar''
Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Astralium''
Link, 1807
* ''Canthorbis''
Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Astraea''
Röding, 1798
* ''Cardinalia''
Gray, 1842: synonym of ''Tectus''
Montfort, 1810
* ''Crosseia''
P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of ''Crossea''
A. Adams, 1865
* ''Cyclocantha''
Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Astralium''
Link, 1807
* ''Dinassovica''
Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Turbo (Turbo)''
Linnaeus, 1758 represented as ''Turbo''
Linnaeus, 1758
* ''Distellifer''
Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Astralium''
Link, 1807
* ''Foliastralium''
Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of ''Astralium''
Link, 1807
* ''Galeoastraea''
Habe, 1958: synonym of ''Bolma''
Risso, 1826
* ''Halopsephus''
Rehder, 1943: synonym of ''Turbo (Halopsephus)'' Rehder, 1943 represented as ''Turbo'' Linnaeus, 1758
* ''Harisazaea''
Habe, 1958: synonym of ''Bolma''
Risso, 1826
* ''Imperator''
Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Astraea''
Röding, 1798
* † ''Incilaster''
Finlay, 1926: synonym of ''Bolma''
Risso, 1826
* ''Livona''
Gray, 1842: synonym of ''Cittarium''
Philippi, 1847
* ''Lunatica''
Röding, 1798: synonym of ''Turbo''
Linnaeus, 1758
* ''Macropelmus''
Gistel, 1848: synonym of ''Astralium''
Link, 1807
* ''Margarita''
Leach, 1819: synonym of ''Margarites''
Gray, 1847
* ''Micrastraea''
Cotton, 1939: synonym of ''Bellastraea''
Iredale, 1924
* ''Notosetia''
Iredale, 1915: synonym of ''Putilla''
A. Adams, 1867
* ''Okinawastraea''
Habe & Okutani, 1981: synonym of ''Astralium''
Link, 1807
* † ''Oobolma''
Sacco, 1896 : synonym of ''Bolma''
Risso, 1826
* † ''Ormastralium''
Sacco, 1896: synonym of ''Bolma''
Risso, 1826
* ''Pachypoma''
Gray, 1850: synonym of ''Lithopoma''
Gray, 1850
* ''Pagocalcar''
Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Astralium''
Link, 1807
* ''Pseudastralium''
Schepman, 1908: synonym of ''Bolma''
Risso, 1826
* ''Pyramidea''
Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Tectus''
Montfort, 1810
* ''Pyramis''
Schumacher, 1817: synonym of ''Tectus''
Montfort, 1810
* ''Rugastella''
Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Astralium''
Link, 1807
* ''Senobolma''
Okutani, 1964: synonym of ''Bolma''
Risso, 1826
* ''Stella''
P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of ''Astralium''
Link, 1807
* ''Submargarita''
Strebel, 1908: synonym of ''Lissotesta''
Iredale, 1915
* ''Tharsiella''
Bush, 1897: synonym of ''Cirsonella''
Angas, 1877
* ''Trochiscus''
G.B. Sowerby I, 1838: synonym of ''Norrisia''
Bayle, 1880
* † ''Tylastralium''
Sacco, 1896: synonym of ''Bolma''
Risso, 1826
* ''Valvatella''
Gray, 1857: synonym of ''Margarites''
Gray, 1847
References
* Marshall, B.A. 1988. ''Skeneidae, Vitrinellidae and Orbitestellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) associated with biogenic substrata from bathyal depths off New Zealand and New South Wales''. Journal of Natural History 22(4): 949-1004.
* Vaught, K.C. (1989). ''A classification of the living Mollusca.'' American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp.
* Williams S.T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (2008) ''Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined''. Zoologica Scripta 37: 483–506.
External links
Seashells of New South Wales : TurbinidaeMiocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1310166
Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque