''The Languages of Africa'' is a 1963 book of essays by the linguist
Joseph Greenberg, in which the author sets forth a genetic
classification Classification is a process related to categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood.
Classification is the grouping of related facts into classes.
It may also refer to:
Business, organizat ...
of
African languages
The languages of Africa are divided into several major language families:
* Niger–Congo or perhaps Atlantic–Congo languages (includes Bantu and non-Bantu, and possibly Mande and others) are spoken in West, Central, Southeast and Souther ...
that, with some changes, continues to be the most commonly used one today. It is an expanded and extensively revised version of his 1955 work ''Studies in African Linguistic Classification'', which was itself a compilation of eight articles which Greenberg had published in the ''Southwestern Journal of Anthropology'' between 1949 and 1954. It was first published in 1963 as Part II of the ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', Vol. 29, No. 1; however, its second edition of 1966, in which it was published (by
Indiana University
Indiana University (IU) is a system of public universities in the U.S. state of Indiana.
Campuses
Indiana University has two core campuses, five regional campuses, and two regional centers under the administration of IUPUI.
*Indiana Universit ...
, Bloomington: Mouton & Co., The Hague) as an independent work, is more commonly cited.
Its author describes it as based on three fundamentals of method:
* "The sole relevance in comparison of resemblances involving both sound and meaning in specific forms."
* "
Mass comparison
Mass comparison is a method developed by Joseph Greenberg to determine the level of genetic relatedness between languages. It is now usually called multilateral comparison. The method is rejected by most linguists , though not all.
Some of the to ...
as against isolated comparisons between pairs of languages."
* "Only linguistic evidence is relevant in drawing conclusions about classification."
Innovations
Greenberg's
Niger–Congo family was substantially foreshadowed by
Westermann's "
Western Sudanic
The Mande languages are spoken in several countries in West Africa by the Mandé peoples and include Maninka, Mandinka, Soninke, Bambara, Kpelle, Dioula, Bozo, Mende, Susu, and Vai. There are "60 to 75 languages spoken by 30 to 40 million ...
", but he changed the subclassification, including
Fulani
The Fula, Fulani, or Fulɓe people ( ff, Fulɓe, ; french: Peul, links=no; ha, Fulani or Hilani; pt, Fula, links=no; wo, Pël; bm, Fulaw) are one of the largest ethnic groups in the Sahel and West Africa, widely dispersed across the region. ...
(as
West Atlantic
West Atlantic is a holding company for two European cargo airlines, West Air Sweden and West Atlantic UK, with its head office in Malmö, Sweden. West Atlantic employ some 650 staff and operate a fleet of 22 aircraft. The airline specializes ...
) and the newly postulated
Adamawa–Eastern, excluding
Songhai, and classifying
Bantu
Bantu may refer to:
*Bantu languages, constitute the largest sub-branch of the Niger–Congo languages
*Bantu peoples, over 400 peoples of Africa speaking a Bantu language
* Bantu knots, a type of African hairstyle
* Black Association for Nationa ...
as merely a subfamily of
Benue–Congo (previously termed "Semi-Bantu").
Semitic,
Berber,
Egyptian and
Cushitic had been generally accepted as members of a "Hamito-Semitic" family, while
Chadic
The Chadic languages form a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken in parts of the Sahel. They include 150 languages spoken across northern Nigeria, southern Niger, southern Chad, the Central African Republic, and northern ...
,
Fulani
The Fula, Fulani, or Fulɓe people ( ff, Fulɓe, ; french: Peul, links=no; ha, Fulani or Hilani; pt, Fula, links=no; wo, Pël; bm, Fulaw) are one of the largest ethnic groups in the Sahel and West Africa, widely dispersed across the region. ...
, "
Nilo-Hamitic" and
Hottentot had all been controversially proposed as members. He accepted Chadic (while changing its membership), and rejected the other three, establishing to most linguists' satisfaction that they had been classified as "Hamitic" for purely typological reasons. This demonstration also led to the rejection (by him and by linguistics as a whole) of the term
Hamitic as having no coherent meaning in historical linguistics; as a result, he renamed the newly reclassified family "
Afroasiatic
The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic, or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, Erythraean or Lisramic, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic su ...
".
Following Schapera and rejecting Meinhof, he classified Hottentot as a member of the
Central Khoisan languages
The Khoi languages are the largest of the non-Bantu language families indigenous to Southern Africa. They were once considered to be a branch of a Khoisan language family, and were known as Central Khoisan in that scenario. Though Khoisan is n ...
. To Khoisan he also added the much more northerly
Hadza (Hatsa) and
Sandawe.
His most revolutionary step was the postulation of the
Nilo-Saharan family. This is still controversial, because so far attempts to reconstruct this family have been unsuccessful, but it holds promise and is it widely used. Prior linguists had noticed an apparent relationship between the majority of the languages, but had never formally proposed a family. These languages – the
Eastern Sudanic
In most classifications, the Eastern Sudanic languages are a group of nine families of languages that may constitute a branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Eastern Sudanic languages are spoken from southern Egypt to northern Tanzania.
N ...
,
Central Sudanic
Central Sudanic is a family of about sixty languages that have been included in the proposed Nilo-Saharan language family. Central Sudanic languages are spoken in the Central African Republic, Chad, South Sudan, Uganda, Congo (DRC), Nigeria and ...
,
Kunama and
Berta branches – Greenberg placed into a core group he called
Chari–Nile, to which he added all the remaining unclassified languages of Africa that did not have noun classes. The distinction between Chari–Nile and the peripheral branches has since been abandoned. On a lower level, he placed "Nilo-Hamitic" firmly within
Nilotic, following a suggestion of Köhler, and placed Eastern Sudanic on a firmer foundation.
Finally, he assigned the unclassified
languages of the Nuba Hills of
Kordofan to the Niger–Congo family, calling the result ''Congo–Kordofanian''. The relationship has been accepted, with the exception of the "
Tumtum" group, though the
Kordofanian languages are no longer seen as being a primary branch, and the name 'Congo–Kordofanian' is no longer used.
Greenberg's four families became the dominant conception of African languages, though his subclassification did not fare as well. Niger−Congo and Afroasiatic are nearly universally accepted, with no significant support for Hamitic or the independence of Bantu. Nilo-Saharan is still considered provisional. Khoisan is now rejected by specialists, except as a term of convenience, though it may be retained in less specialized literature.
