''The Languages of Africa'' is a 1963 book of essays by the linguist

Joseph Greenberg Joseph Harold Greenberg (May 28, 1915 – May 7, 2001) was an American linguist, known mainly for his work concerning linguistic typology and the genetic classification of languages. Life Early life and education Joseph Greenberg was born on M ...

, in which the author sets forth a genetic

classification Classification is the activity of assigning objects to some pre-existing classes or categories. This is distinct from the task of establishing the classes themselves (for example through cluster analysis). Examples include diagnostic tests, identif ...

African languages The number of languages natively spoken in Africa is variously estimated (depending on the delineation of language vs. dialect) at between 1,250 and 2,100, and by some counts at over 3,000. Nigeria alone has over 500 languages (according to SI ...

that, with some changes, continues to be the most commonly used one today. It is an expanded and extensively revised version of his 1955 work ''Studies in African Linguistic Classification'', which was itself a compilation of eight articles which Greenberg had published in the ''Southwestern Journal of Anthropology'' between 1949 and 1954. It was first published in 1963 as Part II of the ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', Vol. 29, No. 1; however, its second edition of 1966, in which it was published (by

Indiana University Indiana University (IU) is a state university system, system of Public university, public universities in the U.S. state of Indiana. The system has two core campuses, five regional campuses, and two regional centers under the administration o ...

, Bloomington: Mouton & Co., The Hague) as an independent work, is more commonly cited. Its author describes it as based on three fundamentals of method: * "The sole relevance in comparison of resemblances involving both sound and meaning in specific forms." * " Mass comparison as against isolated comparisons between pairs of languages." * "Only linguistic evidence is relevant in drawing conclusions about classification."

Innovations

Greenberg's Niger–Congo family was substantially foreshadowed by Westermann's "

Western Sudanic The Mande languages are a family of languages spoken in several countries in West Africa by the Mandé peoples. They include Maninka (Malinke), Mandinka, Soninke, Bambara, Kpelle, Jula (Dioula), Bozo, Mende, Susu, and Vai. There are ar ...

", but he changed the subclassification, including Fulani (as West Atlantic) and the newly postulated Adamawa–Eastern, excluding Songhai, and classifying Bantu as merely a subfamily of Benue–Congo (previously termed "Semi-Bantu"). Semitic,

Berber Berber or Berbers may refer to: Ethnic group * Berbers, an ethnic group native to Northern Africa * Berber languages, a family of Afro-Asiatic languages Places * Berber, Sudan, a town on the Nile People with the surname * Ady Berber (1913–196 ...

, Egyptian and

Cushitic The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken primarily in the Horn of Africa, with minorities speaking Cushitic languages to the north in Egypt and Sudan, and to the south in Kenya and Tanzania. As of 2 ...

had been generally accepted as members of a "Hamito-Semitic" family, while Chadic, Fulani, " Nilo-Hamitic" and Hottentot had all been controversially proposed as members. He accepted Chadic (while changing its membership), and rejected the other three, establishing to most linguists' satisfaction that they had been classified as "Hamitic" for purely typological reasons. This demonstration also led to the rejection (by him and by linguistics as a whole) of the term

Hamitic Hamites is the name formerly used for some North Africa, Northern and Horn of Africa peoples in the context of a Scientific racism, now-outdated model of dividing humanity into different races; this was developed originally by Europeans in suppo ...

as having no coherent meaning in historical linguistics; as a result, he renamed the newly reclassified family " Afroasiatic". Following Schapera and rejecting Meinhof, he classified Hottentot as a member of the Central Khoisan languages. To Khoisan he also added the much more northerly Hadza (Hatsa) and Sandawe. His most revolutionary step was the postulation of the

Nilo-Saharan The Nilo-Saharan languages are a proposed family of around 210 African languages spoken by somewhere around 70 million speakers, mainly in the upper parts of the Chari and Nile rivers, including historic Nubia, north of where the two tributari ...

family. This is still controversial, because so far attempts to reconstruct this family have been unsuccessful, but it holds promise and it is widely used. Prior linguists had noticed an apparent relationship between the majority of the languages, but had never formally proposed a family. These languages – the Eastern Sudanic,

Central Sudanic Central Sudanic is a family of about sixty languages that have been included in the proposed Nilo-Saharan language family. Central Sudanic languages are spoken in the Central African Republic, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, Congo (DRC), Nige ...

