was the 83rd

emperor An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ( empress consort), mother ( ...

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...

Imperial Household Agency The (IHA) is an agency of the government of Japan in charge of state matters concerning the Imperial Family, and also the keeping of the Privy Seal and State Seal of Japan. From around the 8th century AD, up until the Second World War, it ...

(''Kunaichō'')
土御門天皇 (83)
/ref> according to the traditional

order of succession An order of succession or right of succession is the line of individuals necessitated to hold a high office when it becomes vacated such as head of state or an honour such as a title of nobility.Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' pp. 86–87. Tsuchimikado's reign spanned the years from 1198 through 1210.

Genealogy

Before Tsuchimikado's accession to the

Chrysanthemum Throne The is the throne of the Emperor of Japan. The term also can refer to very specific seating, such as the throne in the Shishin-den at Kyoto Imperial Palace. Various other thrones or seats that are used by the Emperor during official functions ...

, his personal name (''imina'') was . He was the firstborn son of

Emperor Go-Toba was the 82nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1183 through 1198. This 12th-century sovereign was named after Emperor Toba, and ''go-'' (後), translates literally as "later"; a ...

. His mother was Ariko (在子) (1171–1257), daughter of

Minamoto no Michichika was a Japanese noble and statesman of the late Heian period and early Kamakura period. Serving in the courts of seven different emperors, he brought the Murakami Genji to the peak of their success. He is also commonly known as , and in Sōtō Z ...

(源通親). Tsuchimikado's Imperial family lived with him in the Dairi of the

Heian Palace The was the original imperial palace of (present-day Kyoto), the capital of Japan, from 794 to 1227. The palace, which served as the imperial residence and the administrative centre for most of the Heian period (from 794 to 1185), was located ...

. His family included three sons by three different consorts: *Empress (''Chūgū''): Ōinomikado (Fujiwara) no Reishi (大炊御門（藤原）麗子) later Onmeimon’in (陰明門院), Ōinomikado Yorisane’s daughter *Lady-in-waiting: Tsuchimikado (Minamoto) no Michiko (土御門（源）通子; d.1221),mother of Emperor Go-Saga – see Ponsonby-Fane, p. 20. Minamoto Michimumen’s daughter **First daughter: Princess Haruko (春子女王; 1210-1230) **Second daughter: Imperial Princess Akiko (覚子内親王; 1213-1285) later Ogimachi’in (正親町院) **Third son: Imperial Prince Priest Ninjo (仁助法親王; 1215-1262) **Fourth son: Imperial Prince Priest Jojin (静仁法親王; 1216-1296) **Sixth son: Prince Kunihito (邦仁王), later

Emperor Go-Saga was the 88th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. This reign spanned the years 1242 through 1246. This 13th-century sovereign was named after the 8th-century Emperor Saga and ''go-'' (後), translates literally as ...

*Court Lady: Mimasaka-Naishi (美作掌侍), Takashina Nakasuke’s daughter ** Princess ** Son: Imperial Prince Priest Donin (道仁法親王; 1209-1263） *Court Lady: Minamoto Sadamitsu’s daughter **Fifth daughter: Princess Hideko (秀子女王) *Court Lady: Owari-no-Tsubone (尾張局), Priest’s daughter **Son: Imperial Prince Priest Sonsyu (尊守法親王; 1210-1260） *Court Lady: Priest Shine’s daughter **Son: Imperial Prince Priest Sonjo (尊助法親王; 1217-1290） *Court Lady: Jibukyo-no-tsubone (治部卿局), Priest’s Daughter **Son: Imperial Prince Priest Dōen (道円法親王; 1210-1240） **Daughter: Princess Nobuko (信子女王) *Court Lady: Omiya-no-Tsubone (大宮局), Minamoto Arimasa’s daughter ** Daughter: Imperial

Princess Teruko Princess Teruko (曦子内親王; 1224 – 5 October 1262) later known as Senkamon-in (仙華門院), was an Empress of Japan as the Honorary Mother of her nephew Emperor Go-Saga was the 88th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional orde ...