Classification
The book classifies Africa's languages into four stocks not presumed to be related to each other, as follows:
I. Congo–Kordofanian
:I.A
Niger–Congo
:I.A.1
West Atlantic
West Atlantic is a holding company for two European cargo airlines, West Air Sweden and West Atlantic UK, with its head office in Malmö, Sweden. West Atlantic employ some 650 staff and operate a fleet of 22 aircraft. The airline specializes ...
: I.A.1.a Northern:
Wolof,
Serer-Sin,
Fulani
The Fula, Fulani, or Fulɓe people ( ff, Fulɓe, ; french: Peul, links=no; ha, Fulani or Hilani; pt, Fula, links=no; wo, Pël; bm, Fulaw) are one of the largest ethnic groups in the Sahel and West Africa, widely dispersed across the region. ...
,
Serer-Non,
Konyagi,
Basari,
Biafada
Biafada (''ga-njoola''Wilson, William André Auquier. 2007. ''Guinea Languages of the Atlantic group: description and internal classification''. (Schriften zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.) is a Senegambian language of Guinea ...
,
Badyara (
Pajade),
Dyola,
Mandyak,
Balante
Balanta (or Balant) is a group of two closely related Bak languages of West Africa spoken by the Balanta people.
Description
Balanta is now generally divided into two distinct languages: Balanta-Kentohe and Balanta-Ganja.
Balanta-Kentohe
The Ba ...
,
Banyun,
Nalu,
Cobiana,
Cassanga,
Bidyogo
: I.A.1.b Southern:
Temne,
Baga,
Landoma,
Kissi,
Bulom,
Limba,
Gola
:I.A.2
Mande
: I.A.2.a Western
: I.A.2.a.1
Malinke
Maninka (also known as Malinke), or more precisely Eastern Maninka, is the name of several closely related languages and dialects of the southeastern Manding subgroup of the Mande language family. It is the mother tongue of the Malinké peop ...
,
Bambara,
Dyula,
Mandinka Mandinka, Mandika, Mandinkha, Mandinko, or Mandingo may refer to:
Media
* ''Mandingo'' (novel), a bestselling novel published in 1957
* ''Mandingo'' (film), a 1975 film based on the eponymous 1957 novel
* ''Mandingo (play)'', a play by Jack Kir ...
,
Numu,
Ligbi
The Ligbi (or Ligby) people speak a Mande language in Ghana, in the north-west corner of the Brong-Ahafo Region. Ligbi is spoken by approximately 10,000 speakers (1988 GILLBT/ SIL). It is fairly closely related to Jula, Vai and Kono. A small ...
,
Huela,
Vai,
Kono,
Koranko,
Khasonke Bobo
Bobo may refer to:
Animals and plants
* Bobo (gorilla) a popular gorilla at the Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle from 1953 to 1968
* Bobo, Vietnamese name for Job's tears, a plant of south-east Asia
Entertainment, arts and media
* ''Bobo'' (maga ...
: I.A.2.a.3
Mende,
Loko,
Gbandi,
Loma,
Kpelle (
Guerze)
: I.A.2.a.4
Susu,
Dyalonke
: I.A.2.a.5
Soninke,
Bozo
Bozo or bozo may refer to:
People
* Bozo people, a fishing people of the central Niger delta in Mali
** Bozo language, languages of the Bozo people
* Frédéric Bozo, history Professor at the University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle
* Bozo Mill ...
: I.A.2.a.6
Duun,
Dzuun,
Jo,
Seenku (
Sembla),
Kpan,
Banka
: I.A.2.b Eastern
: I.A.2.b.1
Mano,
Dan (
Gio
Gio or GIO may refer to:
People
* Gio (nickname)
* Gio (footballer, born 1984), Spanish
* Gio (singer) (born 1990)
* Gio people, an ethnic group in northeastern Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire
Science and technology
* Gi/o, protein subunits
* GI ...
),
Guro (
Kweni),
Mwa,
Nwa,
Beng,
Gban,
Tura (
Wen),
Yaure
: I.A.2.b.2
Samo
Samo (–) founded the first recorded political union of Slavic tribes, known as Samo's Empire (''realm'', ''kingdom'', or ''tribal union''), stretching from Silesia to present-day Slovakia, ruling from 623 until his death in 658. According t ...
,
Bisa,
Busa,
Kyenga,
Shanga
:I.A.3
Voltaic
: I.A.3.a
Senoufo:
Minianka
Minyanka (also known as Mamara, Miniyanka, Minya, Mianka, Minianka, or Tupiire) is a northern Senufo language spoken by about 750,000 people in southeastern Mali. It is closely related to Supyire. Minyanka is one of the national languages of Ma ...
,
Tagba,
Foro,
Tagwana (
Takponin),
Dyimini The Djimini (also spelt Dyimini) people of Côte d’Ivoire belong to the larger Senoufo group. They have a population of about 100,000 and live in the north-eastern area of Côte d’Ivoire, in Burkina Faso and Mali.
The Djimini pass on their sto ...
,
Nafana
: I.A.3.b.
Lobi-Dogon:
Lobi,
Dyan,
Puguli,
Gan,
Gouin,
Turuka,
Doghosie,
Doghosie-Fing,
Kyan,
Tara,
Bwamu,
Wara,
Natioro,
Dogon,
Kulango
Kulango is a Niger–Congo language of Ivory Coast and across the border in Ghana. It is one of the Kulango languages, and it may be classified as a Gur language. There are two principal varieties, distinct enough to be considered separate lan ...
: I.A.3.c
Grusi:
Awuna
Aguna, or Awuna, is a Gbe language of Benin and Togo
Togo (), officially the Togolese Republic (french: République togolaise), is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the n ...
,
Kasena,
Nunuma,
Lyele,
Tamprusi,
Kanjaga (Bulea) (moved to group d),
Degha,
Siti
Siti or SITI may refer to:
People
* Siti (given name), a common Malay female given name
* Siti Kassim (born 1961), Comorian politician
* Siti Mwinyi (born 1932), Tanzanian first lady
* Beáta Siti (born 1973), Hungarian handball player and coach
...
