The Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain (

Welsh Welsh may refer to: Related to Wales * Welsh, referring or related to Wales * Welsh language, a Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Wales * Welsh people People * Welsh (surname) * Sometimes used as a synonym for the ancient Britons (Celtic peopl ...

: ''Tri Thlws ar Ddeg Ynys Prydain'') are a series of items in late-medieval

tradition. Lists of the items appear in texts dating to the 15th and 16th centuries.Jones, Mary
"Tri Thlws ar Ddeg Ynys Prydain"
From maryjones.us. Retrieved June 16, 2009. The number of treasures is always given as thirteen, but some later versions list different items, replacing or combining entries to maintain the number.

List

The various treasures (''tlws'') include vessels or utensils for food and drink (hamper, cauldron, crock and dish, horn and knife), objects relating to weaponry (sword, whetstone) and to transport (halter, chariot), clothing (coat, mantle) and still other items (stone and ring, chessboard). Most of the items are placed in the ''

Hen Ogledd Yr Hen Ogledd (), in English the Old North, is the historical region which is now Northern England and the southern Scottish Lowlands that was inhabited by the Brittonic people of sub-Roman Britain in the Early Middle Ages. Its population sp ...

'' or "Old North", the Brittonic-speaking parts of what is now southern Scotland and

Northern England Northern England, also known as the North of England, the North Country, or simply the North, is the northern area of England. It broadly corresponds to the former borders of Angles, Angle Northumbria, the Anglo-Scandinavian Scandinavian York, K ...

; some early manuscripts refer to the whole list specifically as treasures "that were in the North". The number of treasures is always given as thirteen, but some later versions list different items, replacing or combining entries to maintain the number. Later versions also supplement the plain list with explanatory comments about each treasure. The standard version of the list includes the following treasures: # White-Hilt, the Sword of Rhydderch Hael (''Dyrnwyn, gleddyf Rhydderch Hael''): "if a well-born man drew it himself, it burst into flame from its hilt to its tip. And everyone who used to ask for it would receive; but because of this peculiarity everyone used to reject it. And therefore he was called Rhydderch the Generous." # The Hamper of Gwyddno Garanhir (''Mwys Gwyddno Garanir''): food for one man would be put in it, and when it was opened, food for a hundred men would be found in it. # The Horn of Brân Galed from the North (''Corn Brân Galed o'r Gogledd''): whatever drink might be wished for was found in it. # The Chariot of Morgan Mwynfawr (''Car Morgan Mwynfawr''): if a man went in it, he might wish to be wherever he would, and he would be there quickly. # The Halter of

Clydno Eiddyn Clydno Eidyn was a ruler of Eidyn, the district around modern Edinburgh, in the 6th century. Eidyn was a district of the Gododdin kingdom in the Hen Ogledd, or "Old North", the Brittonic-speaking parts of Northern England and southern Scotland in ...

(''Cebystr Clydno Eiddin''), which was fixed to a staple at the foot of his bed: whatever horse he might wish for, he would find in the halter. # The Knife of

Llawfrodedd Farchog Llawfrodedd Farfog or Llawfrodedd Farchog (Middle Welsh) is a hero of Welsh tradition. The meaning of the personal name ''Llawfrodedd'' is uncertain, however, it is suggested that the name is associated with Llawfrydedd 'Sorrow', the epithets ''Fa ...

(''Cyllell Llawfrodedd Farchog''), which would serve for twenty-four men to eat at table. # The Cauldron of Dyrnwch the Giant (''Pair Dyrnwch Gawr''): if meat for a coward were put in it to boil, it would never boil; but if meat for a brave man were put in it, it would boil quickly (and thus the brave could be distinguished from the cowardly). # The Whetstone of Tudwal Tudglyd (''Hogalen Tudwal Tudclyd''): if a brave man sharpened his sword on the whetstone, then the sword would certainly kill any man from whom it drew blood. If a cowardly man used the whetstone, though, his sword would refuse to draw blood at all. # The Coat of Padarn Beisrudd (''Pais Badarn Beisrydd''): if a well-born man put it on, it would be the right size for him; if a churl, it would not go upon him. # The Crock and the Dish of Rhygenydd the Cleric (''Gren a desgyl Rhygenydd Ysgolhaig''): whatever food might be wished for in them, it would be found. # The Chessboard of

Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio (died c. 573) or Gwenddolau was a Brythonic king who ruled in Arfderydd (now Arthuret). This is in what is now south-west Scotland and north-west England in the area around Hadrian's Wall and Carlisle during the sub-Roman p ...

