Thomas Holliday Hicks (September 2, 1798February 14, 1865) was a politician in the divided border-state of Maryland during the

American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861May 26, 1865; also known by Names of the American Civil War, other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (American Civil War), Union ("the North") and the Confederate States of A ...

. As governor, opposing the Democrats, his views accurately reflected the conflicting local loyalties. He was pro-slavery but anti-secession. Under pressure to call the General Assembly into special session, he held it in the pro-Union town of Frederick, where he was able to keep the state from seceding to join the Confederacy. In December 1862, Hicks was appointed to the U.S. Senate, where he endorsed Abraham Lincoln's re-election in 1864, but died soon afterwards.

Early career

Born in 1798 near East New Market, Maryland, Hicks began his political career as a Democrat when he was elected town constable and then, in 1824, elected Sheriff of Dorchester County. Later, he switched to the Whig Party and was elected to the House of Delegates in 1830 and re-elected in 1836. In 1837, the legislature elected him a member of the Governor's Council, the last to be chosen before that body was abolished. In 1838, he was appointed Register of Wills for Dorchester County. He stayed in that job until his election as governor.

Governor of Maryland

In 1857, as the Whig Party disintegrated, Hicks joined the Native American Party, more commonly known as the

Know-Nothing Party The American Party, known as the Native American Party before 1855 and colloquially referred to as the Know Nothings, or the Know Nothing Party, was an Old Stock nativist political movement in the United States in the 1850s. Members of the m ...

. As such, in 1858, he ran for governor and defeated Democrat John Charles Groome by 8,700 votes. The election, however, was notable for fraud, open intimidation of voters, and unprecedented violence. Hicks was one of the oldest men to become governor. In his gubernatorial inaugural address, Hicks criticized the numbers of foreign immigrants coming to America and warned that they would "change the national character".

Slavery and the coming of war

Hicks opposed

abolitionists Abolitionism, or the abolitionist movement, is the political movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved individuals around the world. The first country to fully outlaw slavery was France in 1315, but it was later used in its colonies. T ...

and supported slave owners. He denounced " e attacks of fanatical and misguided persons against property in slaves" and added that slave owners had a right under the " nited StatesConstitution to recover their property." Hicks belatedly supported the Union of the states and sought to prevent Maryland from seceding and joining the Confederacy. This would have isolated

Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from Virginia, and shares land borders with ...

, in Confederate territory. Hicks reflected the divisions in his state. In Hicks' writings about the South and its secession, he referred to it as "we." He wrote that "they", the North (and

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th president of the United States, serving from 1861 until Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, his assassination in 1865. He led the United States through the American Civil War ...

), were wrong in "refus ngto observe the plain requirements of the Constitution" to permit new states to join the Union as slave states.

Baltimore Riot of 1861

After the bloodshed in Baltimore, involving Massachusetts troops which were fired on while marching between railroad stations, on April 19, 1861, Baltimore Mayor

George William Brown George William Brown may refer to: * George William Brown (mayor) (1812–1890), American politician, judge and academic * George William Brown (trade unionist) (1880–?), British trade unionist and politician * George W. Brown (computer scientist ...

, Marshal George P. Kane, and former Governor Enoch Louis Lowe requested that Hicks burn the railroad bridges leading to Baltimore, in order to prevent further troops from entering the state. Hicks reportedly approved this proposal. These actions were addressed in '' Ex parte Merryman'', the famous case of Maryland militia Captain John Merryman who was arrested by Union forces. After initially denying that he had authorized such actions, Hicks backtracked and voiced his support for the Union. But, writing to Lincoln on April 22, 1861, Hicks informed the new president that "I feel it my duty most respectfully to advise you that no more troops be ordered or allowed to pass through Maryland", requested that Lincoln obtain a truce with the South and suggested that Sir Richard Lyons mediate. Hicks worried about Maryland's position as a border state. In an address to the Maryland General Assembly on April 25, 1861, he stated that "The only safety of Maryland lies in preserving a neutral position between our brethren of the North and of the South." Subsequently, many prominent men lobbied Hicks to call the General Assembly into special session, purportedly for the mixed reason of opposing secession and opposing the Northern attitude towards the South. The Assembly normally met in

Annapolis Annapolis ( ) is the capital of the U.S. state of Maryland. It is the county seat of Anne Arundel County and its only incorporated city. Situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River, south of Baltimore and about east o ...

, but that city was occupied by Union troops, so Hicks changed the location to Frederick, a generally pro-Union town. The Assembly convened in Frederick, and unanimously agreed that it did not have the power to commit the state to secession. On April 29, the Assembly voted 53–13 against calling a state convention which would have that power.

Late career and death

In December 1862, his successor as governor, Augustus W. Bradford, appointed him to the U.S. Senate from Maryland following the death of his predecessor, James A. Pearce (D). Although ill, he campaigned for election to finish the term, winning on January 11, 1864Byrd & Wolff, page 120 while endorsing Lincoln's reelection in 1864. He died at the Metropolitan Hotel in

, on February 14, 1865. Abraham Lincoln attended his funeral in the U.S. Senate Chamber. Hicks was originally buried at his family farm in Dorchester County. He was later disinterred and moved to Cambridge Cemetery. The state erected a monument over his grave in 1868.

Notes

References

*White, Frank, ''The Governors of Maryland, 1777/1970'', The Hall of Records of Maryland, 1970. *Baker, Jean H., ''Ambivalent Americans: The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland'', Baltimore: Johns Hopkins (1977). Describes Hicks's American Party. *Melton, Tracy Matthew, ''Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies from 1854 to 1860'', Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society (2005). Includes discussion of Hicks's election and his relationship to American Party politicians in Baltimore. Also describes his opinions on the question of pardoning several men, including Henry Gambrill, who were under a sentence of death by hanging. *
Scharf, J. Thomas, ''History of Western Maryland: Being a History of Frederick, Montgomery, Carroll, Washington, Allegany, and Garrett Counties.'' (1882)
Retrieved November 2012

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Hicks, Thomas Holliday 1798 births 1865 deaths People from Dorchester County, Maryland Maryland Democrats Maryland Whigs Maryland Know Nothings Maryland Constitutional Unionists Maryland Unionists Maryland Unconditional Unionists Unconditional Union Party United States senators from Maryland Governors of Maryland Know-Nothing state governors of the United States Republican Party governors of Maryland Members of the Maryland House of Delegates Maryland state senators Maryland sheriffs Maryland lawyers People of Maryland in the American Civil War Union (American Civil War) state governors 19th-century American lawyers 19th-century members of the Maryland General Assembly 19th-century United States senators