Thomas William Roberts (8 March 185614 September 1931) was an English-born Australian artist and a key member of the
Heidelberg School art movement, also known as Australian impressionism.
After studying in
Melbourne, he travelled to Europe in 1881 to further his training, and returned home in 1885, "primed with whatever was the latest in art". A leading proponent of painting ''
en plein air
''En plein air'' (; French for 'outdoors'), or ''plein air'' painting, is the act of painting outdoors.
This method contrasts with studio painting or academic rules that might create a predetermined look. The theory of 'En plein air' painting ...
'', he joined
Frederick McCubbin
Frederick McCubbin (25 February 1855 – 20 December 1917) was an Australian artist, art teacher and prominent member of the Heidelberg School art movement, also known as Australian impressionism.
Born and raised in Melbourne, Victoria, McCubb ...
in founding the
Box Hill artists' camp
The Box Hill artists' camp was a site in Box Hill, Victoria, Australia favoured by a group of '' plein air'' painters in the mid to late 1880s who later became associated with the Heidelberg School art movement, also known as Australian impressio ...
, the first of several ''plein air'' camps frequented by members of the Heidelberg School. He also encouraged other artists to capture the national life of Australia, and while he is best known today for his "national narratives"—among them ''
Shearing the Rams
''Shearing the Rams'' is an 1890 painting by Australian artist Tom Roberts. It depicts sheep shearers plying their trade in a timber shearing shed. Distinctly Australian in character, the painting is a celebration of pastoral life and work, e ...
'' (1890), ''
A break away!'' (1891) and ''
Bailed Up'' (1895)—he earned a living as a portraitist, and in 1903 completed the commissioned work ''
The Big Picture'', the most famous visual representation of the
first Australian Parliament.
Life
Roberts was born in
Dorchester,
Dorset,
England, although some mystery surrounds his actual birthdate: his birth certificate says 8 March 1856, whereas his tombstone is inscribed 9 March.
Roberts migrated with his family to Australia in 1869 to live with relatives. Settling in
Collingwood, a suburb of
Melbourne,
Victoria
Victoria most commonly refers to:
* Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia
* Victoria, British Columbia, provincial capital of British Columbia, Canada
* Victoria (mythology), Roman goddess of Victory
* Victoria, Seyche ...
. He worked as a photographer's assistant through the 1870s, while studying art at night under
Louis Buvelot
Louis Buvelot ( Morges 3 March 1814 – Melbourne 30 May 1888), born Abram-Louis Buvelot, was a Swiss landscape painter who lived 17 years in Brazil and following 5 years back in Switzerland stayed 23 years in Australia, where he influenced the H ...
and befriending others who were to become prominent artists, notably
Frederick McCubbin
Frederick McCubbin (25 February 1855 – 20 December 1917) was an Australian artist, art teacher and prominent member of the Heidelberg School art movement, also known as Australian impressionism.
Born and raised in Melbourne, Victoria, McCubb ...
.
During this period, his mother had remarried to a man whom Roberts did not get on with. He hence decided to further his art studies, and returned to England for three years of full-time art study at the
Royal Academy Schools from 1881 to 1884. He traveled in Spain in 1883 with Australian artist
John Russell, where he met Spanish artists
Laureano Barrau and
Ramon Casas
Ramon Casas i Carbó (; 4 January 1866 – 29 February 1932) was a Catalan artist. Living through a turbulent time in the history of his native Barcelona, he was known as a portraitist, sketching and painting the intellectual, economic, an ...
who introduced him to the principles of
Impressionism and plein air painting.
While in London and Paris, he took in the progressing influence of painters
Jules Bastien-Lepage and
James Abbott McNeill Whistler.
From 1884 and through the 1890s Roberts worked again in Victoria, in his studio at the famous studio complex of
Grosvenor Chambers at 9 Collins Street, Melbourne. In 1885 he started painting and sketching excursions to what would later become outer suburbs, creating camps at
Box Hill and
Heidelberg, where he worked alongside McCubbin,
Arthur Streeton
Sir Arthur Ernest Streeton (8 April 1867 – 1 September 1943) was an Australian landscape painter and a leading member of the Heidelberg School, also known as Australian Impressionism.
Early life
Streeton was born in Mt Moriac, Victoria, so ...
and
Charles Conder
Charles Edward Conder (24 October 1868 – 9 February 1909) was an English-born painter, lithographer and designer. He emigrated to Australia and was a key figure in the Heidelberg School, arguably the beginning of a distinctively Austral ...
, working on representing Australia's light, heat, space and distance.
In 1896 he married 36-year-old Elizabeth (Lillie) Williamson and they had a son,
Caleb
Caleb (), sometimes transliterated as Kaleb ( he, כָּלֵב, ''Kalev'', ; Tiberian vocalization: Kālēḇ; Hebrew Academy: Kalev), is a figure who appears in the Hebrew Bible as a representative of the Tribe of Judah during the Israelites' ...
