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In
music Music is generally defined as the art of arranging sound to create some combination of form, harmony, melody, rhythm or otherwise expressive content. Exact definitions of music vary considerably around the world, though it is an aspe ...
, texture is how the
tempo In musical terminology, tempo ( Italian, 'time'; plural ''tempos'', or ''tempi'' from the Italian plural) is the speed or pace of a given piece. In classical music, tempo is typically indicated with an instruction at the start of a piece (ofte ...
, melodic, and
harmonic A harmonic is a wave with a frequency that is a positive integer multiple of the ''fundamental frequency'', the frequency of the original periodic signal, such as a sinusoidal wave. The original signal is also called the ''1st harmonic'', t ...
materials are combined in a
musical composition Musical composition can refer to an original piece or work of music, either vocal or instrumental, the structure of a musical piece or to the process of creating or writing a new piece of music. People who create new compositions are called ...
, determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece. The texture is often described in regard to the density, or thickness, and range, or width, between lowest and highest pitches, in relative terms as well as more specifically distinguished according to the number of voices, or parts, and the relationship between these voices (see Common types below). For example, a thick texture contains many 'layers' of instruments. One of these layers could be a string section or another brass. The thickness also is changed by the amount and the richness of the instruments playing the piece. The thickness varies from light to thick. A piece's texture may be changed by the number and character of parts playing at once, the timbre of the instruments or voices playing these parts and the harmony,
tempo In musical terminology, tempo ( Italian, 'time'; plural ''tempos'', or ''tempi'' from the Italian plural) is the speed or pace of a given piece. In classical music, tempo is typically indicated with an instruction at the start of a piece (ofte ...
, and rhythms used. The types categorized by number and relationship of parts are analyzed and determined through the labeling of primary textural elements: primary melody (PM), secondary melody (SM), parallel supporting melody (PSM), static support (SS), harmonic support (HS), rhythmic support (RS), and harmonic and rhythmic support (HRS).


Common types

In musical terms, particularly in the fields of music history and music analysis, some common terms for different types of texture are: Many classical pieces feature different kinds of texture within a short space of time. An example is the Scherzo from Schubert’s piano sonata in B major, D575. The first four bars are
monophonic Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction (often shortened to mono) is sound intended to be heard as if it were emanating from one position. This contrasts with stereophonic sound or ''stereo'', which uses two separate audio channels to reproduc ...
, with both hands performing the same melody an octave apart: Bars 5–10 are homophonic, with all voices coinciding rhythmically: Bars 11–20 are
polyphonic Polyphony ( ) is a type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, ...
. There are three parts, the top two moving in parallel (interval of a tenth). The lowest part imitates the rhythm of the upper two at the distance of three beats. The passage climaxes abruptly with a bar’s silence: After the silence, the polyphonic texture expands from three to four independent parts moving simultaneously in bars 21–24. The upper two parts are imitative, the lowest part consists of a repeated note ( pedal point) and the remaining part weaves an independent melodic line: The final four bars revert to homophony, bringing the section to a close; A complete performance can be heard by following this link
Listen


Additional types

Although in music instruction certain styles or repertoires of music are often identified with one of these descriptions this is basically added music (for example, Gregorian chant is described as monophonic, Bach Chorales are described as homophonic and fugues as polyphonic), many composers use more than one type of texture in the same piece of music. A simultaneity is more than one complete musical texture occurring at the same time, rather than in succession. A more recent type of texture first used by
György Ligeti György Sándor Ligeti (; ; 28 May 1923 – 12 June 2006) was a Hungarian-Austrian composer of contemporary classical music. He has been described as "one of the most important avant-garde composers in the latter half of the twentieth century ...
is
micropolyphony Micropolyphony is a kind of polyphonic musical texture developed by György Ligeti which consists of many lines of dense canons moving at different tempos or rhythms, thus resulting in tone clusters vertically. According to David Cope, "micropoly ...
. Other textures include polythematic, polyrhythmic, onomatopoeic, compound, and mixed or composite textures.


See also

*
Style brisé ''Style brisé'' (French: "broken style") is a general term for irregular arpeggiated texture in instrumental music of the Baroque period. It is commonly used in discussion of music for lute, keyboard instruments, or the viol. The original French t ...


References

Sources * * *


Further reading

* Anon.: "Monophony", ''
Grove Music Online ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians. Along with the German-language '' Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart'', it is one of the largest reference works on the history and th ...
'', edited by Deane L. Root . * Copland, Aaron. (1957). ''What to Listen for in Music'', revised edition. New York: McGraw-Hill * Demuth, Norman. 1964. ''Musical Forms and Textures: A Reference Guide'', second edition. London: Barrie and Rockliff. * Frobenius, Wolf, Peter Cooke, Caroline Bithell, and Izaly Zemtsovsky: "Polyphony", ''Grove Music Online''. edited by Deane Root . * Hanning, Barbara Russano, ''Concise History of Western Music'', based on Donald Jay Grout and
Claude V. Palisca Claude Victor Palisca (24 November 1921 – 11 January 2001) was an American musicologist. An internationally recognized authority on early music, especially opera of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, he was the Henry L. and Lucy G. Moses Pro ...
's ''A History of Western Music'', fifth edition. Published by W. W. Norton, New York. . * Hyer, Brian: "Homophony", ''Grove Music Online'', edited by Deane Root . * Keys, Ivor. 1961. ''The Texture of Music: From Purcell to Brahms''. London: D. Dobson. * Kokoras, Panayiotis (2005).
Towards a Holophonic Musical Texture
'. In ''Proceedings of the ICMC2005 – International Computer Music Conference'',. Barcelona: International Computer Music Conference. * White, John David. 1995. ''Theories of Musical Texture in Western History''. Perspectives in Music Criticism and Theory 1; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1678. New York: Garland Publishers.


External links




Add Texture: A web app with examples of different sonic textures
{{Authority control Musical texture Music theory