(''Gwyddbwyll Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio''): if the pieces were set, they would play by themselves. The board was of gold, and the men of silver. # The Mantle of

Arthur Arthur is a common male given name of Brythonic origin. Its popularity derives from it being the name of the legendary hero King Arthur. The etymology is disputed. It may derive from the Celtic ''Artos'' meaning “Bear”. Another theory, more wi ...

in Cornwall (''Llen Arthyr yng Nghernyw''): whoever was under it could not be seen, and he could see everyone. # The Mantle of Tegau Gold-Breast (Tegau Eurfron, wife of

Caradoc Caradoc Vreichvras (; Modern cy, Caradog Freichfras, ) was a semi-legendary ancestor to the kings of Gwent. He may have lived during the 5th or 6th century. He is remembered in the Matter of Britain as a Knight of the Round Table, under the ...

): Her

mantle A mantle is a piece of clothing, a type of cloak. Several other meanings are derived from that. Mantle may refer to: *Mantle (clothing), a cloak-like garment worn mainly by women as fashionable outerwear **Mantle (vesture), an Eastern Orthodox ve ...

would not serve for any woman who had violated her marriage or her virginity. It would reach to the ground when worn by a faithful woman but would only hang down to the lap of an unfaithful wife. Later lists also include two additional treasures, the Mantle of Tegau Eurfon, and Eluned's Stone and Ring. Where these appear, one of the other treasures is dropped and the Crock and the Dish of Rhygenydd the Cleric are counted as one item. The new items come from literary, rather than traditional, material; the Mantle comes from a version of the

story, while Eluned's stone and ring come from the prose tale '' Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain''.

Description

Some of the magical objects listed can be shown to have earlier origins in Welsh narrative tradition. Items 1, 2 and 7, for instance, are also described in the

Middle Welsh Middle Welsh ( cy, Cymraeg Canol, wlm, Kymraec) is the label attached to the Welsh language of the 12th to 15th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period. This form of Welsh developed directly from Old Welsh ( cy, Hen G ...

tale '' Culhwch ac Olwen'' (tentatively dated to ''c''. 1100), in which Ysbaddaden the Giant gives

King Arthur King Arthur ( cy, Brenin Arthur, kw, Arthur Gernow, br, Roue Arzhur) is a legendary king of Britain, and a central figure in the medieval literary tradition known as the Matter of Britain. In the earliest traditions, Arthur appears as ...

's cousin Culhwch a list of impossible tasks (''anoetheu'') which he has to complete in order to win the hand of Olwen, the giant's daughter.

''Dyrnwyn'', the Sword of Rhydderch Hael

The ''Dyrnwyn'' ("White-Hilt") is said to be a powerful sword belonging to Rhydderch Hael, one of the Three Generous Men of Britain mentioned in the

Welsh Triads The Welsh Triads ( cy, Trioedd Ynys Prydein, "Triads of the Island of Britain") are a group of related texts in medieval manuscripts which preserve fragments of Welsh folklore, mythology and traditional history in groups of three. The triad is a ...

. When drawn by a worthy or well-born man, the entire blade would blaze with fire. Rhydderch was never reluctant to hand the weapon to anyone, hence his nickname ''Hael'' meaning "the Generous", but the recipients, as soon as they had learned of its peculiar properties, always rejected the sword.

The Hamper of Gwyddno Garanhir

It is told that Gwyddno Garanhir ("Long-shank") possessed a hamper (''mwys'') which would multiply food: if one was to put food for one man in the basket and open it again, the food was found to be increased a hundredfold.

