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The SA was Toyota's first new passenger car design (as opposed to updating the AA) after
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
. It was the first in a family of vehicles before the introduction of the
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. A series of light trucks also shared the chassis and major components of these passenger cars. All of these vehicles were sold under the Toyopet name.


SA

The SA was Toyota's first true post war design. It differed from all previous Toyota cars by having a 4-cylinder engine (previously a 6-cylinder was used), 4-wheel independent suspension (previously using rigid axles with
leaf springs A leaf spring is a simple form of spring commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. Originally called a ''laminated'' or ''carriage spring'', and sometimes referred to as a semi-elliptical spring, elliptical spring, or cart spring, ...
) and a smaller, "ponton" influenced aerodynamic body. The project was driven by
Kiichiro Toyoda was a Japanese businessman and the son of Toyoda Loom Works founder Sakichi Toyoda. His decision to change Toyoda's focus from automatic loom manufacture into automobile manufacturing created what would become Toyota Motor Corporation. Toyoda ...
under the wisdom of his father's ( Sakichi Toyoda) words, "Stay ahead of the times""Toyota: Fifty Years in Motion", Eiji Toyoda, Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1987, , p119 but most of the design work was done by Dr
Kazuo Kumabe Kazuo (カズオ, かずお) is a masculine Japanese given name. Possible spellings It has several written forms, and the meaning depends on the characters used (usually kanji, but sometimes hiragana). Common forms include: * 一雄: first son, ...
."Fifty Years of Toyota Concept Cars", in "the wheel extended", vol 17, no.3, 1987, Toyota Motor Corporation, The body was aerodynamic in a style similar to the
Volkswagen Beetle The Volkswagen Beetle—officially the Volkswagen Type 1, informally in German (meaning "beetle"), in parts of the English-speaking world the Bug, and known by many other nicknames in other languages—is a two-door, rear-engine economy car, ...
. Only a two-door sedan was made, making it unsuitable for the taxi market. The doors were hinged at the rear (often called
suicide doors A suicide door is an automobile door hinged at its rear rather than the front. Such doors were originally used on horse-drawn carriages, but are rarely found on modern vehicles, primarily because they are perceived as being less safe than a fro ...
). The front window was a single pane of flat glass with a single wiper mounted above the driver. Only
right hand drive Left-hand traffic (LHT) and right-hand traffic (RHT) are the practices, in bidirectional traffic, of keeping to the left side or to the right side of the road, respectively. They are fundamental to traffic flow, and are sometimes referred to ...
was offered. Toyota engineers (including Dr Kumabe) had visited
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before
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
and had studied the 16-cylinder Auto Union racing car (independent suspension) and Porsche and
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designs (independent suspension, aerodynamic bodies, backbone chassis, rear-mounted air-cooled engines, economical production cost)."Autos Made in Japan", Jan P. Norbye, Gerlingen: Bleicher Verlag, 1991, Many Japanese companies had ties with Germany during the war years but most partnered with British or American companies after the war and thus used technologies commonly used in Britain or America. But Toyota did not partner with a foreign company, so it was free to use German designs. Many features of the prototype Beetle were subsequently put into the SA, although the Beetle's rear-mounted air-cooled engine feature was not used. Later on, Toyota revisited the economic principles exemplified by the Beetle when designing the
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and the Corolla.


Dates and production figures

Although permission to begin full production of passenger cars in Japan was not granted until 1949, limited numbers of cars were permitted to be built from 1947, and the Toyota SA was one such car."The Complete History of the Japanese Car", Marco Ruiz, New York: Portland House, 1986, "Toyota seit 1936", Joachim Kuch, Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag, Artikelnummer 17060 Design work started at the end of 1945 when the GHQ let it be known that authorised commercial production of vehicles for the general public would be commencing soon. This model was introduced in January 1947, with a prototype (which had been under development for more than a year) being completed at that time. Production occurred from October 1947 through May 1952 (overlapping with the 1949-introduced SD), with a total of only 215 being built."The New Encyclopedia of Motorcars: 1885 to the Present", G.N. Georgano, New York: E. P. Dutton, 3rd revised ed., 1982, The first car to be produced by Toyota in the postwar period was the AC, which had first been produced in 1943-1944. Fifty were built for government and military use in 1947, and three more were assembled in 1948. Since only 54 cars were built by Toyota in 1947, this leaves four Model SA production cars to be built at the end of that year, not counting the prototype. Eighteen SA cars were built in 1948, and from 1949 to 1952, 193 more were built. No breakdown exists between models after 1948; only yearly passenger-car grand totals are extant.


Mechanicals

This model introduced the Type S straight-4 water-cooled engine, conventionally mounted in the front of the car and driving through the rear wheels. Two small grills at the front allowed air for the engine's radiator. Transmission was by a 3-speed manual gearbox and a Hotchkiss drive (previous Toyotas used a
torque tube A torque tube system is a power transmission and braking technology that involves a stationary housing around the drive shaft, often used in automobiles with a front engine and rear drive. The torque tube consists of a large diameter stationary h ...
) to a rear-mounted differential. The final drive gear ratio was 7.17:1 . More unconventional was the use of a
backbone chassis Backbone tube chassis is a type of automobile construction chassis that is similar to the body-on-frame design. Instead of a two-dimensional ladder-type structure, it consists of a strong tubular backbone (usually rectangular in cross section) ...
and four-wheel independent suspension.
A-arm In automotive suspension, a control arm, also known as an A-arm, is a hinged suspension link between the chassis and the suspension upright or hub that carries the wheel. In simple terms, it governs a wheel's vertical travel, allowing it to mo ...
suspension (short upper arm, long lower arm) with coils was used at the front and
swing axle A swing axle is a simple type of independent (rear wheel) suspension designed and patented by Edmund Rumpler in 1903. This was a revolutionary invention in automotive suspension, allowing driven (powered) wheels to follow uneven road surfaces ...
suspension with semi-trailing arms,
Panhard rod A Panhard rod (also called Panhard bar, track bar, or track rod) is a suspension link that provides lateral location of the axle. Originally invented by the Panhard automobile company of France in the early twentieth century, this device has been ...
s and a transverse semi-elliptical
leaf spring A leaf spring is a simple form of spring commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. Originally called a ''laminated'' or ''carriage spring'', and sometimes referred to as a semi-elliptical spring, elliptical spring, or cart spring, i ...
was used at the rear.


