The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised in 2005 by

Philippe Bouchet Philippe Bouchet (born 1953) is a French biologist whose primary scientific fields of study are malacology (the study of molluscs) and taxonomy. He works at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. He is also a Commissioner of the ...

and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is a system for the scientific

classification Classification is a process related to categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood. Classification is the grouping of related facts into classes. It may also refer to: Business, organizat ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

s. (Gastropods are a

taxonomic Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

class Class or The Class may refer to: Common uses not otherwise categorized * Class (biology), a taxonomic rank * Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects * Class (philosophy), an analytical concept used differentl ...

of animals which consists of

snail A snail is, in loose terms, a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name ''snail'' is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gastro ...

s and

slug Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word ''slug'' is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a smal ...

s of every kind, from the land, from

freshwater Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include ...

, and from

saltwater Saline water (more commonly known as salt water) is water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts (mainly sodium chloride). On the United States Geological Survey (USGS) salinity scale, saline water is saltier than brackish water, ...

.) The paper setting out this taxonomy was published in the journal ''

Malacologia ''Malacologia'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of malacology, the study of mollusks. The journal publishes articles in the fields of molluscan systematics, ecology, population ecology, genetics, molecular genetics, evolution, an ...

''. The system encompasses both living and extinct groups, as well as some fossils whose classification as gastropods is uncertain. The Bouchet & Rocroi system was the first complete gastropod taxonomy that primarily employed the concept of

clades A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, t ...

, and was derived from research on

molecular phylogenetics Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

; in this context a clade is a "natural grouping" of organisms based upon a statistical

cluster analysis Cluster analysis or clustering is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a cluster) are more similar (in some sense) to each other than to those in other groups (clusters). It is a main task of ...

. In contrast, most of the previous overall taxonomic schemes for gastropods relied on morphological features to classify these animals, and used

taxon In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

ranks such as

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...

, superorder and suborder, which are typical of classifications that are still inspired by

Linnaean taxonomy Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts: # The particular form of biological classification (taxonomy) set up by Carl Linnaeus, as set forth in his ''Systema Naturae'' (1735) and subsequent works. In the taxonomy of Linnaeus t ...

. In the Bouchet & Rocroi taxonomy, clades are used between the rank of

and the rank of

superfamily SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, especially into SCOP superfamilies. Domains are functional, str ...

. The clades are unranked. Bouchet and Rocroi use six main clades:

Patellogastropoda The Patellogastropoda, common name true limpet Limpets are a group of aquatic snails that exhibit a conical shell shape (patelliform) and a strong, muscular foot. Limpets are members of the class Gastropoda, but are polyphyletic, meaning th ...

Vetigastropoda Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks that form a very ancient lineage (evolution), lineage. Taxonomically the Vetigastropoda are sometimes treated as an O ...

Cocculiniformia The Cocculinoidea is a superfamily of deepwater limpets (marine gastropods), the only superfamily in the order Cocculinida , one of the main orders of gastropods according to the taxonomy as set up by ( Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The clade Coccil ...

Neritimorpha Neritimorpha is a taxonomic grouping, an unranked major clade of snails, gastropod mollusks. This grouping includes land snails, sea snails, slugs, some deepwater limpets, and also freshwater snails. Neritimorpha contains around 2,000 extant s ...

Caenogastropoda Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some freshwater snails and some land snails. The clade is the most diverse and ecologically successfu ...

, and

Heterobranchia Heterobranchia, the ''heterobranchs'' (meaning "different-gilled snails"), is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks. Heterobranchia is one of the main clades of gastropods. Curr ...

. The first three of these major clades have no nesting clades within them: the taxonomy goes immediately to the superfamily level. Within the Caenogastropoda there is one extra clade. In contrast, within the Heterobranchia, for some of the

nudibranch Nudibranchs () are a group of soft-bodied marine gastropod molluscs which shed their shells after their larval stage. They are noted for their often extraordinary colours and striking forms, and they have been given colourful nicknames to matc ...

groups there are six separate clades above the level of superfamily, and in the case of most of the

land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have shells (those without shells are known as ...

s, there are four clades above the level of superfamily. In some parts of the taxonomy, instead of "clade", Bouchet and Rocroi labelled groupings of taxa as a "group" or an "informal group". A clade must by definition contain only one lineage, and it was considered to be the case that these "informal groups" may either contain more than one lineage, or only contain part of a lineage. Further research will eventually resolve these questions. Since the publication of this taxonomic system in 2005, various proposals for changes have been published by other authors, for more information see

changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005 This overview lists proposed changes in the taxonomy of gastropods at the family level and above since 2005, when the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) was published. In other words, these are recent updates in the way various ...

