Coa Croatia Country History (with crown) (1868-1918)

The Triune Kingdom ( hr, Trojedna kraljevina) or Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia ( hr, Trojedna Kraljevina Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije) was the concept—advocated by the leaders of the 19th-century

Croatian national revival The Illyrian movement ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, Ilirski pokret, Илирски покрет; sl, Ilirsko gibanje) was a pan-South-Slavic cultural and political campaign with roots in the early modern period, and revived by a group of young Croatian inte ...

—of a united kingdom between

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

Slavonia Slavonia (; hr, Slavonija) is, with Dalmatia, Croatia proper, and Istria, one of the four historical regions of Croatia. Taking up the east of the country, it roughly corresponds with five Croatian counties: Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baran ...

and Dalmatia, which were already within the

Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire (german: link=no, Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling , ) was a Central-Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence ...

under one king, who was also the

Emperor of Austria The Emperor of Austria (german: Kaiser von Österreich) was the ruler of the Austrian Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A hereditary imperial title and office proclaimed in 1804 by Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, a member of the Hou ...

, but were politically and administratively separate entities. This concept had roots in the high medieval period, as a successor to the historical Kingdom of Croatia which was made up of those regions. After 1867, Croatia and Slavonia were within the Hungarian half of

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...

and were united in 1868 as the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, where the name ''Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia'' became official. However, Dalmatia, being located in the Austrian half, still remained de facto separate. Until the end of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, several Croatian political parties and groups sought recognition of the Triune Kingdom and the incorporation of Dalmatia into Croatia-Slavonia. The Croatian intelligentsia, especially lawyers and historians, played a key role in interpreting historical sources so as to legitimize the demand for the Triune Kingdom.

History

The unification among the three Kingdoms started gaining popularity in the 14th century and was originally used in the title of the Ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia in the

medieval Croatian Kingdom In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire an ...

. The first usage of the term ''Triune Kingdom'' was in 1527 by the Habsburgs, to make the title of the Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia seem grander, this can be seen in titles given to Krsto Frankopan, as well as other examples from 1527. The

Croatian Sabor The Croatian Parliament ( hr, Hrvatski sabor) or the Sabor is the Unicameralism, unicameral legislature of the Republic of Croatia. Under the terms of the Constitution of Croatia, Croatian Constitution, the Sabor represents the nation, people ...

was, in 1681, officially named the ''Congregatio Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae'' Later In the 18th century, Maria Theresa founded the ''Royal Council for the Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia''. However, only in the early 19th century, in parallel with the demands for the unification of the three Croatian Kingdoms and modern nation building, did the use of the name "''Triune Kingdom''" intensify. Prior to 1848, the Croatians had claimed territories which had been contested by both the

Hungarians Hungarians, also known as Magyars ( ; hu, magyarok ), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary () and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Urali ...

and the Vienna Court War Council within the

, and also by the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

. During the

Revolutions of 1848 The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Springtime of the Peoples or the Springtime of Nations, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe starting in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in Europea ...

Croatian nationalists Croatian nationalism is nationalism that asserts the nationality of Croats and promotes the cultural unity of Croats. Modern Croatian nationalism first arose in the 19th century after Budapest exerted increasing pressure for Magyarization of Cro ...

in the Sabor proposed the unification of the Triune Kingdom, which would be an autonomous Croatian cultural and political union within the Habsburg Empire. Political representatives of Croatia advocated the notion to the Emperor, and demanded the unification of the three Croatian kingdoms. During the revolutions, Dalmatia was temporarily under the control of Ban Josip Jelačić of Croatia. However, the Italian-speaking elite dominating the Diet of Dalmatia urged autonomy for the Kingdom as an Austrian crown land against the Croatian national revival movement's demand for a Triune Kingdom. Following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868, the Hungarian claims on

and the Austrian claims on the

Military Frontier The Military Frontier (german: Militärgrenze, sh-Latn, Vojna krajina/Vojna granica, Војна крајина/Војна граница; hu, Katonai határőrvidék; ro, Graniță militară) was a borderland of the Habsburg monarchy and ...

were formally relinquished. Croatia and Slavonia were unified into the autonomous Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. However, a unification with Dalmatia was denied and while Croatia-Slavonia was incorporated into the

Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen The Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen ( hu, a Szent Korona Országai), informally Transleithania (meaning the lands or region "beyond" the Leitha River) were the Hungarian territories of Austria-Hungary, throughout the latter's entire exis ...