. Many of his most famous paintings come from this period. Lillie Roberts was an expert maker of picture frames, and during the period 1903–1914, when Roberts painted relatively little, much of the family's income apparently came from Lillie's work. Roberts spent
World War I in England assisting at a hospital. In Australia, he built a house at
Kallista
Kallista is a locality within Greater Melbourne beyond the Melbourne metropolitan area Urban Growth Boundary, 36 km south-east from Melbourne's central business district, located within the Shire of Yarra Ranges local government area. Kal ...
, near Melbourne. Elizabeth died in January 1928, and Roberts remarried, to Jean Boyes, in August 1928. He died in 1931 of cancer in Kallista near Melbourne. His ashes are buried in the churchyard at Illawarra near
Longford
Longford () is the county town of County Longford in Ireland. It has a population of 10,008 according to the 2016 census. It is the biggest town in the county and about one third of the county's population lives there. Longford lies at the meet ...
,
Tasmania .
Work
Roberts painted a considerable number of fine oil landscapes and portraits, some painted at artist camps with his friend McCubbin. Perhaps the most famous in his time were two large paintings, ''
Shearing the Rams
''Shearing the Rams'' is an 1890 painting by Australian artist Tom Roberts. It depicts sheep shearers plying their trade in a timber shearing shed. Distinctly Australian in character, the painting is a celebration of pastoral life and work, e ...
'', now displayed in the
National Gallery of Victoria
The National Gallery of Victoria, popularly known as the NGV, is an art museum in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Founded in 1861, it is Australia's oldest and most visited art museum.
The NGV houses an encyclopedic art collection across two ...
and ''
The Big Picture'', displayed in
Parliament House, Canberra. ''The Big Picture'', commissioned for a fee of one thousand guineas plus expenses was a depiction of the first sitting of the Parliament of Australia in the Melbourne Exhibition Building and was an enormous work, notable for the event depicted as well as the quality of Roberts' work.
''Shearing the Rams'' was based on a visit to a
sheep station at
Brocklesby
__NOTOC__
Brocklesby is a village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated south from Habrough, south-west from Immingham, and is located close to the border of both North Lincolnshire and Nort ...
in southern
New South Wales, depicted the
wool industry that had been Australia's first export industry and a staple of rural life. When it was first exhibited, there were immediately calls for the painting to enter a public gallery, with a Melbourne correspondent for the
Sydney press stating, "if our national gallery trustees were in the least patriotic, they would purchase it." Some critics did not feel that it fitted the definition of 'high art'. However, since the wool industry was Australia's greatest export industry at the time, it was a theme with which many Australian people could identify. In this painting, as one modern reviewer has said, Roberts put his formal art training to work, translating "the classical statuary into the brawny workers of the shearing shed".
Roberts made many other paintings showing country people working, with a similar image of the shearing sheds in ''
The Golden Fleece'' (1894), a
drover racing after sheep breaking away from the flock in ''
A break away!'', and with men chopping trees in ''
Wood splitters'' (1886). Many of Roberts' paintings were landscapes or ideas done on small canvases that he did very quickly, such as his show at the famous ''
9 by 5 Impression Exhibition
The 9 by 5 Impression Exhibition was an art exhibition in Melbourne, Australia. It opened on 17 August 1889 at Buxton's Rooms on Swanston Street and featured 183 works, the majority of which were painted by Charles Conder, Tom Roberts and Arthu ...
'' in Melbourne, "9 by 5" referring to the size in inches of the
cigar box
A cigar box is a box container for cigar packaging. Traditionally cigar boxes have been made of wood, cardboard or paper. Spanish cedar has been described as the "best" kind of wood for cigar boxes because of its beautiful grain, fine textur ...
lids on which most of the paintings were done. Roberts had more works on display in this exhibition than anyone else.
In 1888 Roberts met Conder in Sydney and they painted together at
Coogee beach. The younger Conder found these painting expeditions influential and decided to follow Roberts to Melbourne later that year to join him and Streeton at their artists' camp at Heidelberg. While Conder painted Coogee Bay emphasising on the decorative qualities of form and colour, Roberts'
Holiday sketch at Coogee'(1888) embodies his primary focus on the landscape's natural effects. It is an early testament to Roberts' plein-air 'impressionist' technique, which brought out the sun's glare on the bright blue sea, bleached white sand, dry grass and spindly seaside vegetation.
Legacy
Roberts' life was dramatised in the 1985 Australian mini series ''
One Summer Again
''One Summer Again'' is a 1985 Australian docudrama miniseries about the painter Tom Roberts and the Heidelberg School art movement. Set in and around the city of Melbourne in the late 19th century, the film traces Roberts' career and his relatio ...
''.