. In 2017 this taxonomy was superseded by a revised taxonomy "Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families" by Philippe Bouchet & Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong in Malacologia, 2017, 61(1–2): 1–526. The authors have reverted to adopting the traditional ranks above superfamily: order, subclass, as this was preferred by many users.

Context

Systems of classification such as this one are primarily of value to

malacologist Malacology is the branch of invertebrate zoology that deals with the study of the Mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods. Mollusks include snails and slugs, clams, ...

s (people who study mollusks) and other

biologist A biologist is a scientist who conducts research in biology. Biologists are interested in studying life on Earth, whether it is an individual Cell (biology), cell, a multicellular organism, or a Community (ecology), community of Biological inter ...

s. Biological classification schemes are not merely a convenience, they are an attempt to show the actual

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...

(the

evolutionary Evolution is change in the heredity, heritable Phenotypic trait, characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the Gene expression, expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to ...

relatedness) within a group of

organism In biology, an organism () is any living system that functions as an individual entity. All organisms are composed of cells (cell theory). Organisms are classified by taxonomy into groups such as multicellular animals, plants, and ...

s. Thus, a taxonomy such as this one can be seen as an attempt to elucidate part of the

tree of life The tree of life is a fundamental archetype in many of the world's mythological, religious, and philosophical traditions. It is closely related to the concept of the sacred tree.Giovino, Mariana (2007). ''The Assyrian Sacred Tree: A History ...

, a

phylogenetic tree A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...

. The Bouchet & Rocroi 2005 system of gastropod

taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

was laid out in a book-length paper entitled "Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families", which was published in the journal ''

'' and which was written in collaboration with J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés and A. Warén. This system supersedes the system of Ponder and Lindberg from 1997. Subsequent revisions by other authors have been made since the publication of this paper. The taxonomy set out by Bouchet & Rocroi is an attempt to get one step closer to representing this part of the evolutionary history of the phylum Mollusca. Bouchet & Rocroi's classification system is a hybrid of the pre-existing, more traditional

along with some more recent far-reaching revisions which are based on molecular work and use

taxa In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

, (see

cladistics Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups (" clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived char ...

). In the past, the taxonomy of gastropods was largely based on the morphological characters of the taxa, such as the

shell Shell may refer to: Architecture and design * Shell (structure), a thin structure ** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses ** Thin-shell structure Science Biology * Seashell, a hard ou ...

characteristics (including the

protoconch A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod. In older texts it is also called ...

) in shelled species, and the internal

anatomy Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its ...

, including the structure of the

radula The radula (, ; plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food ...

and details of the

reproductive system The reproductive system of an organism, also known as the genital system, is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are als ...

. Recent advances are based more on the

molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioche ...

characteristics of the DNA and

RNA Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) are nucleic acids. Along with lipids, proteins, and carbohydra ...

. This shift in emphasis has meant that the newer taxa and their hierarchy are subject to debate, a debate that is not likely to be resolved soon. This proposed classification has tried to integrate the results of recent molecular work by using unranked

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

s for taxa below the traditional rank of class (class Gastropoda) but above the rank of

(replacing the ranks subclass, superorder, order, and suborder), while still using the traditional Linnaean ranks for superfamilies and all taxa below the rank of superfamily (i.e., family, subfamily, tribe, genus, subgenus, and species. The clades have been given names which are similar to, or in some cases the same as, traditional Linnaean names for taxa above the level of superfamily. Whenever

monophyly In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic grou ...

