Timarion
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The ''Timarion'' ( el, Τιμαρίων) is a
Byzantine The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
pseudo- Lucianic satirical dialogue probably composed in the twelfth century (there are references to the eleventh-century
Michael Psellus Michael Psellos or Psellus ( grc-gre, Μιχαὴλ Ψελλός, Michaḗl Psellós, ) was a Byzantine Greek monk, savant, writer, philosopher, imperial courtier, historian and music theorist. He was born in 1017 or 1018, and is believed to ha ...
), though possibly later. The eponymous hero, on his way to a Christian fair at
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, is unexpectedly taken to Hades, which is ruled by pagan figures and pagan justice (including the emperor Theophilos as a judge), and where " Galilæans" (that is,
Christians Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words '' Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρ ...
) make up only one
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(αἵρεσις) of many. In one scene, a eunuch whose face "shines like the sun" whispers in Timarion's ear. His companion Theodore says it's his guardian angel.


Edition and translation

* R. Romano, "Pseudo-Luciano, ''Timarione''", in ''Byzantina et neo-hellenica neapolitana 2''.
Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
: Università di Napoli. Cattedra di filologia bizantina, 1974; pp. 49-92. * B. Baldwin, ''Timarion, Translated with Introduction and Commentary''.
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, 1984. * Anonim Bir Bizans Hicvi Timarion, çev: Engin ÖZTÜRK, İstanbul: Urzeni Yayınları, 2020.


See also

* The ''Menippus'' or ''Necyomantia'' by Lucian * Mazaris' ''Journey to Hades'' ( late Byzantine)


References

* Kaldellis, A., ''Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition''.
Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a College town, university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cam ...
: CUP, 2008; pp. 276-283. * ''Ejusdem'', "The ''Timarion'': Toward a Literary Interpretation", in P. Odorico (ed.), ''La face cachée de la littérature Byzantine: Le texte en tant que message immédiat''.
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, Centre d’études Byzantines, néo-helléniques et sud-est européennes (''Dossiers byzantins'', vol. 7, forthcoming). * Kazhdan, A. and A. Wharton-Epstein, ''Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries''. Berkeley and
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, 1990; pp. 139''sq''. Byzantine literature 12th-century books {{Byzantine-stub