''The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia'' is a travelogue of 19th-century Palestine and the

magnum opus A masterpiece, ''magnum opus'' (), or ''chef-d’œuvre'' (; ; ) in modern use is a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or a work of outstanding creativity, ...

of Scottish painter David Roberts. It contains 250 lithographs by

Louis Haghe Louis Haghe (17 March 1806 – 9 March 1885) was a Belgian lithographer and watercolourist. His father and grandfather had practised as architects. Training in his teens in watercolour painting, he found work in the relatively new art of lithog ...

of Roberts's watercolor sketches. It was first published by subscription between 1842 and 1849, in two separate publications: ''The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea and Arabia'' and ''Egypt and Nubia''. William Brockedon and George Croly wrote much of the text, Croly writing the historical, and Brockedon the descriptive portions. Described as "one of the art-publishing sensations of the mid-Victorian period", it exceeded all other earlier lithographic projects in scale, and was one of the most expensive publications of the nineteenth century. Haghe has been described by the

Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...

as "the best and most prolific lithographer of the time"Met Museum
The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt & Nubia
/ref> According to Professor Annabel Wharton, it has "proved to be the most pervasive and enduring of the nineteenth-century renderings of the East circulated in

the West West is a cardinal direction or compass point. West or The West may also refer to: Geography and locations Global context * The Western world * Western culture and Western civilization in general * The Western Bloc, countries allied with NATO ...

Travels and publication

Roberts began his travel to the region in August 1838. He landed at

Alexandria Alexandria ( or ; ar, ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ ; grc-gre, Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándria) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandri ...

, and spent the rest of 1838 in

Cairo Cairo ( ; ar, القاهرة, al-Qāhirah, ) is the capital of Egypt and its largest city, home to 10 million people. It is also part of the largest urban agglomeration in Africa, the Arab world and the Middle East: The Greater Cairo metr ...

. In February 1839 he traveled to Palestine via

Suez Suez ( ar, السويس '; ) is a seaport city (population of about 750,000 ) in north-eastern Egypt, located on the north coast of the Gulf of Suez (a branch of the Red Sea), near the southern terminus of the Suez Canal, having the same bou ...

Mount Sinai Mount Sinai ( he , הר סיני ''Har Sinai''; Aramaic: ܛܘܪܐ ܕܣܝܢܝ ''Ṭūrāʾ Dsyny''), traditionally known as Jabal Musa ( ar, جَبَل مُوسَىٰ, translation: Mount Moses), is a mountain on the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt. It ...

and

Petra Petra ( ar, ٱلْبَتْرَاء, Al-Batrāʾ; grc, Πέτρα, "Rock", Nabataean: ), originally known to its inhabitants as Raqmu or Raqēmō, is an historic and archaeological city in southern Jordan. It is adjacent to the mountain of Ja ...

. From Gaza he traveled to

Jerusalem Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...

, and around the rest of the region. He returned to

England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe ...

at the end of 1839 after falling ill, having spent 11 months in the region. A total of 272 watercolour sketches were shared with the publisher F.G. Moon in 1840 who paid Roberts £3,000 for copyright to the sketches.

Reaction

Famed Victorian art critic

John Ruskin John Ruskin (8 February 1819 20 January 1900) was an English writer, philosopher, art critic and polymath of the Victorian era. He wrote on subjects as varied as geology, architecture, myth, ornithology, literature, education, botany and pol ...

wrote the work was a "true portraiture of scenes of historical and religious interest. They are faithful and laborious beyond any outlines from nature I have ever seen."Praeterita : outlines of scenes and thoughts, perhaps worthy of memory in my past life
p.34 Art historian John Roland Abbey wrote in his ''Travel in Aquatint and Lithography, 1770-1860'' that "Robert's Holy Land was one of the most important and elaborate ventures of nineteenth-century publishing, and it was the apotheosis of the tinted lithograph". John James Moscrop noted in a recent work on nineteenth century knowledge of Palestine: "The best known of the illustrators was David Roberts. If

Robinson Robinson may refer to: People and names * Robinson (name) Fictional characters * Robinson Crusoe, the main character, and title of a novel by Daniel Defoe, published in 1719 Geography * Robinson projection, a map projection used since the 1960 ...

produced the nineteenth century's historical geography of the Holy Land, it fell to a Scottish painter, David Roberts, to illustrate it."

Criticism of orientalism

The images have been widely criticized as providing an orientalist perspective on the region. Uzi Baram wrote: "From Said's critique of Orientalism, it is clear that Roberts created picturesque landscapes that embodied

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

concerns and imagery, landscapes that were translated for the Western gaze. Roberts did not simply capture the landscapes of Palestine; similar to the other Orientalists, he fashioned an image of the

Holy Land The Holy Land; Arabic: or is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine. The term "Holy ...

rather than representing all that he saw." Meyers states that Roberts was "orientalizing the picturesque ideal in a

Levant The Levant () is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Western Asia. In its narrowest sense, which is in use today in archaeology and other cultural contexts, it is ...

ine setting", and Proctor writes that the images were not an accurate representation but rather a figment of the Western imagination. Bendiner proposed multiple influences underlying Roberts's orientalist style, including his social conscience, opulent taste, self-confidence, sense of history, contemporary international rivalries, and the religious questions of the day.

List of lithographs

Volume 1

File:Entrance to the holy sepulchre cph.3g03425.jpg, 2. Entrance to the

Holy Sepulchre The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, hy, Սուրբ Հարության տաճար, la, Ecclesia Sancti Sepulchri, am, የቅዱስ መቃብር ቤተክርስቲያን, he, כנסיית הקבר, ar, كنيسة القيامة is a church i ...