(a single ancestry) has not yet been tested and confirmed, or where a traditional taxon of gastropods has already been discovered to be

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

(that it excludes some of its descendants) the term "group" or "informal group" has been used. Both Linnaean taxa and clades are invalid if it turns out they are

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of converg ...

, in other words if they consist of more than one lineage. In this taxonomy 611 valid families are recognized. Of these, 202 families are exclusively

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

, and this is indicated here with a dagger †. Superfamily names are standardized so that they all end in the suffix "-oidea", also commonly used for superorders and subclasses, replacing the "-acea" ending found especially in the older literature. Classification of families into subfamilies however is often not well resolved, and should be regarded as the best possible

hypothesis A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous obse ...

. The publication Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) also includes a

nomenclator Nomenclator may refer to: *''Nomenclator omnium rerum propria nomina variis linguis explicata indicans'', 16th century book written by Hadrianus Junius *Nomenclator, in cryptography, a kind of substitution cypher *Nomenclator (nomenclature) as a ...

of about 2400 suprageneric taxa (taxa above the level of

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

) of gastropods, from the subtribe to the superfamily. A full bibliographic reference is provided for each taxon, giving the name of the authority, the original publication, the date of that publication, the type genus for the taxon, its nomenclatural status, and its validity under the rules of the

ICZN The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. It is also informally known as the ICZN Code, for its publisher, the I ...

. Since the publication of this taxonomic system in 2005, various changes have been published by other authors, for more information see

Main clades, groups and informal groups

Here the information is displayed in the form of a

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to d ...

(an evolutionary tree of descent.) It is worth bearing in mind however that this taxonomy is provisional: many of the taxa are still only known as "groups" or "informal groups", and these are very likely to be changed as more information becomes available. This cladogram is based on the following information. The list format used below makes clear which taxa are informal groups rather than clades: * Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain systematic position * Clade

* Clade

**Paleozoic Neritimorpha of uncertain systematic position **Clade †

Cyrtoneritimorpha Cyrtoneritimorpha, also Cyrtoneritida, is a clade of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Neritimorpha Neritimorpha is a taxonomic grouping, an unranked major clade of snails, gastropod mollusks. This grouping ...

**Clade

Cycloneritimorpha Cycloneritida (nerites and false-limpets) is an order of land snails, freshwater snails, and sea snails.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cycloneritida. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/ap ...

* Clade

**Caenogastropoda of uncertain systematic position **Informal group

Architaenioglossa Architaenioglossa is a taxonomic group of snails which have gills and often an operculum. They are primarily land and freshwater gastropod mollusks within the clade Caenogastropoda. This " informal group" has been shown to be polyphyletic in a s ...

**Clade

Sorbeoconcha Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda. The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997. Taxonomy 1 ...

**Clade

Hypsogastropoda Hypsogastropoda is a clade containing marine gastropods within the clade Caenogastropoda. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Hypsogastropoda. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=t ...

***Clade

Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails ( marine species), but also including some freshwater snails ( aquatic species) and land snails (terrestrial species).Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Fr� ...

***Informal group

Ptenoglossa The Ptenoglossa is an informal taxonomic group of sea snails. This group was considered paraphyletic or polyphyletic by Ponder and Lindberg (1997) in their classification of gastropod molluscs. The database WoRMS considers this suborder as b ...

***Clade

Neogastropoda Neogastropoda is an order of sea snails, both freshwater and marine gastropod molluscs. Description The available fossil record of Neogastropoda is relatively complete, and supports a widely accepted evolutionary scenario of an Early Creta ...

*Clade

**Informal group

Lower Heterobranchia Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved sea slugs and sea snails, ( marine gastropod mollusks) within the subclass Heterobranchia. WoRMS (2020). "Lower Heterobranchia". Accessed ...

**Informal group

Opisthobranchia Opisthobranchs () is now an informal name for a large and diverse group of specialized complex gastropods which used to be united in the subclass Opisthobranchia. That taxon is no longer considered to represent a monophyletic grouping. Euopisth ...

***Clade

Cephalaspidea The order Cephalaspidea, also known as the headshield slugs and bubble snails, is a major taxon of sea slugs and bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the larger clade Euopisthobranchia.Jörger K. M., Stöger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., ...