, Kunama and Berta branches – Greenberg placed into a core group he called Chari–Nile, to which he added all the remaining unclassified languages of Africa that did not have noun classes. The distinction between Chari–Nile and the peripheral branches has since been abandoned. On a lower level, he placed "Nilo-Hamitic" firmly within

Nilotic The Nilotic peoples are peoples Indigenous people of Africa, indigenous to South Sudan and the Nile Valley who speak Nilotic languages. They inhabit South Sudan and the Gambela Region of Ethiopia, while also being a large minority in Kenya, Uga ...

, following a suggestion of Köhler, and placed Eastern Sudanic on a firmer foundation. Finally, he assigned the unclassified languages of the Nuba Hills of South Kordofan to the Niger–Congo family, calling the result ''Congo–Kordofanian''. The relationship has been accepted, with the exception of the " Tumtum" group, though the Kordofanian languages are no longer seen as being a primary branch, and the name 'Congo–Kordofanian' is no longer used. Greenberg's four families became the dominant conception of African languages, though his subclassification did not fare as well. Niger−Congo and Afroasiatic are nearly universally accepted, with no significant support for Hamitic or the independence of Bantu. Nilo-Saharan is still considered provisional. Khoisan is now rejected by specialists, except as a term of convenience, though it may be retained in less specialized literature.

Classification

The book classifies Africa's languages into four stocks not presumed to be related to each other, as follows:

I. Congo–Kordofanian

:I.A Niger–Congo :I.A.1 West Atlantic : I.A.1.a Northern: Wolof, Serer-Sin, Fulani, Serer-Non, Konyagi, Basari, Biafada, Badyara ( Pajade), Dyola, Mandyak, Balante, Banyun, Nalu, Cobiana, Cassanga, Bidyogo : I.A.1.b Southern: Temne, Baga, Landoma, Kissi, Bulom, Limba, Gola :I.A.2 Mande : I.A.2.a Western : I.A.2.a.1 Malinke, Bambara, Dyula, Mandinka, Numu, Ligbi, Huela, Vai, Kono, Koranko, Khasonke Bobo : I.A.2.a.3 Mende, Loko, Gbandi, Loma, Kpelle ( Guerze) : I.A.2.a.4 Susu, Dyalonke : I.A.2.a.5 Soninke, Bozo : I.A.2.a.6 Duun, Dzuun, Jo, Seenku ( Sembla), Kpan, Banka : I.A.2.b Eastern : I.A.2.b.1 Mano, Dan ( Gio), Guro ( Kweni), Mwa, Nwa, Beng, Gban, Tura ( Wen), Yaure : I.A.2.b.2

Samo Samo (–) was the founder and sole ruler of the first recorded political union of Slavs, Slavic tribes, known as Samo's Empire ("realm", "kingdom", or "tribal union"), ruling from 623 until his death in 658. According to Fredegarius, the only ...

, Bisa, Busa, Kyenga, Shanga :I.A.3 Voltaic : I.A.3.a Senoufo: Minianka, Tagba, Foro, Tagwana ( Takponin), Dyimini, Nafana : I.A.3.b. ~~Lobi-Dogon~~: Lobi, Dyan, Puguli, Gan, Gouin, Turuka, Doghosie, Doghosie-Fing, Kyan, Tara, Bwamu, Wara, Natioro, ~~Dogon~~, Kulango : I.A.3.c Grusi: Awuna, Kasena, Nunuma, Lyele, Tamprusi, ~~Kanjaga (Bulea)~~ (moved to group d), Degha, Siti, Kurumba ( Fulse), Sisala : I.A.3.d Mossi, Dagomba, Kusasi, Nankanse, Talensi, Mamprusi, Wala, Dagari, Birifo, Namnam, Kanjaga ( Bulea) (moved from group c) : I.A.3.e Tem, Kabre, Delo, Chala : I.A.3.f Bargu ( Bariba) : I.A.3.g Gurma, Tobote ( Basari), Kasele ( Chamba), Moba : I.A.3.x Dogon :I.A.4 Kwa : I.A.4.a Kru: Bete, Bakwe, Grebo, Bassa, De, Kru ( Krawi) : I.A.4.b Avatime, Nyangbo, Tafi, Logba, Likpe, Ahlo, Akposo, Lefana, Bowili, Akpafu, Santrokofi, Adele, Kebu, Anyimere, Ewe, Aladian, Avikam, Gwa, Kyama, Akye, Ari, Abe, Adyukru, Akan ( Twi, Anyi, Baule, Guang, Metyibo, Abure), Ga, Adangme : I.A.4.c Yoruba, Igala : I.A.4.d Nupe, Gbari, Igbira, Gade : I.A.4.e Bini, Ishan, Kukuruku, Sobo : I.A.4.f Idoma, Agatu, Iyala : I.A.4.g Ibo : I.A.4.h Ijo :I.A.5 Benue–Congo : I.A.5.A