(曦子内親王) later Senkamon-in (仙華門院) *Court Lady: (Fujiwara), Priest’s Daughter **Son: Imperial Prince Priest Sainin (最仁法親王; 1227-1295） *Court Lady: Kunaikyō-no-tsubone (宮内卿局), Fujiwara Norimitsu’s daughter ** Daughter: Princess Tomoko (知子女王) *Court Lady: (Fujiwara), Priest’s Daughter ** Son: Zojin *Court Lady: Sakyōdaibu-no-Tsubone, Priest’s Daughter ** Daughter: Imperial Princess Junko (諄子内親王; d.1260) *Court Lady: Tanba-no-Tsubone, Priest’s Daughter ** Daughter: Princess Koreko (是子女王) *Mother Unknown: ** daughter, adopted by Prince Hokuroku ** Kaison (懐尊) ** Jakue (寂恵)

Events of Tsuchimikado's life

In 1198, he became emperor upon the abdication of

, who continued to exercise Imperial powers as

cloistered emperor A is the term for a Japanese emperor who had abdicated and entered the Buddhist monastic community by receiving the '' Pravrajya'' rite. The term can also be shortened to . Cloistered emperors sometimes acted as ''Daijō Tennō'' (retired emperor ...

. * 1198 ('' Kenkyū 9, 11th day of the 1st month''): In the 15th year of Go-Toba''-tennō''s reign (後鳥羽天皇十五年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (''senso'') was received by his eldest son. * 1198 (''Kenkyū 9, 3rd month''): Emperor Tsuchimikado is said to have acceded to the throne (''sokui''). * 1199: Shortly after Tsuchimikado's reign began,

Minamoto no Yoritomo was the founder and the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1192 until 1199.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Minamoto no Yoriie" in . He was the husband of Hōjō Masako who acted as regent (''shikken'') after his ...

died.Ponsonby-Fane, p. 87. * 1203: Yoritomo's successor as head of the

Kamakura shogunate The was the feudal military government of Japan during the Kamakura period from 1185 to 1333. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Kamakura-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 459. The Kamakura shogunate was established by Minamoto no ...

, Minamoto no Yoriie, was assassinated; and former emperor Go-Toba was responsible for good relations with the shogunate when it was headed by

Minamoto no Sanetomo was the third ''shōgun'' of the Kamakura shogunate. He was the second son of the Kamakura shogunate founder, Minamoto no Yoritomo. His mother was Hōjō Masako and his older brother was second Kamakura shogun Minamoto no Yoriie. His childhood ...

from 1203 through 1219. * 1210: Go-Toba persuaded Tsuchimikado to abdicate in favor of his younger brother, who would become known as

Emperor Juntoku (October 22, 1197 – October 7, 1242) was the 84th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1210 through 1221. Genealogy Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal ...

. In Kyōto, Minamoto no Michichika took power as steward, and in

Kamakura is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Kamakura has an estimated population of 172,929 (1 September 2020) and a population density of 4,359 persons per km² over the total area of . Kamakura was designated as a city on 3 November 1939. Kamak ...

, in 1199, upon the death of

, Hōjō Tokimasa began to rule as

Gokenin A was initially a vassal of the shogunate of the Kamakura and the Muromachi periods.Iwanami Kōjien, "Gokenin" In exchange for protection and the right to become '' jitō'' (manor's lord), a ''gokenin'' had in times of peace the duty to protect ...

. Tsuchimikado removed himself from Kyoto, traveling first to

Tosa Province was a province of Japan in the area of southern Shikoku. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Tosa''" in . Tosa bordered on Awa to the northeast, and Iyo to the northwest. Its abbreviated form name was . In terms of the Gokishichidō syst ...

(now known as Kōchi Prefecture); and later, he moved to Awa province (now known as

Tokushima Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Tokushima Prefecture has a population of 728,633 (1 October 2019) and has a geographic area of 4,146 km2 (1,601 sq mi). Tokushima Prefecture borders Kagawa Prefecture to the nort ...

), where he died in exile. * 1231: The former emperor died at age 35. Tsuchimikado's official Imperial tomb is in Kyoto. The emperor is venerated at a

memorial A memorial is an object or place which serves as a focus for the memory or the commemoration of something, usually an influential, deceased person or a historical, tragic event. Popular forms of memorials include landmark objects or works of ...

Shinto Shinto () is a religion from Japan. Classified as an East Asian religion by scholars of religion, its practitioners often regard it as Japan's indigenous religion and as a nature religion. Scholars sometimes call its practitioners ''Shint ...

shrine A shrine ( la, scrinium "case or chest for books or papers"; Old French: ''escrin'' "box or case") is a sacred or holy space dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, daemon, or similar figure of respect, wherein they ...

(''misasagi''). This

mausoleum A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or people. A mausoleum without the person's remains is called a cenotaph. A mausoleum may be cons ...

shrine is formally named ''Kanegahara no misasagi''.