***Clade

Thecosomata Sea butterflies, scientific name Thecosomata (thecosomes, "case / shell-body"), are a taxonomic suborder of small pelagic swimming sea snails. They are holoplanktonic opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. Most Thecosomata have some form of calcified ...

***Clade

Gymnosomata Sea angels ( clade Gymnosomata) are a large group of small free-swimming sea slugs, not to be confused with Cnidarians (Jellyfish and other similar creatures), classified into six different families. They are pelagic opisthobranchs in the clade ...

***Clade

Aplysiomorpha The clade Anaspidea, commonly known as sea hares (''Aplysia'' species and related genera), are medium-sized to very large opisthobranch gastropod molluscs with a soft internal shell made of protein. These are marine gastropod molluscs in the s ...

***Group

Acochlidiacea Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a taxonomic clade of very unusual sea snails and sea and freshwater slugs, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Acochlidia is a variant spelling. Description These ar ...

***Clade

Sacoglossa Sacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "solar-powered sea slugs", are a superorder of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia. Sacoglossans live by ingesting the cellular ...

***Group

Cylindrobullida ''Cylindrobulla'' is a genus of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sacoglossa. ''Cylindrobulla'' is the type genus of the family Cylindrobullidae and it is the only genus in the family. Taxonomy The subord ...

***Clade

Umbraculida Umbraculoidea is a superfamily of unusual false limpets with a thin soft patelliform shell, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Umbraculida, within the clade Euopisthobranchia. There are two families in this superfamily, which is listed as ...

***Clade

Nudipleura Nudipleura are a clade of sea snails and sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the clade Nudipleura is arranged as follows: *Clade Nu ...

****Clade

Pleurobranchomorpha The Pleurobranchidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Pleurobranchomorpha. Characteristics Species in the family Pleurobranchidae have a prominent mantle and an internal shell that becomes reduced ...

****Clade Nudibranchia *****Clade

Euctenidiacea The Euctenidiacea, common name dorid nudibranchs, are a taxonomic suborder of sea snails or slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Nudibranchia. Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) rejected the name Anthobranchia on the grounds that it also include ...

*****Clade

Dexiarchia The Dexiarchia are a suborder of sea slugs, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs in the order Nudibranchia. This classification is based on the study by Schrödl ''et al.,'' published in 2001, who recognized within this clade two clades Pseudoeu ...

******Clade

Pseudoeuctenidiacea Doridoxidae, commonly known as doridoxid nudibranchs, are a small, enigmatic taxonomic family of shell-less sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Cladobranchia within the clade Nudibranchia. Doridoxidae is currently the only family ...

******Clade

Cladobranchia The Cladobranchia are a taxonomic clade of nudibranchs, sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Dexiarchia. Taxonomy clade Metarminida * Superfamily Metarminoidea This name is not available as a Superfamily name as it is not based on ...

*******Clade

Euarminida Arminoidea is a superfamily of small sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Nudibranchia. Arminoidea is the only superfamily in the clade Euarminida. Families A study, published in 2000, has demonstrated that Arminoidea is parap ...

*******Clade

Dendronotida Dendronotoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of small colorful sea slugs or nudibranchs, aeolid nudibranchs. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Dendronotoidea Allman, 1845. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.mar ...

*******Clade

Aeolidida The Aeolidida is a taxonomic clade of sea slugs, specifically aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Cladobranchia. They are distinguished from other nudibranchs by their possession of cerata containing cnidosacs. Taxonomy * ...

**Informal group

Pulmonata Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includ ...

***Informal group

Basommatophora Basommatophora was a term that was previously used as a taxonomic informal group, a group of snails within the informal group Pulmonata, the air-breathing slugs and snails. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), w ...

***Clade

Eupulmonata Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions. Linnean taxonomy *Suborder Eupulmonat ...

****Clade

Systellommatophora The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). They are marine and terrestrial pulmonate gastropods within the Heterobranchi ...

****Clade

Stylommatophora Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification ...

*****Clade

Elasmognatha Elasmognatha is a taxonomic grouping, a clade, of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. A number of species in this taxonomic group are endangered. Taxonomy In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bo ...