A "lost" painting titled ''
Rejected'' was featured in a 2017 episode of the BBC series ''
Fake or Fortune?
''Fake or Fortune?'' is a BBC One documentary television series which examines the provenance and attribution of notable artworks. Since the first series aired in 2011, ''Fake or Fortune?'' has drawn audiences of up to 5 million viewers in t ...
''. It was determined by experts to be a genuine Roberts, dating from his student years in London. Roberts' granddaughter considered it a self-portrait. If so, it would make it his oldest surviving self-portrait.
Retrospectives
A retrospective toured Australia in 1996–97 and another was shown at the
National Gallery of Australia from December 2015 – March 2016.
Roberts was one of four Australian artists whose paintings featured in the ''Australia’s Impressionists'' exhibition at the
National Gallery,
London, which ran from December 2016 to March 2017; it was described as 'the first UK exhibition of its kind'.
Gallery
Rejected, Tom Roberts.jpg, '' Rejected'', 1883
File:Tom Roberts Bourke Street.jpg, '' Allegro con brio: Bourke Street west'', 1886, National Gallery of Australia
File:Tom Roberts - Coming South - Google Art Project.jpg, '' Coming South'', 1886, National Gallery of Victoria
File:Tom Roberts - Slumbering sea, Mentone - Google Art Project.jpg, ''Slumbering Sea, Mentone'', 1887, National Gallery of Victoria
File:Tom Roberts Charlie Turner.jpg, ''Aboriginal Head, Charlie Turner'', 1892, Art Gallery of New South Wales
File:Tom Roberts - An autumn morning, Milson's Point, Sydney - Google Art Project.jpg, ''An autumn morning, Milson's Point, Sydney, 1888, Art Gallery of New South Wales''
File:Tom Roberts - A break away! - Google Art Project.jpg, '' A break away!'', 1891, Art Gallery of South Australia
File:Tom Roberts Lily Stirling.jpg, ''Lily Stirling'', 1890, National Gallery of Victoria
File:Tom Roberts - The Golden Fleece - Google Art Project.jpg, '' The Golden Fleece'', 1894, Art Gallery of New South Wales
File:Tom Roberts - Mosman's Bay.jpg, ''Mosman's Bay'', 1894, New England Regional Art Museum
File:Edward Ogilvie, 1894-95 Tom Roberts ML687.jpg, Edward Ogilvie
Edward David Stuart Ogilvie (25 July 1814 – 25 January 1896) was an English-born Australian politician and businessman. He served as a member of the Upper House of the New South Wales parliament. He built the renowned estate Yulgilbar ...
, 1894–95, Tom Roberts, oil painting, State Library of New South Wales
File:Tom Roberts - Bailed up - Google Art Project.jpg, '' Bailed Up'', 1895, Art Gallery of New South Wales
File:Tom roberts Portret of Florence.jpg, ''Portrait of Florence'', 1898, Art Gallery of New South Wales
See also
*
Australian art
Australian art is any art made in or about Australia, or by Australians overseas, from prehistoric times to the present. This includes Aboriginal, Colonial, Landscape, Atelier, early-twentieth-century painters, print makers, photographers, an ...
References
Further reading
* Croll, T.H. (1946) ''Smike to Bulldog : letters from Sir Arthur Streeton to Tom Roberts'', Sydney, Ure Smith, (Sydney: Waite and Bull)
* Gray, Anne. Tom Roberts: La Vita Con Brio pp. 11–29, and Harmonic Arrangements: Tom Roberts' Painting pp. 31–58, in (2015) ''Tom Roberts'', National Gallery of Australia, Canberra,
* Pearce, Barry (2000) ''Australian art in the Art Gallery of New South Wales'', Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney,
*
*
*
External links
Tom Roberts on Picture AustraliaTom Robertsat the
Art Gallery of New South Wales
The Art Gallery of New South Wales (AGNSW), founded as the New South Wales Academy of Art in 1872 and known as the National Art Gallery of New South Wales between 1883 and 1958, is located in The Domain, Sydney, Australia. It is the most importa ...
Tom Roberts on artistsfootsteps.comTom Roberts essayat the
National Gallery of Victoria
The National Gallery of Victoria, popularly known as the NGV, is an art museum in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Founded in 1861, it is Australia's oldest and most visited art museum.
The NGV houses an encyclopedic art collection across two ...
{{DEFAULTSORT:Roberts, Tom
1856 births
1931 deaths
Heidelberg School
People from Dorchester, Dorset
Artists from Melbourne
English emigrants to Australia
19th-century Australian painters
19th-century English male artists
20th-century Australian painters
19th-century English painters
English male painters
20th-century English painters
Australian landscape painters
Australian portrait painters
Australian male painters
20th-century English male artists
People from Collingwood, Victoria
National Gallery of Victoria Art School alumni