''Kugyō''

''Kugyō'' (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the

Emperor of Japan The Emperor of Japan is the monarch and the head of the Imperial Family of Japan. Under the Constitution of Japan, he is defined as the symbol of the Japanese state and the unity of the Japanese people, and his position is derived from "the ...

in pre- Meiji eras. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Tsuchimikado's reign, this apex of the ''

Daijō-kan The , also known as the Great Council of State, was (i) (''Daijō-kan'') the highest organ of Japan's premodern Imperial government under the Ritsuryō legal system during and after the Nara period or (ii) (''Dajō-kan'') the highest organ of J ...

'' included: * '' Sesshō'', Konoe Motomichi, 1160–1233.Brown, p. 339. * '' Sesshō'', Kujō Yoshitsune, 1169–1206. * '' Daijō-daijin'', Kujō Yoshitsune. * ''

Sadaijin The ''Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary'', Kenkyusha Limited, was a government position in Japan in the late Nara and Heian periods. The position was consolidated in the Taihō Code of 702. The Asuka Kiyomihara Code of 689 marks the in ...

'' * ''

Udaijin was a government position in Japan in the late Nara and Heian periods. The position was consolidated in the Taihō Code of 702. The Asuka Kiyomihara Code of 689 marks the initial appearance of the ''udaijin'' in the context of a central administ ...

'' * ''

Naidaijin The , literally meaning "Inner Minister", was an ancient office in the Japanese Imperial Court. Its role, rank and authority varied throughout the pre- Meiji period of Japanese history, but in general remained as a significant post under the Ta ...

'' * ''

Dainagon was a counselor of the first rank in the Imperial court of Japan. The role dates from the 7th century. This advisory position remained a part of the Imperial court from the 8th century until the Meiji period in the 19th century.Nussbaum, "Dainag ...

Eras of Tsuchimikado's reign

The years of Tschuimikado's reign are more specifically identified by more than one

era name A regnal year is a year of the reign of a sovereign, from the Latin ''regnum'' meaning kingdom, rule. Regnal years considered the date as an ordinal, not a cardinal number. For example, a monarch could have a first year of rule, a second year of ...

or ''

nengō The , also known as , is the first of the two elements that identify years in the Japanese era calendar scheme. The second element is a number which indicates the year number within the era (with the first year being ""), followed by the literal ...

''.Titsingh, p. 221; Brown, p. 340. * '' Kenkyū'' (1190–1199) * ''

Shōji A is a door, window or room divider used in traditional Japanese architecture, consisting of translucent (or transparent) sheets on a lattice frame. Where light transmission is not needed, the similar but opaque ''fusuma'' is used (oshiire/ ...

'' (1199–1201) * ''

Kennin was a after ''Shōji'' and before '' Genkyū.'' This period spanned the years from February 1201 through February 1204. The reigning emperor was . Change of era * 1201 ; 1201: The new era name was created to mark an event of shin'yū (辛酉) ...

'' (1201–1204) * ''

Genkyū was a after ''Kennin'' and before ''Ken'ei''. This period spanned the years from February 1204 through April 1206. The reigning emperor was . Change of era * 1204 : The new era name was created to mark an event or a number of events. The previo ...

'' (1204–1206) * ''

Ken'ei was a after ''Genkyū'' and before '' Jōgen.'' This period spanned the years from April 1206 through October 1207. The reigning emperor was . Change of era * 1206 : The new era name was created to mark an event or a number of events. The prev ...

'' (1206–1207) * '' Jōgen'' (1207–1211)

Ancestry

Notes

References

* Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979)
''Gukanshō: The Future and the Past.''
Berkeley: University of California Press.
OCLC 251325323
* Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959)
''The Imperial House of Japan.''
Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society
OCLC 194887
* Takekoshi, Yosaburō. (1930). ''The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan.'' New York: Macmillan
OCLC 13839617 Reprinted by Taylor and Francis
2003. * Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''

Nihon Odai Ichiran Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

''; ou
''Annales des empereurs du Japon.''
Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland
OCLC 5850691
* Varley, H. Paul. (1980)
''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.''
New York: Columbia University Press.
OCLC 59145842
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tsuchimikado Japanese emperors 1196 births 1231 deaths

Emperor Tsuchimikado was the 83rd emperor of Japan,Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō'') 土御門天皇 (83)/ref> according to the traditional order of succession.Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' pp. 86–87. Tsuchimikado's reig ...

12th-century Japanese monarchs 13th-century Japanese monarchs

Genealogy

Events of Tsuchimikado's life

''Kugyō''

Eras of Tsuchimikado's reign

Ancestry

See also

Notes

References