*****Clade

Orthurethra Orthurethra is a clade of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subcla ...

*****Informal group

Sigmurethra Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs. The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a ...

Taxonomy

In the following, more detailed list, indentation is used only for the ranks of superfamily and family. The clade names are not indented, but their hierarchy is indicated by the size of the font used. A clearer sense of the hierarchy of the clades can be drawn from the list immediately above this one.

Paleozoic The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. The name ''Paleozoic'' ( ;) was coined by the British geologist Adam Sedgwick in 1838 by combining the Greek words ''palaiós'' (, "old") and ' ...
molluscs of uncertain systematic position

(Existing as

s only)

Uncertain position (Gastropoda or
Monoplacophora Monoplacophora , meaning "bearing one plate", is a polyphyletic superclass of molluscs with a cap-like shell inhabiting deep sea environments . Extant representatives were not recognized as such until 1952; previously they were known only from ...
)

* unassigned to superfamily ** † Khairkhaniidae ** † Ladamarekiidae ** † Metoptomatidae ** † Patelliconidae ** † Protoconchoididae *

Archinacelloidea †Archinacelloidea is an extinct superfamily of paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position (Gastropoda or Monoplacophora Monoplacophora , meaning "bearing one plate", is a polyphyletic superclass of molluscs with a cap-like shell inhabiting de ...

** † Archinacellidae ** † Archaeopragidae *

Pelagielloidea Pelagielloidea is an extinct superfamily of Paleozoic fossil molluscs of uncertain position, either ( Gastropoda or Monoplacophora). Families Families in the superfamily Pelagielloidea: * † Pelagiellidae * † Aldanellidae Aldanellidae ...

** †

Pelagiellidae Pelagiellidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic fossil 'snails'. Some material assigned to this taxon represents gastropod molluscs, but some chaeta-bearing specimens first assigned to ''Pelagiella'' (now '' Pseudopelagiella'') are perhaps bett ...

** †

Aldanellidae Aldanellidae is an extinct family of paleozoic molluscs that have been assigned to the Gastropod stem group but may also belong to a paraphyletic "Monoplacophora". Occurrence In the upper Nemakit-Daldyninan, and possibly earlier in Mongolia. ...

Scenelloidea Scenelloidea is an extinct superfamily of paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position ( Gastropoda, Helcionelloida, or Monoplacophora). Families Based on the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) families in the Scenelloidea i ...

** †

Scenellidae ''Scenella'' is an extinct genus of fossil invertebrate animal which is generally considered to be a mollusc; at various times it has been suggested that this genus belongs with the gastropods, the monoplacophorans, or the helcionellids, altho ...

** †

Coreospiridae Coreospiridae is an extinct family of Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position taxonomically. They might be snails ( Gastropoda), Helcionelloida, or they might be Monoplacophora. 2005 taxonomy The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & R ...

** † Igarkiellidae *

Yochelcionelloidea Yochelcionelloidea is an extinct superfamily of paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position ( Gastropoda or Monoplacophora). The earliest yochelcionellids are known from the Middle Tommotian, but they are most diverse from the Botomian through the ...

** †

Yochelcionellidae ''Yochelcionella'' is an extinct genus of basal molluscs which lived during the Tommotian epoch, the first epoch of the Cambrian period. This genus is often reconstructed to resemble snails. ''Yochelcionella'' is the type genus of the family ...

** †

Stenothecidae Stenothecidae is an extinct family of fossil univalved Cambrian molluscs which may be either gastropods or monoplacophorans. The name of this taxon should not be confused with that of the class Stenothecoida, a group of problematic Cambrian ...

** †

Trenellidae ''Trenella'' is the sole genus in the Trenellidae, an extinct family of paleozoic Yochelcionellids. 2005 taxonomy The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Val ...

With isostrophically coiled shells of uncertain position (Gastropoda or Monoplacophora)

** †

Bucanellidae Bucanellidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position, belonging either to Gastropoda (snails) or Monoplacophora. The family lived from the upper Cambrian to middle Permian and the shells are characterized by a relatively ...