Plateau In geology and physical geography, a plateau (; ; : plateaus or plateaux), also called a high plain or a tableland, is an area of a highland consisting of flat terrain that is raised sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side. ...

: I.A.5.A.1 : I.A.5.A.1.a Kambari, Dukawa, Dakakari, Basa, Kamuku, Reshe : I.A.5.A.1.b Piti, Janji, Kurama, Chawai, Anaguta, Buji, Amap, Gure, Kahugu, Ribina, Butawa, Kudawa : I.A.5.A.2 Afusare, Irigwe, Katab, Kagoro, Kaje, Kachicheri, Morwa, Jaba, Kamantan, Kadara, Koro, Afo : I.A.5.A.3 Birom, Ganawuri ( Aten) : I.A.5.A.4 Rukuba, Ninzam, Ayu, Mada, Kaninkwom : I.A.5.A.5 Eggon, Nungu, Yeskwa : I.A.5.A.6 Kaleri, Pyem, Pai : I.A.5.A.7 Yergam, Basherawa : I.A.5.B Jukunoid: Jukun, Kentu, Nyidu, Tigong, Eregba, Mbembe, Zumper ( Kutev, Mbarike), Boritsu : I.A.5.C Cross-River : I.A.5.C.1 Boki, Gayi ( Uge), Yakoro : I.A.5.C.2 Ibibio,

Efik The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the ...

, Ogoni ( Kana), Andoni, Akoiyang, Ododop, Korop : I.A.5.C.3 Akunakuna, Abine, Yako, Asiga, Ekuri, Ukelle, Okpoto-Mteze, Olulomo : I.A.5.D Bantoid: Tiv, Bitare, Batu, Ndoro, Mambila,

Bute Bute or BUTE may refer to: People * Marquess of Bute, a title in the Peerage of Great Britain; includes lists of baronets, earls and marquesses of Bute * Lord of Bute, a title in medieval Scotland, including a list of lords * Lucian Bute (born ...

, Bantu :I.A.6 Adamawa–Eastern : I.A.6.A Adamawa : I.A.6.A.1 Tula, Dadiya, Waja, Cham, Kamu : I.A.6.A.2 Chamba, Donga, Lekon, Wom, Mumbake : I.A.6.A.3 Daka, Taram : I.A.6.A.4 Vere, Namshi, Kolbila, Pape, Sari, Sewe,

Woko WOKO (98.9 FM broadcasting, FM) is an American radio station broadcasting a country music radio format, format. Licensed to Burlington, Vermont, United States, the station serves the Burlington-Plattsburgh, New York, Plattsburgh area. The stati ...

, Kotopo, Kutin, Durru : I.A.6.A.5 Mumuye, Kumba, Gengle, Teme, Waka, Yendang,

Zinna Zinna () is a village and a former municipality in the district Nordsachsen, in Saxony, Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the ...

: I.A.6.A.6 Dama, Mono, Mbere, Mundang, Yasing, Mangbei, Mbum, Kpere, Lakka, Dek : I.A.6.A.7 Yungur, Mboi, Libo, Roba : I.A.6.A.8 Kam : I.A.6.A.9 Jen, Munga : I.A.6.A.10 Longuda : I.A.6.A.11 Fali : I.A.6.A.12 Nimbari : I.A.6.A.13 Bua, Nielim, Koke : I.A.6.A.14

Masa ''Masa'' or ''masa de maíz'' (; ) is a dough made from ground nixtamalized maize. It is used for making corn tortillas, '' gorditas'', '' tamales'', '' pupusas'', and many other Latin American dishes. It is dried and powdered into a flour f ...