(Hungarian half), Dalmatia remained a crown land of the '' Cislethanian'' (Austrian) half of the

Dual Monarchy Dual monarchy occurs when two separate kingdoms are ruled by the same monarch, follow the same foreign policy, exist in a customs union with each other, and have a combined military but are otherwise self-governing. The term is typically use ...

. Croatia-Slavonia nevertheless formally called itself the "Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia", pressing its claims on Dalmatia. Sections of the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868 became contentious issues, as the Croatian version defined the territory of the "Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen" as "''a state union of the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia''". The Hungarian version of the same settlement meanwhile, referred to it as ''Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia'', withholding the word "Kingdom" and changing the order of the countries names. Documents issued by Austria put the order as "Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia", after instructions from

Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust (german: link=no, Friedrich Ferdinand Graf von Beust; 13 January 1809 – 24 October 1886) was a German and Austrian statesman. As an opponent of Otto von Bismarck, he attempted to conclude a common policy of th ...

to distinguish Dalmatia from Croatia and Slavonia in order to emphasize its membership of the Austrian half of the Empire. During the

Croatian National Revival The Illyrian movement ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, Ilirski pokret, Илирски покрет; sl, Ilirsko gibanje) was a pan-South-Slavic cultural and political campaign with roots in the early modern period, and revived by a group of young Croatian inte ...

and the second half of the 19th century, Croatian intelligentsia, especially lawyers and historians, in the struggle for a united Triune Kingdom, were involved in interpreting historical sources seeking to legitimize and politically argue the full meaning of the name of the Triune Kingdom. By the end of the 19th century, recognition of the Triune Kingdom was the primary goal of the Independent People's Party,Charles Jelavich, Barbara Jelavich, ''The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920'', University of Washington Press, 1977
p. 253
/ref> as well as the People's Party of Dalmatia. In 1874, Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski published various findings from archival collections—in his work ''Codex Diplomaticus'',Codex diplomaticus regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae, Volumes 1–2, Tiskom D. Albrechta, 1874

/ref> now kept in the

Croatian State Archives The Croatian State Archives ( hr, Hrvatski državni arhiv) are the national archives of Croatia located in its capital, Zagreb. The history of the state archives can be traced back to the 17th century. There are also regional state archives loca ...

—documents from all periods that speak of the ''Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia'', consisting of: * Privileges – ''Privilegia Regnorum Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae'', dated 1377 * Protocols – ''Protocolla Congregationis generalis Regnorum Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae'', dated 1557 * Minutes – ''Acta Congregationum Regni'', dated 1562 * Minutes – ''Transumpta documentorum iura Croatica tangentium'', dated 1249

References

Sources

* * * * * {{cite journal , url = http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=24650 , language = hr , title = Saborski izbori i zagrebačka izborna tijela na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljeće , trans-title= Parliamentary Elections and Zagreb Electoral Bodies at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries , first1 = Ines , last1 = Sabotič , first2 = Stjepan , last2 = Matković , journal = Društvena Istraživanja: Journal for General Social Issues , volume = 14 , number = 1–2 (75–76) , date=April 2005 , issn = 1330-0288 , publisher = Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar , location = Zagreb, Croatia , access-date = 2012-08-22 Political terminology of Croatia 19th century in Croatia 20th century in Croatia Politics of Austria-Hungary

History

See also

References

Sources