** †

Bucaniidae Bucaniidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position possibly being either gastropods or monoplacophorans in the superfamily Bellerophontoidea. The family lived from the Lower Ordovician to the Devonian and have shells in ...

** †

Euphemitidae Euphemitidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic fossil molluscs of uncertain position. They have isostrophically coiled shells and may be either Gastropoda sea (snail)s, or Monoplacophora. Taxonomy The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & R ...

** †

Pterothecidae Pterothecidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position, either Gastropoda or Monoplacophora, with isostrophically coiled shells. Taxonomy The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P ...

** †

Sinuitidae Sinuitidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position (they were either Gastropoda or Monoplacophora). They had isostrophically coiled shells. Taxonomy The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005Bouchet P. & ...

** †

Tremanotidae Tremanotidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic fossil molluscs with isostrophically coiled shells. They occupy an uncertain position taxonomically: it is not known whether they were (gastropods (snails) or monoplacophorans. Taxonomy The taxon ...

** †

Tropidodiscidae Tropidodiscidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic fossil molluscs with isostrophically coiled shells. They are of uncertain position taxonomically, in other words it is not known whether they were (Gastropoda (snails) or Monoplacophora)s. Taxon ...

With anisostrophically coiled shells of uncertain position (Gastropoda?)

Euomphaloidea Euomphaloidea, originally Euomphalacea, is an extinct superfamily of marine molluscs that lived from the Early Ordovician to the Late Cretaceous, included in the Gastropoda Moore R. C., Lalicker & Fischer (1952). ''Invertebrate Fossils''. McGr ...

** † Euomphalidae ** † Helicotomidae ** † Lesueurillidae ** † Omphalocirridae ** † Omphalotrochidae *

Macluritoidea The Macluritoidea, or Macluritacea as it was originally spelled, is a superfamily of hyperstrophically coiled, Upper Cambrian to Devonian, archaeogastropods,Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part I, Mollusca 1. R.C. Moore (ed); Geol Soc o ...

** †

Macluritidae Macluritidae is an extinct family of relatively large, Lower Ordovician to Devonian, macluritacean gastropods(?), hypserstrophically coiled, that is dextral while appearing sinsitral, of which the genus '' Maclurites'' is arch-typical. The base ...

Basal taxa that are certainly Gastropoda

(existing as fossils only) * unassigned to superfamily ** † Anomphalidae ** †

Codonocheilidae Codonocheilidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic fossil gastropod mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 ...

** † Crassimarginatidae ** † Holopeidae ** † Isospiridae ** † Opisthonematidae ** † Paraturbinidae ** † Planitrochidae ** † Pragoserpulinidae ** † Pseudophoridae ** †

Raphistomatidae The †Raphistomatidae is a taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, Paleozoic marine gastropod mollusks. This family was established by Koken in 1896. This family is found in the fossil record from the Upper Cambrian to the Middle Permian. D ...

** † Rhytidopilidae ** † Scoliostomatidae ** † Sinuopeidae * Clisospiroidea ** † Clisospiridae ** † Onychochilidae *

Loxonematoidea Loxonematoidea is an extinct taxonomic superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs, belonging to the Murchisoniinae. References Prehistoric gastropods {{paleo-gastropod-stub ...

** †

Loxonematidae Loxonematidae is an extinct taxonomic family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain t ...

** †

Palaeozygopleuridae Palaeozygopleuridae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs. This family has no subfamilies. Genera Genera within the family Palaeozygopleuridae include: * '' Palaeozygopleura'' Horný, 1955 *** '' ...

* Ophiletoidea ** † Ophiletidae * Straparollinoidea ** † Straparollinidae *

Trochonematoidea Trochonematoidea is an extinct taxonomic superfamily of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs. Families Families with the superfamily Trochonematoidea include: * † Trochonematidae Trochonematidae is an extinct taxonomic family of f ...

** †

Trochonematidae Trochonematidae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochonematoidea. This family has no subfamilies. Genera * † '' Alanstukella'' Mazaev, 2020 * † '' Amaurotoma'' Knight, 1 ...

** †

Lophospiridae Lophospiridae is an extinct taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,0 ...