File:Groups of figures outside the Damascus gate, Jerusalem. Colo Wellcome V0049393.jpg, 3.

Damascus Gate The Damascus Gate is one of the main Gates of the Old City of Jerusalem. It is located in the wall on the city's northwest side and connects to a highway leading out to Nablus, which in the Hebrew Bible was called Shechem or Sichem, and from t ...

File:The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt & Nubia MET li903.6 R541 F.R.jpg, 4. Greek Church of the Holy Sepulchre File:Tomb of St. James, Valley of Jehosaphat-Jerusalem April 1839 LCCN2002717455 (cropped).tif, 5. Tomb of St. James File:Jerusalem from the road leading to Bethany, East Jerusalem. Coloured Wellcome V0049402.jpg, 6.

from the road leading to

Bethany Bethany ( grc-gre, Βηθανία,Murphy-O'Connor, 2008, p152/ref> Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܥܢܝܐ ''Bēṯ ʿAnyā'') or what is locally known as Al-Eizariya or al-Azariya ( ar, العيزرية, " laceof Lazarus"), is a Palestinian town in the West ...

. File:David Roberts - Entrance to the Tombs of the Kings, Jerusalem - 1927.123 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 7. Entrance to the Tomb of the Kings File:A group of worshippers at the site of a temple Wellcome L0021551.jpg, 8. Mosque of Omar, on the ancient site of the Temple. File:The tomb of Zechariah in the valley of Jehoshaphat, Jerusalem. Wellcome V0049399.jpg, 9.

Tomb of Zechariah The Tomb of Zechariah is an ancient stone monument in Jerusalem that is considered in Jewish tradition to be the tomb of Zechariah ben Jehoiada. It is a few meters from the Tomb of Absalom and adjacent to the Tomb of Benei Hezir. Architectural ...

File:David Roberts - Jerusalem from the South - 1927.95 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 10.

, from the South. File:David Roberts - Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem - 1927.103 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 11. Exterior of the Holy Sepulchre File:The Pool of Bethesda, Jerusalem. Coloured lithograph Wellcome V0012781.jpg, 12. The

Pool of Bethesda The Pool of Bethesda is a pool in Jerusalem known from the New Testament account of Jesus miraculously healing a paralysed man, from the fifth chapter of the Gospel of John, where it is described as being near the Sheep Gate, surrounded by f ...

File:David Roberts - Citadel of Jerusalem, without the Walls, Tower of David - 1927.96 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 13. The

Tower of David The Tower of David ( he, מגדל דוד, Migdál Davíd), also known as the Citadel ( ar, القلعة, al-Qala'a), is an ancient citadel located near the Jaffa Gate entrance to the Old City of Jerusalem. The citadel that stands today dates ...

File:Shrine of the Holy Sepulchre April 10th 1839.jpg, 14. Shrine of the Holy Sepulchre File:Golden gate of the temple shewing part of the ancient walls - David Roberts, R.A. LCCN2002717463 (cropped).tif, 15. The

Golden Gate The Golden Gate is a strait on the west coast of North America that connects San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. It is defined by the headlands of the San Francisco Peninsula and the Marin Peninsula, and, since 1937, has been spanned by t ...

File:Plate 16 , Jerusalem. The Church of the Purification.jpg, 16. Jerusalem. The Church of the Purification. File:David Roberts - Fountain of Siloam, Valley of Jehoshaphat - 1927.122 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 17. Upper Fountain of Siloam File:David Roberts - Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives - 1927.118 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 18. Jerusalem, from the

Mount of Olives The Mount of Olives or Mount Olivet ( he, הַר הַזֵּיתִים, Har ha-Zeitim; ar, جبل الزيتون, Jabal az-Zaytūn; both lit. 'Mount of Olives'; in Arabic also , , 'the Mountain') is a mountain ridge east of and adjacent to Jeru ...

. File:David Roberts - Stone of Unction, Holy Sepulchre - 1927.87 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 19. The Stone of Unction File:Crypt of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem LCCN2002717468 (cropped).tif, 20. Chapel of St. Helena File:David Roberts - Fountain of Job, Valley of Hinnom - 1927.83 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 21. The Fountain of Job File:David Roberts - Jerusalem from the North - 1927.136 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 22.

, from the North. File:David Roberts - Lower Pool of Siloam, Valley of Jehoshaphat - 1927.100 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 23. Lower Pool of Siloam File:Jerusalem 1841.jpg, 24. Entrance to the Citadel of Jerusalem. File:David Roberts - Absalom's Pillar, Valley of Jehoshaphat - 1927.110 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 25. The Pillar of Absalom File:Chapel identified as the site of Calvary in the church of th Wellcome V0049406.jpg, 26.

Calvary Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early medie ...

File:David Roberts - Mount Tabor from the Plain of Esdraelon - 1927.114 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 27.

Mount Tabor Mount Tabor ( he, הר תבור) (Har Tavor) is located in Lower Galilee, Israel, at the eastern end of the Jezreel Valley, west of the Sea of Galilee. In the Hebrew Bible (Joshua, Judges), Mount Tabor is the site of the Battle of Mount Tabo ...

File:Nazareth April 28th 1839 LCCN2002717476 (cropped).tif, 28. General View of

Nazareth Nazareth ( ; ar, النَّاصِرَة, ''an-Nāṣira''; he, נָצְרַת, ''Nāṣəraṯ''; arc, ܢܨܪܬ, ''Naṣrath'') is the largest city in the Northern District of Israel. Nazareth is known as "the Arab capital of Israel". In ...