The Horn of Brân Galed

The Horn of Brân Galed ("the Stingy" or "the Niggard") from the North is said to have possessed the magical property of ensuring that "whatever drink might be wished for was found in it". Marginal notes to the text in Peniarth MS 147 (''c''. 1566) elaborate on this brief entry by saying that

Myrddin Myrddin Wyllt (—"Myrddin the Wild", kw, Marzhin Gwyls, br, Merzhin Gueld) is a figure in medieval Welsh legend. In Middle Welsh poetry he is accounted a chief bard, the speaker of several poems in The Black Book of Carmarthen and The Red B ...

had approached the kings and lords of Britain to request their treasures. They consented on the condition that he obtained the horn of Brân Galed, supposing that the task would be impossible to fulfill (whether owing to Brân's reputation for being close-fisted or for some other reason). However, Myrddin somehow succeeded in obtaining the drinking horn and so received the other treasures as well. He took his hoard to the "Glass House" (''Tŷ Gwydr''), where it would remain forever. Tracing the prehistory of the horn to the Greek mythological past, the same notes tell that

Hercules Hercules (, ) is the Roman equivalent of the Greek divine hero Heracles, son of Jupiter and the mortal Alcmena. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures. The Romans adapted the ...

had removed the horn from the head of the centaur he had slain, whose wife then killed the hero in bloody revenge.Bromwich, ''Trioedd Ynys Prydein'' (1978): 245. The discrepancy between Brân's nickname ("the Stingy") and the special property of the enchanted horn appears to be explained by the Welsh poet

Guto'r Glyn Guto'r Glyn (c. 1412 – c. 1493) was a Welsh language poet and soldier of the era of the ''Beirdd yr Uchelwyr'' ("Poets of the Nobility") or ''Cywyddwyr'' ("cywydd-men"), the itinerant professional poets of the later Middle Ages. He is consid ...

, who lived in the mid-15th century and was therefore contemporary with the earliest attestations of the ''Tri Thlws ar Ddeg''. He relates that Brân Galed was a northern nobleman, whom

Taliesin Taliesin ( , ; 6th century AD) was an early Brittonic poet of Sub-Roman Britain whose work has possibly survived in a Middle Welsh manuscript, the ''Book of Taliesin''. Taliesin was a renowned bard who is believed to have sung at the court ...

transformed into a man superior to the Tri Hael, i.e. the three most generous men in Britain according to one of the Welsh Triads. Later bards to allude to the treasure include Tudur Aled and Iorwerth Fynglwyd. The identity of Brân Galed (not to be confused with Brân the Blessed) is uncertain. His northern background, which is usually described in general terms, is specified in one place elsewhere. A 16th-century note written by the scribe

Gruffudd Hiraethog Gruffudd Hiraethog (died 1564) was a 16th century Welsh language poet, born in Llangollen, north-east Wales. Gruffudd was one of the foremost poets of the sixteenth century to use the cywydd metre. He was a prolific author and gifted scholar. Tho ...

(died 1564) identifies Brân as the son of one ''Emellyr'', which appears to refer to the Brân son of Ymellyrn who is depicted in the

Llywarch Hen Llywarch Hen (, "Llywarch the Old"; c. 534 – c. 608), was a prince and poet of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a ruling family in the Hen Ogledd or "Old North" of Britain (modern southern Scotland and northern England). Along with Taliesin, A ...

cycle of poems as an opponent of the kings of

Rheged Rheged () was one of the kingdoms of the ''Hen Ogledd'' ("Old North"), the Brittonic-speaking region of what is now Northern England and southern Scotland, during the post-Roman era and Early Middle Ages. It is recorded in several poetic and b ...

. The latter has also been equated with the Brân fighting at Cynwyd (northern Wales) in the poem ''Gwarchan Tudfwlch'', possibly against Owain of Rheged.

The Chariot of Morgan Mwynfawr

The chariot belonging to Morgan Mwynfawr ("the Wealthy") is described as a magical vehicle which would quickly reach whatever destination one might wish to go to.