Clade
Patellogastropoda The Patellogastropoda, common name true limpet Limpets are a group of aquatic snails that exhibit a conical shell shape (patelliform) and a strong, muscular foot. Limpets are members of the class Gastropoda, but are polyphyletic, meaning th ...

*Superfamily

Patelloidea Patelloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of sea snails or true limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the subclass PatellogastropodaWoRMS (2020). Patelloidea Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1 ...

**Family

Patellidae Patellidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails or true limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Patellogastropoda. (The superfamily Patelloidea should not be confused with the similar-sounding genus of true limpets ''Patelloida'' which ...

*Superfamily Nacelloidea **Family

Nacellidae Nacellidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails or true limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the subclass Patellogastropoda. Taxonomy Nacellidae was the only family in the superfamily Nacelloidea as described by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005),. H ...

*Superfamily

Lottioidea Lottioidea is a superfamily of sea snails or limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Patellogastropoda, the true limpets.MolluscaBase (2018). Lottioidea Gray, 1840. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marin ...

**Family

Lottiidae Lottiidae is a family of sea snails, specifically true limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Lottioidea and the clade Patellogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Subfamilies 20 ...

**Family

Acmaeidae Acmaeidae is a family of sea snails, specifically true limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Lottioidea and the subclass Patellogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Bouchet, P. ...

**Family

Lepetidae Lepetidae is a family of sea snails or small, deep-water true limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Patellogastropoda the true limpets. Taxonomy This family consists of the two following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of t ...

*Superfamily

Neolepetopsoidea Neolepetopsoidea is the name of a taxonomic superfamily which is now considered to be a synonym of Lottioidea. Previously Neolepetopsoidea was considered to be a family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Patellogastro ...

**Family

Neolepetopsidae Neolepetopsidae is a family of small deep sea sea snails or true limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the subclass Patellogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies. ...

** † Family

Daminilidae Daminilidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, true limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Patellogastropoda. This family has no subfamilies. Taxonomy Daminilidae belongs to superfamily Neolepetopsoidea according to the ta ...

** † Family

Lepetopsidae Lepetopsidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Patellogastropoda. This family has no subfamilies. Members of extant family Neolepetopsidae probably developed from Lepetopsidae. McLean J. H. (7 November 1990). "Neolepetopsidae, a ...

Clade
Vetigastropoda Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks that form a very ancient lineage (evolution), lineage. Taxonomically the Vetigastropoda are sometimes treated as an O ...

*Not assigned to a superfamily: **Family Ataphridae **Family Pendromidae ** † Family Schizogoniidae *Superfamily † Amberleyoidea ** † Family Amberleyidae ** † Family Nododelphinulidae *Superfamily † Eotomarioidea ** † Family

Eotomariidae Eotomariidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Vetigastropoda Vetigastropoda is a major taxonomic group of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that form a very ancient lineage. Taxonomically the Vetigastropoda are sometimes ...

** † Family Gosseletinidae ** † Family

Luciellidae Luciellidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks that ...

** † Family

Phanerotrematidae Phanerotrematidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks ...

*Superfamily Fissurelloidea **Family

Fissurellidae Fissurellidae, common name the keyhole limpets and slit limpets, is a taxonomic family of limpet-like sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Vetigastropoda.Rosenberg, G. (2012). Fissurellidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marin ...

*Superfamily

Haliotoidea Haliotoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subclass Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Val ...

**Family

Haliotidae ''Haliotis'', common name abalone, is the only genus in the family Haliotidae. This genus once contained six subgenera. These subgenera have become alternate representations of ''Haliotis''. The genus consists of small to very large, edible, h ...

** † Family

Temnotropidae Temnotropidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Haliotoidea Haliotoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subclass Vetigastropoda (according to the taxono ...

*Superfamily

Lepetelloidea Lepetelloidea is a superfamily of sea snails, small deepwater limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). (Previously this superfamily was in the or ...

**Family Lepetellidae **Family Addisoniidae **Family Bathyphytophilidae **Family Caymanabyssiidae **Family Cocculinellidae **Family

Osteopeltidae Osteopeltidae is a taxonomic family of small, deep water sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, ...