,
Kurumba (
Fulse),
Sisala
: I.A.3.d
Mossi,
Dagomba,
Kusasi,
Nankanse,
Talensi Tallensi, also spelled Talensi, are a people of northern Ghana who speak a language of the Gur branch of the Niger-Congo language family. They grow millet and sorghum as staples and raise cattle, sheep, and goats on a small scale. Their normal do ...
,
Mamprusi,
Wala,
Dagari,
Birifo,
Namnam,
Kanjaga (
Bulea) (moved from group c)
: I.A.3.e
Tem Tem or TEM may refer to:
Acronyms
* Threat and error management, an aviation safety management model.
* Telecom Expense Management
* Telecom Equipment Manufacturer
* TEM (currency), local to Volos, Greece
* TEM (nuclear propulsion), a Russian ...
,
Kabre,
Delo
''Delo'' (russian: Дело) is a business oriented online media in Ukraine, belonging to ekonomika+ media holding.
''Delo'' was the first daily in Ukraine, publishing its real print circulation (13.000 - 15.000) and trying to introduce Western ...
,
Chala
The Chala or "Coast" is one of the eight natural regions in Peru. It is formed by all the western lands that arise from sea level up to the height of 500 meters. The coastal desert of Peru is largely devoid of vegetation but a unique fog and mist- ...
: I.A.3.f
Bargu (
Bariba)
: I.A.3.g
Gurma
Gurma (also called Gourma or Gourmantché) is an ethnic group living mainly in northeastern Ghana, Burkina Faso, around Fada N'Gourma, and also in northern areas of Togo and Benin, as well as southwestern Niger. They number approximately 1,75 ...
,
Tobote (
Basari),
Kasele (
Chamba Chamba may refer to:
People
*Gilberto Chamba (born 1961), Ecuadorian serial killer
*Jessica Chamba (born 1981), European activist
Places Ghana
* Chamba, a town in the Northern Region
India
* Chamba (Vidhan Sabha constituency), Himachal Pradesh
* ...
),
Moba
: I.A.3.x
Dogon
Dogon may refer to:
*Dogon people, an ethnic group living in the central plateau region of Mali, in West Africa
*Dogon languages
The Dogon languages are a small closely-related language family that is spoken by the Dogon people of Mali and may b ...
:I.A.4
Kwa
: I.A.4.a
Kru
KRU was a Malaysian pop boy band formed in 1992. The group comprises three brothers, namely Datuk Norman Abdul Halim, Datuk Yusry Abdul Halim and Edry Abdul Halim'. Apart from revolutionising the Malaysian music scene with their blend of pop, ...
:
Bete,
Bakwe,
Grebo,
Bassa,
De,
Kru
KRU was a Malaysian pop boy band formed in 1992. The group comprises three brothers, namely Datuk Norman Abdul Halim, Datuk Yusry Abdul Halim and Edry Abdul Halim'. Apart from revolutionising the Malaysian music scene with their blend of pop, ...
(
Krawi)
: I.A.4.b
Avatime,
Nyangbo,
Tafi,
Logba,
Likpe,
Ahlo,
Akposo,
Lefana,
Bowili,
Akpafu
Akpafu-Mempeasem is a town in the Volta Region of Ghana. The town is known for the Akpafu Secondary Technical School. The school is a second cycle
The second (symbol: s) is the unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), histori ...
,
Santrokofi,
Adele
Adele Laurie Blue Adkins (, ; born 5 May 1988), professionally known by the mononym Adele, is an English singer and songwriter. After graduating in arts from the BRIT School in 2006, Adele signed a rec ...
,
Kebu,
Anyimere,
Ewe,
Aladian,
Avikam,
Gwa,
Kyama,
Akye,
Ari
Ari may refer to:
People and fictional characters
* Ari (name), a name in various languages, including a list of people and fictional characters
* Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534–1572), Jewish rabbinical scholar and mystic known also as Ari
* Ari (fo ...
,
Abe,
Adyukru,
Akan Akan may refer to:
People and languages
*Akan people, an ethnic group in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire
*Akan language, a language spoken by the Akan people
*Kwa languages, a language group which includes Akan
* Central Tano languages, a language group ...
(
Twi
Twi () is a dialect of the Akan language spoken in southern and central Ghana by several million people, mainly of the Akan people, the largest of the seventeen major ethnic groups in Ghana. Twi has about 17-18 million speakers in total, includ ...
,
Anyi,
Baule,
Guang,
Metyibo,
Abure),
Ga,
Adangme
The Dangbe language, also ''Dangbe'' or ''Adaŋgbi'', is a Kwa language spoken in south-eastern Ghana by the Dangbe People ''(Dangbeli)''. The Dangbeli are part of the larger Ga-Dangbe ethnic group. Klogbi is a variant, spoken by the Kloli ( ...
: I.A.4.c
Yoruba
The Yoruba people (, , ) are a West African ethnic group that mainly inhabit parts of Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. The areas of these countries primarily inhabited by Yoruba are often collectively referred to as Yorubaland. The Yoruba constitute ...
,
Igala
: I.A.4.d
Nupe Nupe may refer to:
*Nupe people, of Nigeria
* Nupe language, their language
*The Bida Emirate, also known as the Nupe Kingdom, their former state
*A member of the Kappa Alpha Psi
Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Inc. () is a historically African Ame ...
,
Gbari,
Igbira
The Ebira also known as Egbira people are an ethno-linguistic group of central Nigeria. Most Ebira people are from Kogi State, Nasarawa State. Until the separation of Kogi State from Kwara State, Okene was seen as the administrative centre of the ...
,
Gade
: I.A.4.e
Bini,
Ishan,
Kukuruku,
Sobo
: I.A.4.f
Idoma,
Agatu
Agatu is a Local Government Area of Benue State, North Central Nigeria. It was created in 1996. It used to be the Agatu district of the old Otukpo division. The headquarters of the local government is at Obagaji; it is one of nine local governme ...
,
Iyala
: I.A.4.g
Ibo
: I.A.4.h
Ijo
:I.A.5
Benue–Congo
: I.A.5.A
Plateau
: I.A.5.A.1
: I.A.5.A.1.a
Kambari,
Dukawa,
Dakakari,
Basa
Basa may refer to:
Agreements
* Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreement, between National Aviation Authority regulators
People
* Basa (surname)
* Bassa people (Cameroon)
The Bassa (also spelled Basa or Basaa and sometimes known as Bassa-Bakongo ...