The Halter of Clydno Eiddyn

Belonged to

(Cebystr Clydno Eiddin). It was fixed to a staple at the foot of his bed. Whatever horse he might wish for, he would find in the halter. The Halter of Clydno Eiddyn was also called The Handy Halter, for it summons fine horses.

The Knife of Llawfrodedd the Horseman

(from ''marchog'' "the Horseman"), or ''Barfawc'' "the Bearded" in other manuscripts, is said to have owned a knife which would serve for a company of 24 men at the dinner table.

The Cauldron of Dyrnwch the Giant

The cauldron (''pair'') of Dyrnwch the Giant is said to discriminate between cowards and brave men: whereas it would not boil meat for a coward, it would boil quickly if that meat belonged to a brave man. The description probably goes back to a story similar to that found in the Middle Welsh tale ''Culhwch ac Olwen'', in which the cauldron of Diwrnach the Irishman, steward ('' maer'') to Odgar son of Aedd, King of Ireland, is among the ''anoetheu'' which Culhwch is required to obtain for the wedding banquet. King Arthur requests the cauldron from King Odgar, but Diwrnach refuses to give up his prized possession. Arthur goes to visit Diwrnach in Ireland, accompanied by a small party, and is received at his house, but when Diwrnach refuses to answer Arthur's request a second time, Bedwyr (Arthur's champion) seizes the cauldron and entrusts it to one of Arthur's servants, who is to carry the load on his back. In a single sweep with the sword called Caledfwlch, Llenlleawg the Irishman kills off Diwrnach and all his men. A confrontation with Irish forces ensues, but Arthur and his men fight them off. They board their ship Prydwen and, taking with them the cauldron loaded with the spoils of war, return to Britain. In ''Culhwch'', Diwrnach's cauldron is not attributed with any special power. However, the earlier poem '' Preiddeu Annwfn'' (''The Spoils of

Annwfn Annwn, Annwfn, or Annwfyn (in Middle Welsh, ''Annwvn'', ''Annwyn'', ''Annwyfn'', ''Annwvyn'', or ''Annwfyn'') is the Otherworld in Welsh mythology. Ruled by Arawn (or, in Arthurian literature, by Gwyn ap Nudd), it was essentially a world of de ...

''), refers to an adventure by Arthur and his men to obtain a cauldron with magical properties equivalent to the one in the lists of the thirteen treasures. In this poem the owner of the cauldron is not an Irish lord but the king of

Annwn Annwn, Annwfn, or Annwfyn (in Middle Welsh, ''Annwvn'', ''Annwyn'', ''Annwyfn'', ''Annwvyn'', or ''Annwfyn'') is the Otherworld in Welsh mythology. Ruled by Arawn (or, in Arthurian literature, by Gwyn ap Nudd), it was essentially a world of de ...

, the Welsh

Otherworld The concept of an otherworld in historical Indo-European religion is reconstructed in comparative mythology. Its name is a calque of ''orbis alius'' (Latin for "other Earth/world"), a term used by Lucan in his description of the Celtic Otherwor ...

, suggesting that the version of the story in ''Culhwch'' is a later attempt to euhemerize an older tale.Sims-Williams, "The significance of the Irish personal names in ''Culhwch and Olwen''." pp. 603-4. Diwrnach's name, which derives from Irish ''Diugurach'' and exhibits no literary provenance, may have been selected by the author of ''Culhwch ac Olwen'' to emphasize the Irish setting of his story. Although Dyrnwch is not himself described as an Irishman, it is probable that his name goes back to ''Diwrnach''. The extant manuscripts of ''Tri Thlws ar Ddeg'' also present such variant spellings as ''Dyrnog'' and ''Tyrnog'', without the Irish-sounding ending, but on balance, these are best explained as Welsh approximations of a foreign name.

The Whetstone of Tudwal Tudglyd

Sharpens the blade of a fine warrior. It shall draw blood from any enemy of its user if its user be brave; if its user shall be cowardly, then the blade shall not be sharpened and draw no blood whatsoever.