: I.A.6.B Eastern : I.A.6.B.1 Gbaya, Manja, Mbaka : I.A.6.B.2 Banda : I.A.6.B.3 Ngbandi, Sango, Yakoma : I.A.6.B.4 Zande, Nzakara, Barambo, Pambia : I.A.6.B.5 Bwaka, Monjombo, Gbanziri, Mundu, Mayogo, Bangba : I.A.6.B.6 Ndogo, Bai, Bviri, Golo, Sere, Tagbo, Feroge,

Indri The indri (; ''Indri indri''), also called the babakoto, is one of the largest living lemurs, with a head-body length of about and a weight of between . It has a black and white coat and maintains an upright posture when climbing or clinging. ...

, Mangaya, Togoyo : I.A.6.B.7 Amadi ( Madyo, Ma) : I.A.6.B.8 Mondunga, Mba ( Bamanga) :I.B Kordofanian :I.B.1 Koalib: Koalib, Kanderma, Heiban, Laro, Otoro, Kawama, Shwai, Tira, Moro, Fungor :I.B.2 Tegali: Tegali, Rashad, Tagoi, Tumale :I.B.3 Talodi: Talodi, Lafofa, Eliri, Masakin, Tacho, Lumun, El Amira :I.B.4 Tumtum: Tumtum, Tuleshi, Keiga, Karondi, Krongo, Miri, Kadugli, Katcha :I.B.5 Katla: Katla, Tima

II.
Nilo-Saharan The Nilo-Saharan languages are a proposed family of around 210 African languages spoken by somewhere around 70 million speakers, mainly in the upper parts of the Chari and Nile rivers, including historic Nubia, north of where the two tributari ...

:II.A Songhai :II.B Saharan :II.B.a Kanuri, Kanembu :II.B.b Teda, Daza :II.B.c Zaghawa, Berti :II.C Maban: Maba, Runga, Mimi of Nachtigal, Mimi of Gaudefroy-Demombynes :II.D. Fur :II.E. Chari–Nile :II.E.1 Eastern Sudanic :II.E.1.1 Nubian :II.E.1.1.a Nile Nubian ( Mahas-Fadidja and Kenuzi-Dongola) :II.E.1.1.b Kordofanian Nubian: Dair, Dilling, Gulfan, Garko, Kadero, Kundugr :II.E.1.1.c Midob :II.E.1.1.d Birked : II.E.1.2 Murle ( Beir), Longarim, Didinga, Suri, Mekan, Murzu, Surma (including Tirma and Zulmanu), Masongo :II.E.1.3 Barea : II.E.1.4 Ingassana ( Tabi) :II.E.1.5 Nyima, Afitti :II.E.1.6 Temein, Teis-um-Danab : II.E.1.7 Merarit, Tama, Sungor : II.E.1.8 Dagu of Darfur, Baygo, Sila, Dagu of Dar Dagu ( Wadai), Dagu of Western Kordofan, Njalgulgule, Shatt, Liguri :II.E.1.9

:II.E.1.9.a

Western Western may refer to: Places *Western, Nebraska, a village in the US *Western, New York, a town in the US *Western Creek, Tasmania, a locality in Australia *Western Junction, Tasmania, a locality in Australia *Western world, countries that id ...

:II.E.1.9.a.1 Burun :II.E.1.9.a.2 Shilluk, Anuak, Acholi, Lango, Alur, Luo, Jur, Bor :II.E.1.9.a.3 Dinka, Nuer :II.E.1.9.b Eastern :II.E.1.9.b.1

Bari Bari ( ; ; ; ) is the capital city of the Metropolitan City of Bari and of the Apulia Regions of Italy, region, on the Adriatic Sea in southern Italy. It is the first most important economic centre of mainland Southern Italy. It is a port and ...

