Terebratulids are one of only three living orders of articulate
brachiopod
Brachiopods (), phylum Brachiopoda, are a phylum of trochozoan animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear end, w ...
s, the others being the
Rhynchonellida
The taxonomic order Rhynchonellida is one of the two main groups of living articulate brachiopods, the other being the order Terebratulida. They are recognized by their strongly ribbed wedge-shaped or nut-like shells, and the very short hin ...
and the
Thecideida.
Craniida
The Craniidae are a family of brachiopods, commonly known as lamp shells. Although it belongs to a subdivision called the inarticulata which have shells where the mineral content consist of calcium phosphate, the Craniidae have shells that consis ...
and
Lingulida include living brachiopods, but are
inarticulates. The name, Terebratula, may be derived from the Latin "terebra", meaning "hole-borer". The perceived resemblance of terebratulid shells to
ancient Roman oil lamps gave the brachiopods their common name "lamp shell".
Terebratulids typically have biconvex shells that are usually ovoid to circular in outline. They can be either smooth or have radial ribbing. The
lophophore
The lophophore () is a characteristic feeding organ possessed by four major groups of animals: the Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, Hyolitha, and Phoronida, which collectively constitute the protostome group Lophophorata.[pedicle
Pedicle or pedicel may refer to:
Human anatomy
*Pedicle of vertebral arch, the segment between the transverse process and the vertebral body, and is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty procedures
...]
opening, or
, located in the beak.
Terebratulids may have evolved from
Atrypids during the early or
Middle Silurian
Middle or The Middle may refer to:
* Centre (geometry), the point equally distant from the outer limits.
Places
* Middle (sheading), a subdivision of the Isle of Man
* Middle Bay (disambiguation)
* Middle Brook (disambiguation)
* Middle Creek ( ...
. Early genera were almost circular to elongate-oval, with smooth or finely costate shells. During the
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of ...
and
Tertiary
Tertiary ( ) is a widely used but obsolete term for the geologic period from 66 million to 2.6 million years ago.
The period began with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, at the start ...
periods, many shells became coarsely plicate.
Classification
* Suborder
Terebratellidina
** Superfamily
Kraussinoidea
** Superfamily
Laqueoidea
** Superfamily
Megathyridoidea
** Superfamily
Platidioidea
** Superfamily
Terebratelloidea
*** Family
Dallinidae
*** Family
Ecnomiosidae
*** Family
Terebratellidae
*** Family
Thaumatosiidae
** Superfamily
Zeillerioidea
** Superfamily
Bouchardioidea
** Superfamily
Gwynioidea
** Superfamily
Kingenoidea
** Superfamily ''
Incertae sedis
' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...
''
*** Family
Tythothyrididae
* Suborder
Terebratulidina
** Superfamily
Cancellothyroidea
*** Family
Cancellothyrididae
*** Family
Chlidonophoridae
*** Family
Cnismatocentridae
** Superfamily
Dyscoloidea
** Superfamily
Terebratuloidea
*** Family
Gryphidae
*** Family
Tichosidae
*** Family
Terebratulidae
Extinct Superfamilies
** Superfamily
Dielasmatoidea †
** Superfamily
Cryptonelloidea †
** Superfamily
Loboidothyridoidea †
** Superfamily
Stryingocephaloidea †
Gallery
Image:Coenothyris oweni Anisian 041013.JPG, ''Coenothyris oweni'' from the Middle Triassic
The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system (stratigraphy), system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Year#Abbreviations yr and ya, Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 ...
(Anisian
In the geologic timescale, the Anisian is the lower stage or earliest age of the Middle Triassic series or epoch and lasted from million years ago until million years ago. The Anisian Age succeeds the Olenekian Age (part of the Lower Triassic ...
) lower Saharonim Formation, Har Gevanim, southern Israel
Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
.
Image:Pygites diphyoides (d'Orbigny).jpg, ''Pygites diphyoides'' (d'Orbigny
Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny (6 September 1802 – 30 June 1857) was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology (including malacology), palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthrop ...
, 1849) from the Hauterivian
The Hauterivian is, in the geologic timescale, an age in the Early Cretaceous Epoch or a stage in the Lower Cretaceous Series. It spans the time between 132.9 ± 2 Ma and 129.4 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago). The Hauterivian is preceded by the ...
(Lower Cretaceous) of Cehegin, Murcia, Spain. This terebratulid is characterized by a central perforation through its valves.
Image:Terebratalia transversa 141510036.jpg, ''Terebratalia transversa
''Terebratalia'' is a genus of brachiopods belonging to the family Terebrataliidae.
The species of this genus are found in Northern America and Japan.
Species:
*''Terebratalia asanoi''
*''Terebratalia batequia''
*''Terebratalia bialata''
*'' ...
'', a living terebratulide
Image:Calloria inconspicua 140823205.jpg, '' Calloria inconspicuo'', a living terebratulide
Image:Coptothyris grayi 115300137.jpg, '' Coptothyris grayi'', a living terebratulide
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3273708
Brachiopod orders
Silurian first appearances