SB

A light truck using the running gear from the SA but with a ladder chassis and solid axles front and rear, both with semi-elliptical springs. The SB was popular with the general public and also with the American occupation forces, which ordered it in large numbers. The SB was offered with commercial bodies only but many dealers and owners had sedan bodies made for them. Toyota contracted the Kanto Denki factory to produce a sedan body and wagon on the SB chassis as the SC. A small number of police cars were made by adding a special body with a canvas top, 4 canvas doors and a fold down front window for the Japanese Police Reserve Force but they were not popular."Old Iron" column, February 2005, in the "Off Road Adventures" online magazine,


Dates and production figures

Produced from 1947.


Mechanicals

The SB used the same engine and gearbox as the SA, a three-speed manual and the 1-litre "S"-series engine, producing at 4,000 rpm. This was enough for a top speed of .Ozeki, Kazuo, ''Japanese Trucks and Buses 1917-1975'', p. 45 A conventional ladder frame chassis was used with conventional semi-elliptical springs and solid axles front and rear.


SC

The SB light truck was offered with commercial bodies only but many dealers and owners had sedan bodies made for them. Toyota contracted the Kanto Denki factory to produce a 4-door, 4-seat sedan body and wagon on the SB chassis as the SC."Toyota: A history of the First 50 Years", Toyota Motor Corporation, 1988, However, production of the SA sedan continued and the SC was not put into production. When production of the SA stopped, a revised version of the SC was made as the SD.


Dates and production figures

3 prototypes were built but the SC did not go into production.


Mechanicals

Same as the SB except for independent front suspension.


SD

A 5-seater passenger car using the same chassis and suspension as the SB.


Dates and production figures

Produced from November 1949 until 1951.


Mechanicals

Same as the SB.


SF

An update to the SD. This sold in considerably higher numbers than any of its predecessors, mainly due to increasing demand for taxis.


Dates and production figures

Produced from October 1951 until 1953. 3,653 were built.


Mechanicals

Same as the SD.


SG

An update to the SB, sharing components with the SF.


Dates and production figures

Produced from March 1952 until 1954.


Mechanicals

Same as the SF.


RH series

A further update to the SF but with the newly designed 1.5 liter Type R engine. The RHN's body was made by the New Mitsubishi Heavy Industrial Manufacturing Co. and the RHK's body was made by
Kanto Auto Works was a Japanese car manufacturer. It was a member of the Toyota Group. In July 2012, Kanto Auto Works and two other Toyota subsidiaries were merged to form Toyota Motor East Japan. History In April 1946, Kanto Auto Works was established in Y ...
, Ltd."Toyota Automobile Museum", http://www.toyota.co.jp/Museum/data_e/a03_08_5.html#2 The transmission was a four-speed manual sliding mesh unit. The BH26 police patrol car sedan was made from the four-cylinder RH sedan by using the Type B six-cylinder engine and a longer front end. Similarly, the BH28 ambulance was made by converting the BH26 police sedan into a van body. The RH was succeeded by the similar 1955 RR
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and the much more modern 1955 RS
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. The one-liter SH version which was equipped with the type S engine was also produced. The 1500 cc version was named Toyopet Super and the 1000 cc version was named Toyopet Custom but found few takers.


Dates and production figures

Produced from September 1953 to 1955, 5,845 RHs were built. On the other hand, 230 SHs (1000 cc "Custom" version) were built.


Mechanicals

Same as the SF except for the new Type R engine.


FHJ

The FHJ was a fire appliance vehicle built based on the RH but with the much larger Type F engine."Toyota Fire Engine", Toyota brochure No. 323, Japan This was sold at the same time as the FAJ (based on the heavy duty FA truck), the FCJ (based on the medium duty FC truck) and the FJJ (based on the BJ Jeep).


Mechanicals

Same as the RH except for the Type F engine. The front body was based on the SG light truck, there were no doors and the rear of the body was heavily customised with typical fire appliance accessories (e.g. hoses, axes, ride-on steps, grab bars). In spite of looking like a small truck, the FHJ still used the single rear wheels of the RH passenger car.


FH24

The FH24 was a fire appliance vehicle built based on the RH but with the much larger Type F engine. It was very similar to the earlier FHJ fire appliance.


Mechanicals

Same as the RH except for the Type F engine. The front body was based on the SG light truck, there were no doors and the rear of the body was heavily customised with typical fire appliance accessories (e.g. hoses, axes, ride-on steps, grab bars). In spite of looking like a small truck, the FH24 still used the single rear wheels of the RH passenger car.


References

* Toyota history web page, 1940–1949, http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/history/1940.html * Toyota history web page, 1950–1959, http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/history/1950.html {{DEFAULTSORT:Toyota Sa Cars introduced in 1947 SA Sedans Rear-wheel-drive vehicles 1950s cars Automobiles with backbone chassis