, Fajulu, Kakwa, Mondari :II.E.1.9.b.2a Jie, Dodoth, Karamojong, Teso, Topotha, Turkana :II.E.1.9.b.2b Masai :II.E.1.9.b.3 Southern: Nandi, Suk, TatogaThe text says this is not a subgroup of Eastern, suggesting that this should rather be II.E.1.9.c. : II.E.1.10 Nyangiya, Teuso :II.E.2

:II.E.2.1 Bongo, Baka, Morokodo, Beli, Gberi, Sara dialects ( Madjinngay, Gulai, Mbai, Gamba, Kaba, Dendje, Laka),

Vale A vale is a type of valley. Vale may also refer to: Places Georgia * Vale, Georgia, a town in the Samtskhe-Javakheti region Norway * Våle, a historic municipality Portugal * Vale (Santa Maria da Feira), a former civil parish in the municip ...

, Nduka, Tana, Horo, Bagirmi, Kuka, Kenga, Disa, Bubalia :II.E.2.2 Kreish :II.E.2.3 Binga, Yulu, Kara Tar Gula:II.E.2.4 Moru, Avukaya,

Logo A logo (abbreviation of logotype; ) is a graphic mark, emblem, or symbol used to aid and promote public identification and recognition. It may be of an abstract or figurative design or include the text of the name that it represents, as in ...

, Keliko, Lugbara, Madi :II.E.2.5 Mangbetu, Lombi, Popoi, Makere, Meje, Asua :II.E.2.6 Mangbutu, Mamvu, Lese, Mvuba, Efe :II.E.2.7 Lendu :II.E.3 Berta :II.E.4 Kunama :II.F Koman/ Coman: Komo, Ganza, Uduk, Gule, Gumuz, Mao

III. Afroasiatic

:III.A Semitic :III.B Egyptian :III.C

:III.D

:III.D.1 Northern Cushitic: Beja ( Bedauye) :III.D.2 Central Cushitic: Bogo ( Bilin), Kamir, Khamta, Awiya, Damot, Kemant, Kayla, Quara :III.D.3 Eastern Cushitic: Saho- Afar, Somali, Galla,

Konso Karat is a town in south-western Ethiopia and the capital of the Konso Zone in the new South Ethiopia Regional State. Situated 20 km north of the Sagan River at an elevation of , it is also called Pakawle by some of the neighboring inhabita ...

, Geleba, Marille, ( Reshiat, Arbore), Gardula, Gidole, Gowaze, Burji, Sidamo, Darasa, Kambata, Alaba, Hadya, Tambaro, Mogogodo (added 1966) :III.D.4 Western Cushitic: Janjero, Wolamo, Zala, Gofa, Basketo, Baditu, Haruro, Zaysse, Chara, Gimira, Benesho, Nao, Kaba,

Shako A shako (, , or ) is a tall, cylindrical military cap, usually with a visor, and sometimes tapered at the top. It is usually adorned with an ornamental plate or Cap badge, badge on the front, metallic or otherwise; and often has a feather, hackle ...

, She, Maji, Kafa, Garo, Mocha, Anfillo ( Mao), Shinasha, Bako, Amar, Bana, Dime, Gayi, Kerre, Tsamai, Doko, Dollo :III.D.5 Southern Cushitic: Burungi ( Mbulungu), Goroa ( Fiome), Alawa ( Uwassi), Iraqw, Mbugu, Sanye Dahalo Ngomvia (added 1966) :III.E

Chad Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North Africa, North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to Chad–Libya border, the north, Sudan to Chad–Sudan border, the east, the Central Afric ...

: III.E.1 : III.E.1.a Hausa, Gwandara : III.E.1.b Ngizim, Mober Kanuri, not Chadic Auyokawa, Shirawa,

Bede Bede (; ; 672/326 May 735), also known as Saint Bede, Bede of Jarrow, the Venerable Bede, and Bede the Venerable (), was an English monk, author and scholar. He was one of the most known writers during the Early Middle Ages, and his most f ...

: III.E.1.c : III.E.1.c.i Warjawa, Afawa, Diryawa, Miyawa, Sirawa : III.E.1.c.ii Gezawa, Sayawa, Barawa of Dass : III.E.1.d : III.E.1.d.i Bolewa, Karekare, Ngamo, Gerawa, Gerumawa, Kirifawa, Dera ( Kanakuru), Tangale, Pia, Pero, Chongee, Maha (added 1966) : III.E.1.d.ii Angas, Ankwe, Bwol, Chip, Dimuk, Goram, Jorto, Kwolla,

Miriam Miriam (, lit. ‘rebellion’) is described in the Hebrew Bible as the daughter of Amram and Jochebed, and the older sister of Moses and Aaron. She was a prophetess and first appears in the Book of Exodus. The Torah refers to her as "Miria ...