,
Kamuku,
Reshe
: I.A.5.A.1.b
Piti
Piti may refer to:
* Pīti, a mental factor in Buddhism
* PITI, the principal, interest, taxes, and insurance sum of a mortgage payment
* Piti (food), a soup dish of Central Asia
* Piti (footballer) (born 1981), Spanish footballer
* Piti, Guam
...
,
Janji,
Kurama,
Chawai,
Anaguta,
Buji,
Amap
AMAP is a multiple sequence alignment program based on sequence annealing. This approach consists of building up the multiple alignment one match at a time, thereby circumventing many of the problems of progressive alignment. The AMAP parameter ...
,
Gure,
Kahugu,
Ribina,
Butawa,
Kudawa
: I.A.5.A.2
Afusare,
Irigwe
The Rigwe language, ''Nkarigwe'', is a Plateau language of Nigeria spoken by the Irigwe people mainly found in Bassa Local Government Area of Plateau State.
Rigwe has highly complex phonology.Blench, Roger M. 2018. Nominal affixes and number ...
,
Katab,
Kagoro
Gworok, also known as Gworog (Hausa: ''Kagoro''), is a large town in southern Kaduna State, Middle Belt Nigeria. It is located in the Kaura Local Government Area. Gworok is a Christian-dominated town. It is home to many missionaries, attracte ...
,
Kaje,
Kachicheri,
Morwa,
Jaba,
Kamantan,
Kadara,
Koro,
Afo
: I.A.5.A.3
Birom,
Ganawuri (
Aten
Aten also Aton, Atonu, or Itn ( egy, jtn, ''reconstructed'' ) was the focus of Atenism, the religious system established in ancient Egypt by the Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh Akhenaten. The Aten was the disc of the sun and originally an aspect ...
)
: I.A.5.A.4
Rukuba,
Ninzam,
Ayu
Ayu or AYU may refer to:
* Ayu (given name)
* Ayu sweetfish (''Plecoglossus altivelis''), a species of smelt
* ''Ayu'', a local name for the African manatee
The African manatee (''Trichechus senegalensis''), also known as the West African mana ...
,
Mada,
Kaninkwom
: I.A.5.A.5
Eggon,
Nungu,
Yeskwa
: I.A.5.A.6
Kaleri,
Pyem,
Pai
: I.A.5.A.7
Yergam,
Basherawa
: I.A.5.B
Jukunoid:
Jukun,
Kentu,
Nyidu,
Tigong,
Eregba,
Mbembe,
Zumper (
Kutev,
Mbarike),
Boritsu
: I.A.5.C
Cross-River
: I.A.5.C.1
Boki,
Gayi (
Uge),
Yakoro
: I.A.5.C.2
Ibibio Ibibio may refer to:
*Ibibio language
*Ibibio people
* Ibibio Sound Machine, an English electronic afro-funk band who sing in Ibibio
See also
* Ibiblio
ibiblio (formerly SunSITE.unc.edu and MetaLab.unc.edu) is a "collection of collections", ...
,
Efik,
Ogoni (
Kana),
Andoni,
Akoiyang,
Ododop,
Korop
Korop ( uk, Короп) is an urban-type settlement (town) in Novhorod-Siverskyi Raion, Chernihiv Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Korop settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population is
The ...
: I.A.5.C.3
Akunakuna
The Akunakuna are an ethnic group of Nigeria and Cameroon, closely related to the Efik, Bahumono and Ibibio people, mostly inhabiting the area around the Cross River. Recent figures have indicated there are over three hundred fifty thousand Akun ...
,
Abine,
Yako,
Asiga,
Ekuri,
Ukelle The Ukelle people (''Ba'kelle'') make up roughly half of the population of the Yala Local Government Area in Cross River State, Nigeria . Ukelle people are a sub ethnic group belonging to the Orring people who are also found in Benue in Utonkon, ...
,
Okpoto-Mteze,
Olulomo
: I.A.5.D
Bantoid
Bantoid is a major branch of the Benue–Congo language family. It consists of the Northern Bantoid languages and the Southern Bantoid languages, a division which also includes the Bantu languages that constitute the overwhelming majority and to ...
:
Tiv,
Bitare,
Batu,
Ndoro,
Mambila,
Bute,
Bantu
Bantu may refer to:
*Bantu languages, constitute the largest sub-branch of the Niger–Congo languages
*Bantu peoples, over 400 peoples of Africa speaking a Bantu language
* Bantu knots, a type of African hairstyle
* Black Association for Nationa ...
:I.A.6
Adamawa–Eastern
: I.A.6.A
Adamawa
:
I.A.6.A.1 Tula
Tula may refer to:
Geography
Antarctica
*Tula Mountains
* Tula Point
India
* Tulā, a solar month in the traditional Indian calendar
Iran
* Tula, Iran, a village in Hormozgan Province
Italy
* Tula, Sardinia, municipality (''comune'') in the ...
,
Dadiya,
Waja,
Cham
Cham or CHAM may refer to:
Ethnicities and languages
*Chams, people in Vietnam and Cambodia
**Cham language, the language of the Cham people
***Cham script
*** Cham (Unicode block), a block of Unicode characters of the Cham script
* Cham Albani ...
,
Kamu
:
I.A.6.A.2 Chamba Chamba may refer to:
People
*Gilberto Chamba (born 1961), Ecuadorian serial killer
*Jessica Chamba (born 1981), European activist
Places Ghana
* Chamba, a town in the Northern Region
India
* Chamba (Vidhan Sabha constituency), Himachal Pradesh
* ...
,
Donga,
Lekon,
Wom,
Mumbake
:
I.A.6.A.3 Daka,
Taram
:
I.A.6.A.4 Vere,
Namshi,
Kolbila,
Pape,
Sari
A sari (sometimes also saree or shari)The name of the garment in various regional languages include:
* as, শাৰী, xārī, translit-std=ISO
* bn, শাড়ি, śāṛi, translit-std=ISO
* gu, સાડી, sāḍī, translit-std ...
,
Sewe,
Woko,
Kotopo,
Kutin,
Durru
:
I.A.6.A.5 Mumuye
The Mumuyes are a people of Nigeria. They speak the Mumuye language. They constitute the largest tribal group in Taraba State of Nigeria and form the predominant tribes found in Zing, Yorro, Jalingo, Ardo-Kola, Lau, Gassol, Bali and Gashaka, ...
