Three agreements, each known as the Treaty of Hopewell, were signed between representatives of the

Congress A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups. The term originated in Late Middle English to denote an encounter (meeting of ...

of the United States and the Cherokee,

Choctaw The Choctaw (in the Choctaw language, Chahta) are a Native American people originally based in the Southeastern Woodlands, in what is now Alabama and Mississippi. Their Choctaw language is a Western Muskogean language. Today, Choctaw people are ...

, and

Chickasaw The Chickasaw ( ) are an indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands. Their traditional territory was in the Southeastern United States of Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee as well in southwestern Kentucky. Their language is classified as ...

peoples, were negotiated and signed at the Hopewell plantation in

South Carolina )'' Animis opibusque parati'' ( for, , Latin, Prepared in mind and resources, links=no) , anthem = " Carolina";" South Carolina On My Mind" , Former = Province of South Carolina , seat = Columbia , LargestCity = Charleston , LargestMetro = ...

during the winter of 1785–86.

Hopewell plantation

The treaties were signed at the plantation owned by General Andrew Pickens, which and the treaty texts refer to as “Hopewell on the Keowee.” Anthropologist

James Mooney James Mooney (February 10, 1861 – December 22, 1921) was an American ethnographer who lived for several years among the Cherokee. Known as "The Indian Man", he conducted major studies of Southeastern Indians, as well as of tribes on the G ...

records that, "It was situated on the northern edge of the present Anderson county, on the east side of Keowee River, opposite and a short distance below the entrance of Little river, and about three miles from the present Pendleton. In sight of it, on the opposite side of Keowee, was the old Cherokee town of Seneca, destroyed by the Americans in 1776."

Cherokee treaty

On November 28, 1785, the first Treaty of Hopewell was signed between the U.S. representative

Benjamin Hawkins Benjamin Hawkins (August 15, 1754June 6, 1816) was an American planter, statesman and a U.S. Indian agent He was a delegate to the Continental Congress and a United States Senator from North Carolina, having grown up among the planter elite. ...

and the Cherokee Indians. The treaty laid out a western boundary for American settlement. The treaty gave rise to the sardonic Cherokee phrase of ''Talking Leaves'', since they claimed that when the treaties no longer suited the Americans, they would blow away like talking leaves. A description of the boundary is found on Article 4 of the accord: Included in the signatures of the Cherokee delegation were several from leaders of the Chickamauga (Lower Cherokee), including two from the town of Chickamauga itself and one from Lookout Mountain Town. The Cherokee complained at the treaty that some 3,000 white settlers of the ''de facto''

State of Franklin The State of Franklin (also the Free Republic of Franklin or the State of Frankland)Landrum, refers to the proposed state as "the proposed republic of Franklin; while Wheeler has it as ''Frankland''." In ''That's Not in My American History Boo ...

were already squatting on the Cherokee side of the agreed line, between the Holston and French Broad Rivers, and they continued to dispute that region until a new border was defined by the 1791

Treaty of Holston The Treaty of Holston (or Treaty of the Holston) was a treaty between the United States government and the Cherokee signed on July 2, 1791, and proclaimed on February 7, 1792. It was negotiated and signed by William Blount, governor of the Sout ...

Cherokee treaty terms

The preamble begins with, The following lists the terms of the treaty: 1. Indians to restore prisoners (who are U.S. citizens or their allies), slaves, and property.
2. The United States to restore prisoners to the Indians.
3. Cherokees acknowledge protection provided by the United States.
4. Boundaries defined.
5. No citizen of United States shall settle on Indian lands and Indians may punish violators as they please.
6. Indians to deliver criminals who commit robbery, murder, or capital crimes.
7. Citizens of United States committing crimes against Indians to be punished.
8. Retaliation restrained.
9. United States to regulate trade.
10. Special provision for trade.
11. Cherokees to give notice of any known designs against United States by tribes or any person.
12. Indians may send a "deputy," i.e., representative, to Congress.
13. Peace and friendship perpetual.