The Coat of Padarn Beisrudd

Padarn's coat perfectly fits any brave man; will not fit cowards.

The Crock and Dish of Rhygenydd Ysgolhaig

Belonged to Rhygenydd the Cleric. Whatever food might be wished for in them, it would be found on them.

Chessboard of Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio

Rather large chess board with pieces of silver and crystal and the board made of gold. The pieces only play by themselves if all the pieces are set up correctly.

The Mantle of Arthur in Cornwall

's ''llen'' or mantle is said to make anyone underneath it invisible, though able to see out. This item is known from two other sources, the prose tales ''Culhwch and Olwen'' (c. 1100) and ''

The Dream of Rhonabwy ''The Dream of Rhonabwy'' ( cy, Breuddwyd Rhonabwy) is a Middle Welsh prose tale. Set during the reign of Madog ap Maredudd, prince of Powys (died 1160), its composition is typically dated to somewhere between the late 12th through the late 14th ...

'' (early 13th century). A very similar mantle also appears in the Second Branch of the Mabinogi, in which it is used by

Caswallawn Cassivellaunus was a historical British military leader who led the defence against Julius Caesar's second expedition to Britain in 54 BC. He led an alliance of tribes against Roman forces, but eventually surrendered after his location was revea ...

to assassinate the seven stewards left behind by Brân the Blessed and usurp the throne. In ''Culhwch'' Arthur's mantle is included in the list of the only things Arthur will not give to the protagonist Culhwch, but it is not named specifically or otherwise described. However, the names of several of the other items contain the element ''gwyn'', meaning "white; sacred; blessed", suggesting otherworldly connections for the whole list. In ''The Dream of Rhonabwy'', the mantle is specifically named Gwenn, and has properties analogous to those given in the lists of the Thirteen Treasures, though here it is those on top of the mantle who are made invisible.Gantz, p. 185.

The Mantle of Tegau Gold-Breast

Tegau Gold-Breast (Tegau Eurfron, wife of

) was a Welsh heroine. Her mantle would not serve for any woman who had violated her marriage or her virginity. It would reach to the ground when worn by a faithful woman but would only hang down to the lap of an unfaithful wife.

The Stone and Ring of Eluned the Fortunate

One might describe it as a ring of invisibility. It's said that Merlin once possessed this item for a while.

References

Bibliography

Primary sources

*''Tri Thlws ar Ddeg Ynys Prydain'', ed. and tr.

Rachel Bromwich Rachel Bromwich (30 July 1915 – 15 December 2010) born Rachel Sheldon Amos, was a British scholar. Her focus was on medieval Welsh literature, and she taught Celtic Languages and Literature in the Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic a ...

, ''Trioedd Ynys Prydein''. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1978; revised ed. 1991 (Critical edition of the ''trioedd'' texts with notes, first published in 1961). Appendix III. Edited from Cardiff MS. 17, pp. 95–6, and other variants. *''Culhwhc ac Olwen'', ed. Rachel Bromwich and D. Simon Evans, ''Culhwch and Olwen: An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale''. University of Wales Press, 1992; tr. Jones and Jones, ''The Mabinogion''. *''Trioedd Ynys Prydein''. trans. and ed. by Rachel Bromwich. Cardiff: UWP, 1961.

Secondary sources

*Carey, John. ''Ireland and the Grail''. Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies Publications, 2007. *Gantz, Jeffrey (translator) (1987). ''The Mabinogion.'' New York: Penguin. . *Green, Thomas (2007). ''Concepts of Arthur''. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus. . *Jones, Mary
"Tri Thlws ar Ddeg Ynys Prydain"
From maryjones.us. Retrieved June 16, 2009. *Jones, Mary

From maryjones.us. Retrieved June 17, 2009. *Sims-Williams, Patrick. "The Significance of the Irish Personal Names in ''Culhwch and Olwen''." ''Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies'' 29 (1982): 607-10.