,
Kumba
Kumba is a metropolitan city in the Meme department, Southwest Region, Western Cameroon, referred as "K-town" in local slang. Kumba is the most developed and largest city in the Meme Department and has attracted people from the local villag ...
,
Gengle,
Teme,
Waka
Waka may refer to:
Culture and language
* Waka (canoe), a Polynesian word for canoe; especially, canoes of the Māori of New Zealand
** Waka ama, a Polynesian outrigger canoe
** Waka hourua, a Polynesian ocean-going canoe
** Waka taua, a Māori ...
,
Yendang,
Zinna
Zinna is a village and a former municipality in the district Nordsachsen, in Saxony, Germany. Since 1 January 2013, it is part of the town Torgau.
See also
* Treaty of Zinna
* Zinna Abbey
Zinna Abbey (german: Kloster Zinna) is a former C ...
:
I.A.6.A.6 Dama,
Mono,
Mbere,
Mundang,
Yasing,
Mangbei,
Mbum,
Kpere,
Lakka
Lakka or is a liqueur produced in Finland which derives its flavor from the cloudberry fruit. The word means cloudberry in Finnish.
The beverage is produced by soaking the berries in alcohol anywhere between two and six months until sweeten ...
,
Dek
:
I.A.6.A.7 Yungur,
Mboi,
Libo,
Roba
: I.A.6.A.8
Kam
:
I.A.6.A.9 Jen,
Munga
: I.A.6.A.10
Longuda
: I.A.6.A.11
Fali
: I.A.6.A.12
Nimbari
:
I.A.6.A.13 Bua,
Nielim,
Koke
:
I.A.6.A.14 Masa
''Masa'' (or ''masa de maíz'') (; ) is a maize dough that comes from ground nixtamalized corn. It is used for making corn tortillas, ''gorditas'', ''tamales'', ''pupusas'', and many other Latin American dishes. It is dried and powdered into a ...
: I.A.6.B
Eastern
Eastern may refer to:
Transportation
*China Eastern Airlines, a current Chinese airline based in Shanghai
* Eastern Air, former name of Zambia Skyways
*Eastern Air Lines, a defunct American airline that operated from 1926 to 1991
* Eastern Air ...
: I.A.6.B.1
Gbaya,
Manja,
Mbaka
: I.A.6.B.2
Banda
Banda may refer to:
People
* Banda (surname)
* Banda Prakash (born 1954), Indian politician
* Banda Kanakalingeshwara Rao (1907–1968), Indian actor
* Banda Karthika Reddy (born 1977), Indian politician
*Banda Singh Bahadur (1670–1716), Sikh ...
: I.A.6.B.3
Ngbandi,
Sango,
Yakoma
: I.A.6.B.4
Zande,
Nzakara,
Barambo
Barambo Ltd. ( ka, შპს „ბარამბო“) is a Georgian confectionery manufacturer based in Natakhtari, Georgia. It was established by domestic investments in 2009. Since then, the company has begun manufacturing various product ...
,
Pambia
: I.A.6.B.5
Bwaka
The Mbaka are a minority ethnic group in the Central African Republic and northwest Democratic Republic of the Congo.. The M'Baka speak the Mbaka language and have a population of roughly 300,000.
Language
The Mbakas speak Mbaka language, a Uba ...
,
Monjombo,
Gbanziri,
Mundu
The mundu (Malayalam: ; ) is a garment worn around the waist in the Indian states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, the Lakshadweep archipelago, and the Indian Ocean island nation of Maldives. It is closely related to sarongs like dhotis and lungis. ...
,
Mayogo,
Bangba
: I.A.6.B.6
Ndogo,
Bai,
Bviri,
Golo,
Sere,
Tagbo,
Feroge,
Indri,
Mangaya,
Togoyo
: I.A.6.B.7
Amadi (
Madyo,
Ma)
: I.A.6.B.8
Mondunga,
Mba (
Bamanga)
:I.B
Kordofanian
:I.B.1
Koalib:
Koalib,
Kanderma,
Heiban,
Laro,
Otoro,
Kawama,
Shwai,
Tira,
Moro,
Fungor
:I.B.2
Tegali:
Tegali,
Rashad,
Tagoi,
Tumale
:I.B.3
Talodi:
Talodi,
Lafofa,
Eliri,
Masakin,
Tacho,
Lumun,
El Amira
:I.B.4
Tumtum:
Tumtum,
Tuleshi,
Keiga,
Karondi,
Krongo,
Miri
)
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name =
, subdivision_type1 = State
, subdivision_name1 =
, subdivision_type2 = Division
, subdivision_name2 ...
,
Kadugli
Kaduqli or Kadugli ( ar, كادوقلي ' Sudanese pronunciation: ) is the capital city of South Kordofan State, Sudan. It is located south of El-Obeid, at the northern edge of the White Nile plain in the Nuba Mountains. It contains Hil ...
,
Katcha
:I.B.5
Katla:
Katla,
Tima
II. Nilo-Saharan
:II.A
Songhai
:II.B
Saharan
:II.B.a
Kanuri,
Kanembu
:II.B.b
Teda,
Daza
:II.B.c
Zaghawa Zaghawa may refer to:
* Zaghawa people
* Zaghawa language
Zaghawa is a Saharan language spoken by the Zaghawa people of east-central Chad (in the Sahel) and northwestern Sudan (Darfur). The people who speak this language call it Beria, from ''B ...
,
Berti
Berti is both an Italian surname and a given name. It is also the German familiar form of Berthold.
Notable people with the name include:
Surname:
* Adam Berti (born 1986), Canadian ice hockey player
* Alfredo Berti (born 1971), Argentine foo ...
:II.C
Maban
Maban, mabain or mabanba is a material that is held to be magical in Australian Aboriginal mythology. It is the material from which the shamans and elders of indigenous Australia supposedly derive their magical powers.
Among the Ngaanyatjarra ...
:
Maba Maba or MABA may refer to:
* ''Maba'', a plant genus now included in ''Diospyros''
* Maba, Shaoguan (马坝镇), town in Qujiang District, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
* Maba, Xuyi County (马坝镇), town in Xuyi County, Jiangsu, China
* Maba, Ind ...