File:David Roberts - Fountain of the Virgin, Nazareth - 1927.143 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 29.

Fountain of the Virgin Gihon Spring () or Fountain of the Virgin, also known as Saint Mary's Pool, A.H. Sayce, "The Inscription at the Pool of Siloam," ''Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement'' 13.2 (April 1881): ( editio princeps), p72/ref> is a spring in the ...

, Nazareth. File:David Roberts - Convent of the Terra-Santa, Nazareth - 1927.94 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 30. Convent of the Terra Santa, Nazareth. File:David Roberts - Shrine of the Annunciation, Nazareth - 1927.115 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 31. Shrine of the Annunciation, Nazareth. File:Chapel of the Annunciation Nazareth April 28th 1839 LCCN2002717482 (cropped).tif, 32. Church of the Annunciation, Nazareth. File:David Roberts - Fountain at Cana - 1927.121 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 33. The Fountain of

Cana Cana of Galilee ( grc, Κανὰ τῆς Γαλιλαίας; ar, قانا الجليل , translit= Qana al-Jalil , lit=Qana of the Galilee) is the location of the Marriage at Cana, at which the miracle of turning water into wine took place in ...

. File:Sun setting over landscape with Cana in the distance, Wellcome V0049411.jpg, 34.

. General View. File:David Roberts - Town of Tiberias Looking Towards Lebanon - 1927.91 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 35. Town of

Tiberias Tiberias ( ; he, טְבֶרְיָה, ; ar, طبريا, Ṭabariyyā) is an Israeli city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. A major Jewish center during Late Antiquity, it has been considered since the 16th century one of Judaism's F ...

, looking towards

Lebanon Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus lie ...

. File:The Sae of Tiberias, looking towards Bashan. David Roberts. 1855.jpg, 36. The

Sea of Tiberias The Sea of Galilee ( he, יָם כִּנֶּרֶת, Judeo-Aramaic: יַמּא דטבריא, גִּנֵּיסַר, ar, بحيرة طبريا), also called Lake Tiberias, Kinneret or Kinnereth, is a freshwater lake in Israel. It is the lowest f ...

, looking towards

Bashan Bashan (; he, הַבָּשָׁן, translit=ha-Bashan; la, Basan or ''Basanitis'') is the ancient, biblical name used for the northernmost region of the Transjordan during the Iron Age. It is situated in modern-day Syria. Its western part, now ...

. File:David Roberts - Tiberias, from the Walls, Safet in the Distance - 1927.132 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 37.

, from the Walls;

Safed Safed (known in Hebrew as Tzfat; Sephardic Hebrew & Modern Hebrew: צְפַת ''Tsfat'', Ashkenazi Hebrew: ''Tzfas'', Biblical Hebrew: ''Ṣǝp̄aṯ''; ar, صفد, ''Ṣafad''), is a city in the Northern District of Israel. Located at an elev ...

in the distance. File:The lake of Tiberias, looking towards Hermon. David Roberts. 1855.jpg, 38.

, looking towards

Hermon Mount Hermon ( ar, جبل الشيخ or جبل حرمون / ALA-LC: ''Jabal al-Shaykh'' ("Mountain of the Sheikh") or ''Jabal Haramun''; he, הַר חֶרְמוֹן, ''Har Hermon'') is a mountain cluster constituting the southern end of the ...

. File:Site of the tomb of Joseph at Nablus. Coloured lithograph by Wellcome V0049416.jpg, 39. The Tomb of Joseph, at

Shechem Shechem ( ), also spelled Sichem ( ; he, שְׁכֶם, ''Šəḵem''; ; grc, Συχέμ, Sykhém; Samaritan Hebrew: , ), was a Canaanite and Israelite city mentioned in the Amarna Letters, later appearing in the Hebrew Bible as the first c ...

. File:Men resting their camels and smoking by Jacob's Well at Shec Wellcome V0019275.jpg, 40. Jacob's Well at Shechem. File:David Roberts - Entrance to Nablus - 1927.133 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 41. Entrance to Nablous. File:David Roberts - Nablus Ancient Shechem - 1927.139 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 42. Nablous, the ancient

. File:David Roberts - Ruins of the Church of St. John Sabaste - 1927.92 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 43. Ruins of the Church of St. John, Sebaste. File:Group of horseriders on a plateau overlooking a landscape wi Wellcome V0049420.jpg, 44. Sebaste, ancient

Samaria Samaria (; he, שֹׁמְרוֹן, translit=Šōmrōn, ar, السامرة, translit=as-Sāmirah) is the historic and biblical name used for the central region of Palestine, bordered by Judea to the south and Galilee to the north. The first ...

Volume 2

File:Baalbec from the Fountain May 7th 1839 LCCN2002717492.tif, 45. Title page.

Baalbec Baalbek (; ar, بَعْلَبَكّ, Baʿlabakk, Syriac-Aramaic: ܒܥܠܒܟ) is a city located east of the Litani River in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley, about northeast of Beirut. It is the capital of Baalbek-Hermel Governorate. In Greek and Roman ...

, from the Fountain. File:Tent of Achmet Aga, the governer of Jerusalem, with pilgrims Wellcome V0049457.jpg, 46. Encampment of the Pilgrims at

Jericho Jericho ( ; ar, أريحا ; he, יְרִיחוֹ ) is a Palestinian city in the West Bank. It is located in the Jordan Valley, with the Jordan River to the east and Jerusalem to the west. It is the administrative seat of the Jericho ...