Congressional deputy

Article XII states "That the Indians ��shall have the right to send a deputy of their choice, whenever they think fit, to

." In 2019, Cherokee Nation principal chief Chuck Hoskin Jr. cited a provision of the 1835

Treaty of New Echota The Treaty of New Echota was a treaty signed on December 29, 1835, in New Echota, Georgia, by officials of the United States government and representatives of a minority Cherokee political faction, the Treaty Party. The treaty established ter ...

that states that the Cherokee "shall be entitled to a delegate in the

House of Representatives of the United States The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they c ...

whenever Congress shall make provision for the same," in announcing that he intended to appoint, for the first time, a Congressional delegate from the Cherokee Nation. Pending a decision of the Cherokee National Council, Hoskin said he would nominate

Kimberly Teehee Kimberly Teehee (born October 13, 1968) is a Native American (Cherokee Nation) attorney, politician, and activist on Native American issues. She is a Delegate-designate to the U.S. House of Representatives from the Cherokee Nation. She served as ...

, a member of the Cherokee Nation who formerly served as a policy advisor in the administration of President Barack Obama, to the post.

Choctaw treaty

The US–Choctaw Treaty of Hopewell was signed by the Choctaw at the foothills of the Smoky Mountains on January 3, 1786. The ceded area amounted to 69,120 acres, and the compensation to the Choctaw took the form of protection by the United States.Reeves, Carolyn K. ''The Choctaw before Removal''. University Press of Mississippi Jackson. 214. To elaborate, the

plenipotentiaries A ''plenipotentiary'' (from the Latin ''plenus'' "full" and ''potens'' "powerful") is a diplomat who has full powers—authorization to sign a treaty or convention on behalf of his or her sovereign. When used as a noun more generally, the word ' ...

were Benjamin Hawkins, Andrew Pickens and Joseph Martin representing the U.S. while representing the Choctaw were 13 small medal and 12 medal and gorget captains.

Choctaw treaty terms

The preamble begins with, The following lists the terms of the treaty: 1. Indians to restore prisoners (who are U.S. citizens or their allies), slaves, and property.
2. Choctaws acknowledge protection provided by the United States.
3. Boundaries defined.
4. No citizen of United States shall settle on Indian lands and Indians may punish violators as they please.
5. Indians to deliver criminals who commit robbery, murder, or capital crimes.
6. Citizens of United States committing crimes against Indians to be punished.
7. Retaliation restrained.
8. United States to regulate trade.
9. Special provision for trade.
10. Choctaws to give notice of any known designs against United States by tribes or any person.
11. Peace and friendship perpetual.

Chickasaw treaty

On January 10, 1786, the Treaty of Hopewell was signed between U.S. representatives Benjamin Hawkins, Andrew Pickens, and Joseph Martin and the Chickasaw leaders Taski Etoka, Piomingo, and Lotapaia."The Last of the Chickasaw Kings"
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Chickasaw treaty terms

The preamble begins with, The following lists the terms of the treaty: 1. Indians to restore prisoners, slaves, and property.
2. Acknowledge the protection of United States.
3. Boundaries defined.
4. No citizen of United States shall settle on Indian lands and Chickasaws may punish them as they please.
5. Indians to deliver up criminals.
6. Citizens of United States committing crimes against Indians to be punished.
7. Retaliation restrained.
8. United States to regulate trade.
9. Special provision for trade
10. Indians to give notice of any known designs against United States.
11. Peace and friendship perpetual.

References

External links

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Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties (Text of the 1786 Choctaw Treaty)
*

* * ttps://www.chickasaw.tv/events/hopewell-treaty Treaty of Hopewell Profile and Videos- Chickasaw.TV {{DEFAULTSORT:Hopewell, Treaty of United States and Native American treaties Cherokee and United States treaties Chickasaw Pickens County, South Carolina Hopewell Hopewell Hopewell Hopewell 1785 in the United States 1786 in the United States