,
Runga,
Mimi of Nachtigal,
Mimi of Gaudefroy-Demombynes
Mimi of Decorse, also known as Mimi of Gaudefroy-Demombynes and Mimi-D, is a language of Chad that is attested only in a word list labelled " Mimi" that was collected ca. 1900 by G. J. Decorse and published by Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes. Josep ...
:II.D.
Fur
Fur is a thick growth of hair that covers the skin of mammals. It consists of a combination of oily guard hair on top and thick underfur beneath. The guard hair keeps moisture from reaching the skin; the underfur acts as an insulating blanket ...
:II.E.
Chari–Nile
:II.E.1
Eastern Sudanic
In most classifications, the Eastern Sudanic languages are a group of nine families of languages that may constitute a branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Eastern Sudanic languages are spoken from southern Egypt to northern Tanzania.
N ...
:II.E.1.1
Nubian
Nubian may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Nubia, a region along the Nile river in Southern Egypt and northern Sudan.
*Nubian people
*Nubian languages
*Anglo-Nubian goat, a breed of goat
* Nubian ibex
* , several ships of the Britis ...
:II.E.1.1.a Nile Nubian (
Mahas-Fadidja and
Kenuzi-Dongola)
:II.E.1.1.b
Kordofanian Nubian:
Dair
Dair is the Irish name of the seventh letter of the Ogham alphabet, ᚇ, meaning "oak". The sga, dair (Early sga, daur) is related to Welsh and to Breton . Its Proto-Indo-European root was ''*dóru'' ("tree"), possibly a deadjectival noun ...
,
Dilling,
Gulfan,
Garko,
Kadero,
Kundugr
:II.E.1.1.c
Midob
:II.E.1.1.d
Birked
:
II.E.1.2 Murle (
Beir),
Longarim,
Didinga,
Suri,
Mekan,
Murzu,
Surma (including
Tirma and
Zulmanu),
Masongo
:II.E.1.3
Barea
:
II.E.1.4 Ingassana (
Tabi)
:II.E.1.5
Nyima,
Afitti
:II.E.1.6
Temein,
Teis-um-Danab
:
II.E.1.7 Merarit,
Tama,
Sungor
:
II.E.1.8 Dagu of Darfur,
Baygo,
Sila,
Dagu of Dar Dagu (
Wadai),
Dagu of Western Kordofan,
Njalgulgule,
Shatt,
Liguri
:II.E.1.9
Nilotic
:II.E.1.9.a
Western
Western may refer to:
Places
*Western, Nebraska, a village in the US
*Western, New York, a town in the US
*Western Creek, Tasmania, a locality in Australia
*Western Junction, Tasmania, a locality in Australia
*Western world, countries that id ...
:II.E.1.9.a.1
Burun
:II.E.1.9.a.2
Shilluk,
Anuak,
Acholi,
Lango,
Alur,
Luo Luo may refer to:
Luo peoples and languages
*Luo peoples, an ethno-linguistic group of eastern and central Africa
**Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania or Joluo, an ethnic group in western Kenya, eastern Uganda, and northern Tanzania.
*** Luoland, th ...
,
Jur,
Bor
:II.E.1.9.a.3
Dinka,
Nuer Nuer may refer to:
* Nuer people
* Nuer language
The Nuer language (Thok Naath) ("people's language") is a Nilotic language of the Western Nilotic group. It is spoken by the Nuer people of South Sudan and in western Ethiopia (region of Gambela ...
:II.E.1.9.b
Eastern
Eastern may refer to:
Transportation
*China Eastern Airlines, a current Chinese airline based in Shanghai
* Eastern Air, former name of Zambia Skyways
*Eastern Air Lines, a defunct American airline that operated from 1926 to 1991
* Eastern Air ...
:II.E.1.9.b.1
Bari
Bari ( , ; nap, label= Barese, Bare ; lat, Barium) is the capital city of the Metropolitan City of Bari and of the Apulia region, on the Adriatic Sea, southern Italy. It is the second most important economic centre of mainland Southern Italy ...
,
Fajulu,
Kakwa,
Mondari
:II.E.1.9.b.2a
Jie,
Dodoth,
Karamojong,
Teso,
Topotha,
Turkana
:II.E.1.9.b.2b
Masai
:II.E.1.9.b.3
Southern
Southern may refer to:
Businesses
* China Southern Airlines, airline based in Guangzhou, China
* Southern Airways, defunct US airline
* Southern Air, air cargo transportation company based in Norwalk, Connecticut, US
* Southern Airways Express, M ...
:
Nandi
Nandi may refer to:
People
* Nandy (surname), Indian surname
* Nandi (mother of Shaka) (1760–1827), daughter of Bhebe of the Langeni tribe
* Onandi Lowe (born 1974), Jamaican footballer nicknamed Nandi
* Nandi Bushell (born 2010), South Afric ...
,
Suk,
Tatoga[The text says this is not a subgroup of Eastern, suggesting that this should rather be II.E.1.9.c.]
:
II.E.1.10 Nyangiya,
Teuso
:II.E.2
Central Sudanic
Central Sudanic is a family of about sixty languages that have been included in the proposed Nilo-Saharan language family. Central Sudanic languages are spoken in the Central African Republic, Chad, South Sudan, Uganda, Congo (DRC), Nigeria and ...
:II.E.2.1
Bongo,
Baka,
Morokodo,
Beli,
Gberi,
Sara dialects (
Madjinngay,
Gulai
''Gulai'' is a class of spicy and rich stew commonly found in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. The main ingredients of this dish are usually poultry, goat meat, beef, mutton, various kinds of offal, fish and seafood, as well as vegetables suc ...
,
Mbai,
Gamba,
Kaba,
Dendje,
Laka
In Hawaiian mythology, Laka is the name of two different popular heroes from Polynesian mythology. (In other parts of Polynesia they are known as Rātā, Rata, Lata, Ata, or Lasa).
In one Hawaiian legend, Laka is the son of the '' Ali'i nui'' ...
),
Vale,
Nduka,
Tana,
Horo,
Bagirmi,
Kuka,
Kenga,
Disa
Disa is the heroine of a Swedish legendary saga, which was documented by Olaus Magnus, in 1555. It is believed to be from the Middle Ages, but includes Old Norse themes.