. File:David Roberts - Descent from the Valley of the Jordan - 1927.120 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 47. Descent upon the Valley of the Jordan. File:David Roberts - Banks of the Jordan - 1927.78 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 48. The immersion of the Pilgrims. File:David Roberts - Jericho - 1927.106 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 49.

File:The Dead Sea, looking east from Engedi towards the monastery Wellcome V0049461.jpg, 50. The

Dead Sea The Dead Sea ( he, יַם הַמֶּלַח, ''Yam hamMelaḥ''; ar, اَلْبَحْرُ الْمَيْتُ, ''Āl-Baḥrū l-Maytū''), also known by other names, is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and the West Ban ...

, looking towards

Moab Moab ''Mōáb''; Assyrian: 𒈬𒀪𒁀𒀀𒀀 ''Mu'abâ'', 𒈠𒀪𒁀𒀀𒀀 ''Ma'bâ'', 𒈠𒀪𒀊 ''Ma'ab''; Egyptian: 𓈗𓇋𓃀𓅱𓈉 ''Mū'ībū'', name=, group= () is the name of an ancient Levantine kingdom whose territ ...

. File:David Roberts - Convent of St. Saba - 1927.81 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 51. Convent of St. Saba File:David Roberts - Chapel of the Convent of St. Saba - 1927.112 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 52. The Chapel of St. Saba File:Wilderness of Engedi, with the monastery of St. Saba, lookin Wellcome V0049464.jpg, 53. Wilderness of Engedi, near the Convent of St. Saba. File:David Roberts - Eleutheropolis or the modern Beit-Jibrin - 1927.113 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 54. Beit Jebrin, or

Eleutheropolis Eleutheropolis (Greek, Ἐλευθερόπολις, "Free City"; ar, إليوثيروبوليس; in Hebrew, בית גוברין, Beit Gubrin) was a Roman and Byzantine city in Syria Palaestina, some 53 km southwest of Jerusalem. After the Mu ...

. File:The town of Hebron. Coloured lithograph by Louis Haghe after Wellcome V0049466.jpg, 55.

Hebron Hebron ( ar, الخليل or ; he, חֶבְרוֹן ) is a Palestinian. city in the southern West Bank, south of Jerusalem. Nestled in the Judaean Mountains, it lies above sea level. The second-largest city in the West Bank (after Eas ...

. File:Ruins of Semua. Coloured lithograph by Louis Haghe after Dav Wellcome V0049467.jpg, 56. Ruins of Semua. File:Men sitting to smoke with a panoramic view of the coast by A Wellcome V0019273.jpg, 57.

Ashkelon Ashkelon or Ashqelon (; Hebrew: , , ; Philistine: ), also known as Ascalon (; Ancient Greek: , ; Arabic: , ), is a coastal city in the Southern District of Israel on the Mediterranean coast, south of Tel Aviv, and north of the border wit ...

. File:David Roberts - Ashdod - 1927.86 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 58.

Ashdod Ashdod ( he, ''ʾašdōḏ''; ar, أسدود or إسدود ''ʾisdūd'' or '' ʾasdūd'' ; Philistine: 𐤀𐤔𐤃𐤃 *''ʾašdūd'') is the sixth-largest city in Israel. Located in the country's Southern District, it lies on the Mediterran ...

. File:David Roberts - Gaza - 1927.138 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 59. Gaza. File:David Roberts - Christian Church of St. George at Ludd, ancient Lydda - 1927.97 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 60.

Abu Ghosh Abu Ghosh ( ar, أبو غوش; he, אבו גוש) is an Arab-Israeli local council in Israel, located west of Jerusalem on the Tel Aviv–Jerusalem highway. It is situated 610–720 meters above sea level. It takes its current name from the ...

(mistakenly labelled as

Lydda Lod ( he, לוד, or fully vocalized ; ar, اللد, al-Lidd or ), also known as Lydda ( grc, Λύδδα), is a city southeast of Tel Aviv and northwest of Jerusalem in the Central District of Israel. It is situated between the lower Sheph ...

) File:Jaffa, formerly Joppa, looking south. Coloured lithograph by Wellcome V0049472.jpg, 61.

Jaffa Jaffa, in Hebrew Yafo ( he, יָפוֹ, ) and in Arabic Yafa ( ar, يَافَا) and also called Japho or Joppa, the southern and oldest part of Tel Aviv-Yafo, is an ancient port city in Israel. Jaffa is known for its association with the b ...

, looking South. File:David Roberts - Jaffa - 1927.84 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 62.

, looking North. File:David Roberts - Caiaphas Looking Towards Mount Carmel - 1927.137 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 63. Caipha, looking towards

Mount Carmel Mount Carmel ( he, הַר הַכַּרְמֶל, Har haKarmel; ar, جبل الكرمل, Jabal al-Karmil), also known in Arabic as Mount Mar Elias ( ar, link=no, جبل مار إلياس, Jabal Mār Ilyās, lit=Mount Saint Elias/ Elijah), is a ...

. File:The town of Ramla, possibly the site of ancient Arimathea. C Wellcome V0049475.jpg, 64.

Ramla Ramla or Ramle ( he, רַמְלָה, ''Ramlā''; ar, الرملة, ''ar-Ramleh'') is a city in the Central District of Israel. Today, Ramle is one of Israel's mixed cities, with both a significant Jewish and Arab populations. The city was f ...