, Montol,

Sura A ''surah'' (; ; ) is an Arabic word meaning 'chapter' in the Quran. There are 114 ''suwar'' in the Quran, each divided into verses (). The ''suwar'' are of unequal length; the shortest ''surah'' ( al-Kawthar) has only three verses, while the ...

, Tal, Gerka : III.E.1.d.iii

Ron Ron is a shortening of the name Ronald. Ron or RON may also refer to: Arts and media * Big Ron (''EastEnders''), a TV character * Ron (''King of Fighters''), a video game character *Ron Douglas, the protagonist in '' Lucky Stiff'' played by Joe ...

: III.E.2 Kotoko group: Logone, Ngala Mpade? Buduma, Kuri, Gulfei, Affade,

Shoe A shoe is an item of footwear intended to protect and comfort the human foot. Though the human foot can adapt to varied terrains and climate conditions, it is vulnerable, and shoes provide protection. Form was originally tied to function, but ...

, Kuseri : III.E.3 Bata–Margi group : III.E.3.a Bachama, Demsa, Gudo, Malabu, Njei ( Kobochi, Nzangi, Zany), Zumu ( Jimo), Holma, Kapsiki, Baza, Hiji, Gude ( Cheke), Fali of Mubi, Fali of Kiria, Fali of Jilbu, Margi, Chibak, Kilba, Sukur, Vizik language, Vizik, Vemgo language, Vemgo, Woga language, Woga, Tur language, Tur, Bura language, Bura, Pabir language, Pabir, Podokwo language, Podokwo : III.E.3.b Gabin language, Gabin, Hona language, Hona, Tera language, Tera, Jera language (Chadic), Jera, Hinna language, Hinna (Hina language, Hina) : III.E.4 : III.E.4.a Hina language, Hina, Daba language, Daba, Musgoi language, Musgoi, Gauar language, Gauar : III.E.4.b North Gisiga language, Gisiga, Balda language, Balda, Muturua language, Muturua, Mofu language, Mofu, Matakam language, Matakam : III.E.5 Gidder language, Gidder : III.E.6 Mandara language (Chadic), Mandara, Gamergu language, Gamergu : III.E.7 Musgu language, Musgu : III.E.8 Bana, Banana language (disambiguation), Banana (Masa language, Masa), Lame language, Lame, Kulung language (Chad), Kulung : III.E.9 : III.E.9.a Somrai language, Somrai, Tumak language, Tumak, Ndam language, Ndam, Miltu language, Miltu, Sarwa language (Chad), Sarwa, Gulei language (Chadic), Gulei [= Tumak?] : III.E.9.b Gabere language, Gabere, Chiri language, Chiri, Dormo language, Dormo, Nangire language, Nangire : III.E.9.c Sokoro language, Sokoro (Bedanga language, Bedanga), Barein language, Barein : III.E.9.d Modgel language, Modgel : III.E.9.e Tuburi language, Tuburi : III.E.9.f Mubi language, Mubi, Karbo language, Karbo, (added 1966: Jegu language, Jegu, Jonkor language, Jonkor, Wadai-Birgid language, Wadai-Birgid)

IV Khoisan languages, Khoisan

:IV.A South African Khoisan :IV.A.1 Northern South African Khoisan languages, Northern South African Khoisan :IV.A.2 Central South African Khoisan languages, Central South African Khoisan :IV.A.3 Southern South African Khoisan languages, Southern South African Khoisan :IV.B Sandawe :IV.C Hatsa language, Hatsa

Bibliography

*Greenberg, Joseph H. (1963)
The Languages of Africa
'. International journal of American linguistics, 29, 1, part 2. *Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966) ''The Languages of Africa'' (2nd ed. with additions and corrections). Bloomington: Indiana University.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Languages of Africa 1963 non-fiction books American non-fiction books Books about Africa Books on linguistic typology Classification of African languages English-language non-fiction books Languages of Africa Books about languages