It was elaborated by Johannes Messenius in his drama ''Disa'', which was t ...
,
Bubalia
:II.E.2.2
Kreish
:II.E.2.3
Binga,
Yulu,
Kara Tar Gula:II.E.2.4
Moru,
Avukaya,
Logo,
Keliko
Keliko or Kaliko is an ethnic group from South Sudan, bordering Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda. Most members of this ethnic group are Christians.{{cn, date=December 2022
They speak the Keliko language, which is a Nilo-Saharan langua ...
,
Lugbara Lugbara may refer to:
*Lugbara people
*Lugbara language
Lugbara, or Lugbarati, is the language of the Lugbara people. It is spoken in the West Nile region in northwestern Uganda, as well as the Democratic Republic of the Congo's Orientale Provin ...
,
Madi Madi may refer to:
Places
* Madi, Chitwan, a municipality in Chitwan District in Nepal
* Madi Municipality, Sankhuwasabha, a municipality in Sankhuwasabha District in Nepal
* Madi Rural Municipality, Rolpa, a rural municipality in Rolpa Distric ...
:II.E.2.5
Mangbetu,
Lombi,
Popoi,
Makere,
Meje,
Asua
:II.E.2.6
Mangbutu,
Mamvu,
Lese,
Mvuba,
Efe
Agencia EFE, S.A. () is a Spanish international news agency, the major multimedia news agency in Spanish language and the world's fourth largest wire service after the Associated Press, Reuters, and Agence France-Presse. EFE was created in 193 ...
:II.E.2.7
Lendu
The Lendu language is a Central Sudanic language spoken by the Balendru, an ethno-linguistic agriculturalist group residing in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo in the area west and northwest of Lake Albert, specifically the Ituri Region ...
:II.E.3
Berta
:II.E.4
Kunama
:II.F
Koman/
Coman:
Komo,
Ganza,
Uduk,
Gule,
Gumuz,
Mao
Mao Zedong pronounced ; also romanised traditionally as Mao Tse-tung. (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC ...
III.
Afroasiatic
The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic, or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, Erythraean or Lisramic, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic su ...
:III.A
Semitic
:III.B
Egyptian
:III.C
Berber
:III.D
Cushitic
:III.D.1 Northern Cushitic:
Beja (
Bedauye)
:III.D.2
Central Cushitic
The Agaw or Central Cushitic languages are Afro-Asiatic languages spoken by several groups in Ethiopia and, in one case, Eritrea. They form the main substratum influence on Amharic and other Ethiopian Semitic languages.
Classification
The Centr ...
:
Bogo (
Bilin),
Kamir,
Khamta,
Awiya,
Damot,
Kemant,
Kayla,
Quara
:III.D.3
Eastern Cushitic:
Saho-
Afar,
Somali,
Galla,
Konso
Konso (also known as Karati) is a town on the Sagan River in south-western Ethiopia. The administrative center of the Konso special woreda of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region, this town has a latitude and longitude of and ...
,
Geleba,
Marille, (
Reshiat,
Arbore
Arbore is a commune located in Suceava County, Bukovina, northeastern Romania. It is composed of three villages: namely Arbore, Bodnăreni, and Clit.
Church of Arbore
Arbore is best known for its church, dedicated to Saint John the Baptis ...
),
Gardula,
Gidole,
Gowaze,
Burji,
Sidamo,
Darasa,
Kambata
Kambaata people (Amharic: ከምባታ) are a Cushitic ethnic group that inhabit the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. They speak the Kambaata language, It was a province of Ethiopia beginning in the early 15th ce ...
,
Alaba,
Hadya
The Hadiya Sultanate (r. ~13th century – 15th century) was a medieval kingdom located in southwestern Ethiopia, south of the Abbay River and west of Shewa. It was ruled by the Hadiya people, who spoke the Cushitic Hadiyya language. The histori ...
,
Tambaro,
Mogogodo (added 1966)
:III.D.4
Western Cushitic:
Janjero,
Wolamo,
Zala,
Gofa,
Basketo,
Baditu,
Haruro,
Zaysse,
Chara,
Gimira,
Benesho,
Nao,
Kaba,
Shako
A shako (, , or ) is a tall, cylindrical military cap, usually with a visor, and sometimes tapered at the top. It is usually adorned with an ornamental plate or Cap badge, badge on the front, metallic or otherwise; and often has a feather, plume ( ...
,
She
She most commonly refers to:
*She (pronoun), the third person singular, feminine, nominative case pronoun in modern English.
She or S.H.E. may also refer to:
Literature and films
*'' She: A History of Adventure'', an 1887 novel by H. Rider Hagga ...
,
Maji,
Kafa,
Garo
Garo may refer to:
People and languages
* Garo people, a tribal people in India
** Garo language, the language spoken by the Garo tribe
Places
* Kingdom of Garo, a former kingdom in southern Ethiopia
* Garo, Colorado
* Garo Hills, part of th ...
,
Mocha,
Anfillo (
Mao
Mao Zedong pronounced ; also romanised traditionally as Mao Tse-tung. (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC ...
),
Shinasha,
Bako,
Amar,
Bana,
Dime,
Gayi,
Kerre,
Tsamai,
Doko,
Dollo
:III.D.5
Southern Cushitic:
Burungi (
Mbulungu),
Goroa (
Fiome),
Alawa (
Uwassi),
Iraqw,
Mbugu,
Sanye Dahalo Ngomvia (added 1966)
:III.E
Chad
: III.E.1
: III.E.1.a
Hausa
Hausa may refer to:
* Hausa people, an ethnic group of West Africa
* Hausa language, spoken in West Africa
* Hausa Kingdoms, a historical collection of Hausa city-states
* Hausa (horse) or Dongola horse, an African breed of riding horse
See also ...
,
Gwandara
: III.E.1.b
Ngizim,
Mober Kanuri, not Chadic Auyokawa,
Shirawa,
Bede
Bede ( ; ang, Bǣda , ; 672/326 May 735), also known as Saint Bede, The Venerable Bede, and Bede the Venerable ( la, Beda Venerabilis), was an English monk at the monastery of St Peter and its companion monastery of St Paul in the Kingdom o ...