. File:Louis Haghe, David Roberts. St. Jean d'Acre. April 24th 1839.jpg, 65. St. Jean D'Acre, from the land. File:St. Jean D'Acre, looking from the sea. Coloured lithograph b Wellcome V0049476.jpg, 66. St. Jean D'Acre from the sea. File:Cape Blanco, or Ras-el-Abiad, on the Syrian coast. Coloured Wellcome V0049477.jpg, 67. Cape Blanco. File:David Roberts - Port of Tyre - 1927.75 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 68. Port of Tyre. File:Tsur ancient Tyre April 27th 1839 - David Roberts, R.A. LCCN2002717514.tif, 69. General view of Tyre. File:David Roberts - Ruins Called Om El Hamed near Tyre - 1927.129 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 70. Ruins of the Ionic Temple of Om-el-Hamed, near Tyre File:David Roberts - Sur or Tsor, Ancient Tyre from the Isthmus - 1927.135 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 71. Tyre from the Isthmus. File:Landscape with site of ancient Sarepta. Coloured lithograph Wellcome V0049482.jpg, 72.

Sarepta Sarepta (near modern Sarafand, Lebanon) was a Phoenician city on the Mediterranean coast between Sidon and Tyre, also known biblically as Zarephath. It became a bishopric, which faded, and remains a double (Latin and Maronite) Catholic tit ...

File:Sidon, with fishermen and other figures in the foreground. C Wellcome V0049483.jpg, 73.

Sidon Sidon ( ; he, צִידוֹן, ''Ṣīḏōn'') known locally as Sayda or Saida ( ar, صيدا ''Ṣaydā''), is the third-largest city in Lebanon. It is located in the South Governorate, of which it is the capital, on the Mediterranean coast. ...

. File:Sidon seen from the north. Coloured lithograph by Louis Hagh Wellcome V0049484.jpg, 74.

, from the North. File:Sidon, looking towards Lebanon. Coloured lithograph by Louis Wellcome V0049485.jpg, 75.

, looking towards

. File:David Roberts - Citadel of Sidon - 1927.105 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 76. The Citadel of Sidon. File:The ancient city of Baalbec. Coloured lithograph by Louis Ha Wellcome V0049487.jpg, 77.

, general view. File:Palm trees at Jenin, possibly the site of ancient Jezreel. C Wellcome V0049488.jpg, 78.

Jenin Jenin (; ar, ') is a State of Palestine, Palestinian city in the northern West Bank. It serves as the administrative center of the Jenin Governorate of the State of Palestine and is a major center for the surrounding towns. In 2007, Jenin had ...

, ancient Jezreel. File:Remains of the western portico at Baalbec. Coloured lithogra Wellcome V0049489.jpg, 79. Baalbec, Western Portico. File:Temple at Baalbec, looking towards Lebanon. Coloured lithogr Wellcome V0049490.jpg, 80. Baalbec, looking towards Lebanon. File:Carved stone doorway at Baalbec. Coloured lithograph by Loui Wellcome V0049491.jpg, 81. The Doorway, Baalbec. File:David Roberts - Circular Temple at Baalbec - 1927.130 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 82. The Circular Temple, Baalbec. File:David Roberts - Ruins of the Eastern Portico of the Temple of Baalbec - 1927.82 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 83. Portion of the Eastern Portico, Baalbec. File:The Shrine of the Holy Nativity, Bethlehem-1849) by David Roberts, RA.jpg, 84. Shrine of the Nativity,

Bethlehem Bethlehem (; ar, بيت لحم ; he, בֵּית לֶחֶם '' '') is a city in the central West Bank, Palestine, about south of Jerusalem. Its population is approximately 25,000,Amara, 1999p. 18.Brynen, 2000p. 202. and it is the capital ...

. File:David Roberts - Bethlehem - 1927.131 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 85.

. File:David Roberts - Bethany - 1927.89 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 86.

. File:Chancel of the Church of St. Helena - D. Roberts, R.A. LCCN2002717533.tif, 87. Chancel of the Church of St. Helena

Volume 3

88. Title page. Temple of El-Khasne, Petra. File:Portrait of Besharah, of the Beni Said tribe, a member of th Wellcome V0049422.jpg, 89. Arabs of the Desert. File:David Roberts - El Deir Petra - 1927.141 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg, 90. El-Deir, Petra. File:Encampment in the desert, with Mount Seir in the distance, W Wellcome V0049424.jpg, 91. Encampment of the Alloeen in Wady-Arabia. File:El Khasnè, Petra. Coloured lithograph by Louis Haghe after D Wellcome V0049425.jpg, 92. El-Khasne, Petra. File:Ancient rock-cut watch-tower overlooking the valleys of El G Wellcome V0049426.jpg, 93. Ancient Watch Tower. File:El Khasnè at Petra; side view of the lower part. Coloured li Wellcome V0049427.jpg, 94. Lower Portion of El-Khasne, Petra. File:Arch crossing a ravine near El Sik. Coloured lithograph by L Wellcome V0049428.jpg, 95. The arch across the ravine, Petra. File:David Roberts - Petra, Eastern End of the Valley - 1927.127 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg, 96. Petra, showing the Upper or Eastern End of the Valley. File:David Roberts - Tomb of Aaron, Summit of Mount Horeb - 1927.93 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg, 97. Tomb of Aaron, summit of

Mount Horeb Mount Horeb (Hebrew: ''Har Ḥōrēḇ''; Greek in the Septuagint: ; Latin in the Vulgate: ') is the mountain at which the Ten Commandments were given to Moses by Yahweh, according to the Book of Deuteronomy in the Hebrew Bible. It is describe ...

. File:Louis Haghe - The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt & Nubia (Vol. III)- Entrance to - 2010.559 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, 98. The Theatre, Petra. File:Mount Hor, seen from the cliffs near Petra. Coloured lithogr Wellcome V0049431.jpg, 99. Mount Hor, from the cliffs encircling Petra. File:Group of figures talking near the ruins of an arch at Petra. Wellcome V0049433.jpg, 100. Remains of a triumphal arch at Petra. File:Conference of Arabs at Wadi Moosa, Petra. Coloured lithograp Wellcome V0049434.jpg, 101. Conference of Arabs. File:Petra; the central part, showing the remains of Kusr Faron. Wellcome V0049435.jpg, 102. The Acropolis (Kusr Faron) Lower End of the Valley. File:Excavations at the eastern end of the valley, Petra. Coloure Wellcome V0049436.jpg, 103. Excavations at the Eastern End of the Valley, Petra. File:Ravine at the eastern entrance to Petra. Coloured lithograph Wellcome V0049437.jpg, 104. The Ravine, Petra. File:Ancient cemetery at Petra. Coloured lithograph by Louis Hagh Wellcome V0049438.jpg, 105. The Necropolis. File:Ancient city of Petra, looking south. Coloured lithograph by Wellcome V0049439.jpg, 106. Site of Petra, South. File:Fortress at the Gulf of Akabah, on the Red Sea. Coloured lit Wellcome V0049440.jpg, 107. Fortress of Akabah, Arabia Petraea. File:Isle of Graia (crop).jpg, 108. Island of Graia, Gulf of Akabah. File:Monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai. Coloured lithogra Wellcome V0049442.jpg, 109. Convent of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai. File:Encampment of the Aulad-Sa'id at Mount Sinai. Coloured litho Wellcome V0049443.jpg, 110. Encampment of the Oulad-Said, Mount Sinai. File:The Rock of Moses in Wady-El-Leja valley, west of Mount Sina Wellcome V0049444.jpg, 111. Rock of Moses, Wady el-Leja, Mount Horeb. File:St. Catherine (part).png, 112. Chapel of the Convent of St. Catherine. File:Christian and Muslim chapels on Mount Sinai. Coloured lithog Wellcome V0049446.jpg, 113. The Christian and Mahometan Chapels on Mount Sinai. File:Ascent of the lower ranges of Mount Sinai. Coloured lithogra Wellcome V0049447.jpg, 114. Ascent of the Lower Range of Sinai. File:Stone pathway to the summit of Mount Sinai. Coloured lithogr Wellcome V0049448.jpg, 115. Ascent to the summit of Mount Sinai. File:The monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai, from the sout Wellcome V0049449.jpg, 116. The Convent of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai. File:Worshippers in the chapel of Elijah on Mount Sinai. Coloured Wellcome V0049450.jpg, 117. Chapel of Elijah, Mount Sinai. File:David Roberts - Convent of St. Catherine with Mount Horeb - 1927.90 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg, 118. Convent of St. Catherine, with Mount Horeb. File:Egyptian ruins, known as Surabit el Khadim, on Gebel Garabe. Wellcome V0049452.jpg, 119.

Ancient Egyptian Temple Egyptian temples were built for the official worship of the gods and in commemoration of the pharaohs in ancient Egypt and regions under Egyptian control. Temples were seen as houses for the gods or kings to whom they were dedicated. Within t ...

on Gebel Garabe. File:Main courtyard of the monastery of St. Catherine, with monks Wellcome V0049453.jpg, 120. Principal Court of the Convent of St. Catherine. File:Travellers at the wells of Moses, or Eyun Musa, on the easte Wellcome V0049454.jpg, 121. Ayun Musa - The Wells of Moses, Wilderness of Tyh. File:, 122. Approach to Mount Sinai. File:David Roberts - Quay at Suez - 1927.76 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg, 123. Scene on the Quay of Suez. File:Suez, with figures, camels and a rainbow. Coloured lithograp Wellcome V0049456.jpg, 124. Suez. General view. File:Map to Illustrate the Route of David Roberts, Esq, R.A. in The Holy Land, Petra & Syria.jpg, 125. apThe Route of David Roberts in The Holy Land, Petrea & Syria.

Volume 4

126. Frontispiece. View under the Grand Portico, Philoe. 127. Tile page. Entrance to the Great Temple of Aboo-Simbel, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 1.jpg, 128. Pyramids of Gizeh, from the Nile. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 2.jpg, 129. View looking towards the Pyramids of Dashour and Sacara - Slave boat on the Nile. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 3.jpg, 130. Pompey's Pillar, Alexandria. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 4.jpg, 131. Ruins of the Temple of Kom-Ombo, Upper Egypt. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 5.jpg, 132. Temple of Tafa, in Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 6.jpg, 133. Colossal figures in front of the Great Temple of Aboo-Simbel. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 7.jpg, 134. Excavated Temple of Gyrshe, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 8.jpg, 135. Portico of the Temple of Edfou, Upper Egypt. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 9.jpg, 136. Statues of Memnon, on the plain of Goorna, at Thebes. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 10.jpg, 137. Thebes. The colossal statues of Amenoph III. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 11.jpg, 138. The Sanctuary of the Great Temple of Aboo-Simbel, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 12.jpg, 139. Interior of the Great Temple of Aboo-Simbel, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 13.jpg, 140. Ruins of Luxor from the S.W. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 14.jpg, 141. General view of the ruins of Luxor, from the Nile. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 15.jpg, 142. Side view of the Great Sphinx. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 16.jpg, 143. Head of the Great Sphnix, Pyramids of Egypt. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 17.jpg, 144. Temple of Dakke, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 18.jpg, 145. Central Avenue of the Great Hall of Columns at Karnac. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 19.jpg, 146.