: III.E.1.c
: III.E.1.c.i
Warjawa,
Afawa,
Diryawa,
Miyawa,
Sirawa
: III.E.1.c.ii
Gezawa
Gezawa is a Local Government Area in Kano State, Nigeria. Gezawa Local Government Area administrative headquarters is in the town of Gezawa with its area council made up of Jogana, Gawo, Zango, Tumbau, Wangara, Sarain-Gezawa, Babawa, Ketatwa and ...
,
Sayawa,
Barawa of Dass
: III.E.1.d
: III.E.1.d.i
Bolewa,
Karekare,
Ngamo,
Gerawa,
Gerumawa,
Kirifawa,
Dera (
Kanakuru),
Tangale,
Pia,
Pero Pero may refer to:
* Pero (mythology), several personages in Greek mythology
** Pero (princess), daughter of Neleus
* Pero (name), a list of people with either the given name or surname Pero
* Pero language, a language of Nigeria
* Pero, Lombardy, ...
,
Chongee,
Maha
Maha and MAHA may refer to:
* Maha (name), an Arabic feminine given name
* ''Maha'' (film), a Tamil thriller film
* MaHa, Nepali comedy duo, Madan Krishna Shrestha and Hari Bansha Acharya
* Maha Music Festival, an annual music festival held on ...
(added 1966)
: III.E.1.d.ii
Angas,
Ankwe,
Bwol,
Chip Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a type of immunoprecipitation experimental technique used to investigate the interaction between proteins and DNA in the cell. It aims to determine whether specific proteins are associated with specific geno ...
,
Dimuk,
Goram,
Jorto,
Kwolla,
Miriam
Miriam ( he, מִרְיָם ''Mīryām'', lit. 'Rebellion') is described in the Hebrew Bible as the daughter of Amram and Jochebed, and the older sister of Moses and Aaron. She was a prophetess and first appears in the Book of Exodus.
The Tora ...
,
Montol,
Sura,
Tal,
Gerka
: III.E.1.d.iii
Ron
: III.E.2
Kotoko group:
Logone,
Ngala Mpade? Buduma,
Kuri,
Gulfei,
Affade,
Shoe,
Kuseri
: III.E.3 Bata–Margi group
: III.E.3.a
Bachama,
Demsa,
Gudo,
Malabu,
Njei (
Kobochi,
Nzangi,
Zany
Zany may refer to:
* DJ Zany (born 1974), disc jockey
* Bob Zany (born 1961), American stand-up comedian
Other uses
* A Goofball term, like whacky.
See also
* Zany Brainy, an educational toy store
* ''Zany Golf'', a video game
* ''Zany Afternoo ...
),
Zumu (
Jimo
Jimo District (), formerly Jimo City (), is a District of Qingdao, Shandong.
Location
Jimo is located in the southwest of the Shandong Peninsula, bordered by the Yellow Sea on the east and Mount Lao on the south.
Climate
Jimo has a moderate ...
),
Holma,
Kapsiki
Kapsiki (Ka-Tsepkye) is a people living on both sides of the border between North Cameroon and Northeast Nigeria. They are called Kapsiki in Cameroon, and Kamwe (Higi) in Nigeria. Together they amount to about 120,000 people. Their language, Ps ...
,
Baza,
Hiji
is a town located in Hayami District, Ōita Prefecture, Japan. As of March 2017, the town has an estimated population of 28,524 and the density of 390 persons per km2. The total area is 73.32 km2.
Geography
Hiji is located within the ea ...
,
Gude (
Cheke),
Fali of Mubi,
Fali of Kiria,
Fali of Jilbu,
Margi,
Chibak,
Kilba
The Kilba are an ethnic group in the Hong local government area of Adamawa State (formerly Gongola State) in Nigeria.
History
In the past, Höba lived in large clan-based mountain communities. These mountain communities were Pella, Gwaja, H ...
, Sukur language, Sukur, Vizik language, Vizik, Vemgo language, Vemgo, Woga language, Woga, Tur language, Tur, Bura language, Bura, Pabir language, Pabir, Podokwo language, Podokwo
: III.E.3.b Gabin language, Gabin, Hona language, Hona, Tera language, Tera, Jera language (Chadic), Jera, Hinna language, Hinna (Hina language, Hina)
: III.E.4
: III.E.4.a Hina language, Hina, Daba language, Daba, Musgoi language, Musgoi, Gauar language, Gauar
: III.E.4.b North Gisiga language, Gisiga, Balda language, Balda, Muturua language, Muturua, Mofu language, Mofu, Matakam language, Matakam
: III.E.5 Gidder language, Gidder
: III.E.6 Mandara language (Chadic), Mandara, Gamergu language, Gamergu
: III.E.7 Musgu language, Musgu
: III.E.8
Bana, Banana language (disambiguation), Banana (Masa language, Masa), Lame language, Lame, Kulung language (Chad), Kulung
: III.E.9
: III.E.9.a Somrai language, Somrai, Tumak language, Tumak, Ndam language, Ndam, Miltu language, Miltu, Sarwa language (Chad), Sarwa, Gulei language (Chadic), Gulei [= Tumak?]
: III.E.9.b Gabere language, Gabere, Chiri language, Chiri, Dormo language, Dormo, Nangire language, Nangire
: III.E.9.c Sokoro language, Sokoro (Bedanga language, Bedanga), Barein language, Barein
: III.E.9.d Modgel language, Modgel
: III.E.9.e Tuburi language, Tuburi
: III.E.9.f Mubi language, Mubi, Karbo language, Karbo, (added 1966: Jegu language, Jegu, Jonkor language, Jonkor, Wadai-Birgid language, Wadai-Birgid)
IV Khoisan languages, Khoisan
:IV.A South African Khoisan
:IV.A.1 Northern South African Khoisan languages, Northern South African Khoisan
:IV.A.2 Central South African Khoisan languages, Central South African Khoisan
:IV.A.3 Southern South African Khoisan languages, Southern South African Khoisan
:IV.B
Sandawe
:IV.C Hatsa language, Hatsa
Bibliography
*Greenberg, Joseph H. (1963) ''The Languages of Africa''. International journal of American linguistics, 29, 1, part 2.
*Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966) ''The Languages of Africa'' (2nd ed. with additions and corrections). Bloomington: Indiana University.
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Languages of Africa
1963 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books about Africa
Books on linguistic typology
Classification of African languages
English-language books
Languages of Africa
Linguistics books