Cleopatra's Needle Cleopatra's Needles are a separated pair of ancient Egyptian obelisks now in London and New York City. The obelisks were originally made in Heliopolis (modern Cairo) during the New Kingdom period, inscribed by the 18th dynasty pharaoh Thutmose I ...

. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 20.jpg, 147.

Obelisk of Luxor The Luxor Obelisks (French: ''Obélisques de Louxor'') are a pair of Ancient Egyptian obelisks, over 3,000 years old, carved to stand either side of the portal of the Luxor Temple in the reign of Ramesses II (). The right-hand (western) stone, ...

. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 21.jpg, 148. Ruins of Maharaka, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 22.jpg, 149. Interior of the Temple of Esne, Upper Egypt. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 23.jpg, 150. Temple of Wady Kardassy, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 24.jpg, 151. General view of the Island of Philoe, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 25.jpg, 152. Abyssinian Slaves at

Korth Korth is a high-end firearms manufacturer based in Lollar, Hesse, Germany. Their high-end revolvers cost over €3,000 and their semi-automatic pistols cost over €4,000. History The company was founded in 1954 by Willi Korth, a railway engine ...

. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 26.jpg, 153. Portico of the Temple of Kalabshe, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 27.jpg, 154. View at Luxor, Thebes. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 28.jpg, 155. Libyan Chain of Mountains, from the Temple of Luxor. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 29.jpg, 156. Approach to the Temple of Wady Saboua, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 30.jpg, 157. View from under the Portico of the Temple of Edfou, Upper Egypt. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 31.jpg, 158. Colossal statue at the entrance to the Temple of Luxor. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 32.jpg, 159. Temple of Edfou: Ancient Apollinopolis, Upper Egypt. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 33.jpg, 160. Gateway at

Dendera Dendera ( ar, دَنْدَرة ''Dandarah''; grc, Τεντυρις or Τεντυρα; Bohairic cop, ⲛⲓⲧⲉⲛⲧⲱⲣⲓ, translit=Nitentōri; Sahidic cop, ⲛⲓⲧⲛⲧⲱⲣⲉ, translit=Nitntōre), also spelled ''Denderah'', ancient ...

. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 34.jpg, 161. Portico of the Temple of Dendera. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 35.jpg, 162. Siout. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 36.jpg, 163. General view of the ruins of Karnac, from the West. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 37.jpg, 164. Nubian Women at

Korti Korti or Kurti is a town in northern-central Sudan. In the Meroitic period the city appeared as Cadetum, Cadata or Coetum in Roman sources. The town lies about from Khartoum, on the south side of the Nile at the terminus of the Wadi Muqaddam. I ...

. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 38.jpg, 165. Grand Portico of the Temple of Philoe, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 39.jpg, 166. Entrance to the Caves at Beni-Hassan. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 40.jpg, 167. Grand approach to the Temple of Philoe, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 41.jpg, 168. Temple of Wady Saboua, Nubia.

Volume 5

169. Frontispiece. Front elevation of the Great Temple of Aboo-Simbel. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 42.jpg, 170. Tile page. Great Gateway, leading to the Temple of Karnac, Thebes. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 43.jpg, 171. Group of Nubians at Wady Kardassy. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 44.jpg, 172. Fragment of the Great Colossus at the Memnonium, Thebes. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 45.jpg, 173. Fortress of Ibrim, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 46.jpg, 174. Approach to the Fortress of Ibrim. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 47.jpg, 175. Colossi at Wady Saboua. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 48.jpg, 176. Ruins of the Memnonium, Thebes. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 49.jpg, 177. Persian Water-Wheel, used for irrigating Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 50.jpg, 178. A group at the entrance of the Temple of Amun, at Goorna, Thebes. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 51.jpg, 179. The Island of Philoe, by sunset. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 52.jpg, 180. Hadjar Silsilis, or the Rock of the Chain. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 53.jpg, 181. Part of the Hall of Columns at Karnac, seen from without. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 54.jpg, 182. View looking across the Hall of Columns, Karnac. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 55.jpg, 183. Part of the ruins of a temple on the Island of Bigge, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 56.jpg, 184. The Dromos, or First Court of the Temple of Karnac. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 57.jpg, 185. Ruins of the Temple of Medamout, near Thebes. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 58.jpg, 186. Ruins of a Christian Church in the Grand Court of the Temple of Medinet Abou. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 59.jpg, 187. Temple of Amada at Hassaia, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 60.jpg, 188. Medinet Abou, Thebes. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 61.jpg, 189. Temple of Dandour, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 62.jpg, 190. The Hypaethral Temple at Philae, called The Bed of Pharaoh. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 63.jpg, 191. Temple of Isis, on the roof of the Great Temple of Dendera. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 64.jpg, 192. Pyramids of Geezah. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 65.jpg, 193. Lateral view of the Typhonaeum at

. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 66.jpg, 194. View from under the Portico of the Temple of Dendera. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 67.jpg, 195. Temple of Wady Kardassy, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 68.jpg, 196. Asouan and the Island of

Elephantine Elephantine ( ; ; arz, جزيرة الفنتين; el, Ἐλεφαντίνη ''Elephantíne''; , ) is an island on the Nile, forming part of the city of Aswan in Upper Egypt. The archaeological sites on the island were inscribed on the UNESCO ...

. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 69.jpg, 197. Obelisk of On. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 70.jpg, 198. Oblique view of the Hall of Columns, Karnac. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 71.jpg, 199. Temple of Wady Dabod, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 72.jpg, 200. General view of Karnac, looking towards Biban-el-Malook. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 73.jpg, 201. View from under the Portico of Dayr-el-Medineh, Thebes. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 74.jpg, 202. Entrance to the Tombs of the Kings, Biban-el-Malook. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 75.jpg, 203. The Temples of Aboo-Simbel from the Nile. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 76.jpg, 204. Colossal statues in the plain of Thebes, during the inundation of the Nile. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 77.jpg, 205. Scene on the Nile, near Wady Dabod, with Crocodiles. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 78.jpg, 206. Grand entrance to the Temple of Luxor. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 79.jpg, 207. General view of Kalabshe, formerly Tolmis, Nubia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 80.jpg, 208. Façade of the Pronaos of the Temple of Edfou. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 81.jpg, 209. Ruins of Erment, ancient Hermontis, Upper Egypt. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 82.jpg, 210. Ruins of Kom-Ombo. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 83.jpg, 211. Island of Philoe, looking over the Nile. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 84.jpg, 212. apIllustrating the Sketches of David Roberts Esq., in Egypt and Nubia, 1849.

Volume 6

File:David Roberts Cairo street scene.jpg, 214. Title page. Scene in a street in Cairo. File:The Viceroy of Egypt in conversation with British officials, Wellcome V0049359.jpg, 213. Frontispiece. Interview with

Mehemet Ali Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha, also known as Muhammad Ali of Egypt and the Sudan ( sq, Mehmet Ali Pasha, ar, محمد علي باشا, ; ota, محمد علی پاشا المسعود بن آغا; ; 4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849), was ...

in his palace,

. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 87.jpg, 215. Bab-en-Nasr or Gate of Victory and Mosque of El-Hakim. Cairo. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 88.jpg, 216. Approach to

. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 89.jpg, 217. The gate of the Metwalis, or Bab Zuweyleh, Cairo. File:Gateway of the Metwaleys with minarets, Cairo, Egypt. Colour Wellcome V0049383.jpg, 218. The minarets at the Bab Zuweyleh, and entrance to the mosque of the Metwalis File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 91.jpg, 219. Ruined Mosques in the desert, west of the Citadel. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 92.jpg, 220. Interior of the Mosque of the Sultan Hassan. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 93.jpg, 221. One of the Tombs of the Caliphs, Cairo. File:Bazaar of the Silk Mercers in Cairo Wellcome L0021542.jpg, 222. The Silk-Mercer's Bazaar or El-Ghatreshyeh, Cairo. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 95.jpg, 223. Tombs of the Caliphs, Cairo. The Citadel in the distance. File:David Roberts Mosque Sultan Kaitbey.jpg, 224. Mosque of the Sultan Kaitbey, Cairo. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 97.jpg, 225. Minaret of the Mosque El-Khomree. File:Cairo, looking west, Egypt. Coloured lithograph by Louis Haghe Wellcome V0049365.jpg, 226. General view of Cairo from the West. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 99.jpg, 227. The Holy Tree of Metereeah. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 100.jpg, 228. The entrance to the Citadel of Cairo. File:Mosque of Ayed Bey, with other tombs of the caliphs, Cairo, Wellcome V0049368.jpg, 229. Mosque of Ayed Bey in the desert of Suez. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 102.jpg, 230. Bazaar of the Coppersmiths, Cairo. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 103.jpg, 231. Minaret of the principal Mosque in Siout, Upper Egypt. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 122.jpg, 232. Interior of the Mosque of the Metwalis. File:Louis Haghe - Egypt and Nubia, Volume III- Tomb of the Memlooks, Cairo - 2012.246 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg, 233. Tombs of the Memlooks, Cairo, with an Arab funeral. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 104.jpg, 234. Grand entrance to the Mosque of the Sultan Hassan. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 105.jpg, 235. Cairo, the aqueduct of the Nile, from the Island of Rhoda. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 106.jpg, 236. Bazaar of the street leading to the Mosque El-Mooristan, Cairo. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 107.jpg, 237. Principal Mosque at Boulak. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 108.jpg, 238. Cairo, from the gate of the Citizenib, looking towards the desert of Suez. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 109.jpg, 239. A group in the Slave Market of Cairo. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 110.jpg, 240. The Simoom in the desert. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 111.jpg, 241. The

Nilometer A nilometer was a structure for measuring the Nile River's clarity and water level during the annual flood season. There were three main types of nilometers, calibrated in Egyptian cubits: (1) a vertical column, (2) a corridor stairway of steps ...

on the Island of Rhoda, Cairo. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 112.jpg, 242. View on the Nile, Isle of Rhoda, and Ferry of Gheezeh. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 113.jpg, 243. The Letter Writer, Cairo. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 114.jpg, 244. Entrance to a private mansion, Cairo. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 116.jpg, 245. Tombs of the Memlooks, Cairo. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 117.jpg, 246. Citadel of Cairo, the residence of the Pashia. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 118.jpg, 247. The Coffee Shop of Cairo. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 119.jpg, 248. Interior of the Mosque of the Sultan El-Ghoree. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 120.jpg, 249. The Ghawazees, or Dancing-Girls of Cairo. File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 121.jpg, 250. Mosque of the Sultan Hassan, from the Great Square of the Rumeyleh.

References

Bibliography

* * * * * * * *

External links

Volumes 1 and 2Volumes 3 and 4Volumes 5 and 6

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia, The Holy Land travellers 1842 non-fiction books Travelogues Lithographs