**Family Pseudococculinidae **Family

Pyropeltidae Pyropeltidae is a family of gastropods in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies. Habitat Their habitat includes hydrothermal vents and whale-fall hab ...

*Superfamily

Lepetodriloidea Lepetodriloidea is a superfamily of small to large sea snails, hydrothermal vent limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda Vetigastropoda is a major taxonomic group of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that form ...

**Family

Lepetodrilidae Lepetodrilidae is a family of small, deep-sea sea snails, hydrothermal vent limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2012). Lep ...

**Family

Clypeosectidae Lepetodrilidae is a family of small, deep-sea sea snails, hydrothermal vent limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2012). Lep ...

**Family

Sutilizonidae Sutilizonidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, deepwater hydrothermal vent snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Taxonomy This family has no ...

*Superfamily †

Murchisonioidea Murchisonioidea is an extinct superfamily of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda. This superfamily was previously included in the Caenogastropoda by Ponder and Warén (1988) and by Bandel in studies ...

** † Family

Murchisoniidae Murchisoniidae is an extinct family of fossil gastropods in the superfamily Murchisonioidea Murchisonioidea is an extinct superfamily of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda. This superfamily was p ...

** † Family

Cheeneetnukiidae † Cheeneetnukiidae is an extinct family (biology), family of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), taxonomy of the Gastropoda by ...

** † Family Hormotomidae *Superfamily

Neomphaloidea Neomphaloidea is a Taxonomic rank, superfamily of deep-sea snails or limpets, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks. Neomphaloidea is the only superfamily in the order Neomphalida. The order Neomphalida has the largest ''In situ#Bi ...

: subsequent research has placed this superfamily in its own clade, the Neomphalina, basal to the Vetigastropoda WoRMS: Neomphalina
/ref> **Family

Neomphalidae Neomphalidae is a family of sea snails or limpets, specifically deep sea hydrothermal vent limpets. This family was included in the Vetigastropoda, which is a clade according to the Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005. It is now included in the clade Neompha ...

**Family

Melanodrymiidae Melanodrymiidae is a family of gastropods belonging to the superfamily Neomphaloidea.Bouchet, P. (2011). Melanodrymiidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=411613 on 2012- ...

**Family

Peltospiridae Peltospiridae is a small family of gastropods that used to belong to the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), but is now included in the clade NeomphalinaBouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Pel ...

*Superfamily

Pleurotomarioidea Pleurotomarioidea is a superfamily of small to large marine gastropods included in the order Pleurotomariida of the subclass Vetigastropoda. These are the slit shells, originally named Pleurotomariacea, in keeping with the convention for naming ...

**Family

Pleurotomariidae Pleurotomariidae, common name the "slit snails", is a family of large marine gastropods in the superfamily Pleurotomarioidea of the subclass Vetigastropoda. This family is a very ancient lineage; there were numerous species in the geological pas ...

** † Family Catantostomatidae ** † Family

Kittlidiscidae Kittlidiscidae is an extinct family of Middle Triassic gastropods in the superfamily Pleurotomarioidea, named to contain the genus ''Kittlidiscus''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part I, R.C. Moore (ed) Geol Soc of America and Univ. Kansas ...

** † Family Phymatopleuridae ** † Family Polytremariidae ** † Family Portlockiellidae ** † Family Rhaphischismatidae ** † Family Trochotomidae ** † Family Zygitidae *Superfamily †

Porcellioidea Porcellioidea is an extinct superfamily of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda. This superfamily dates back to the Paleozoic. They developed sinistrally (left-handed) or planispirally coiled teleocon ...

** † Family Porcelliidae ** † Family Cirridae ** † Family Discohelicidae ** † Family

Pavlodiscidae Pavlodiscidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Vetigastropoda Vetigastropoda is a major taxonomic group of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that form a very ancient lineage. Taxonomically the Vetigastropoda are sometimes ...

*Superfamily Scissurelloidea **Family

Scissurellidae Scissurellidae, sometimes known by the common name little slit snails, are a taxonomic family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & ...

**Family

Anatomidae Anatomidae is a family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Anatomidae was raised to the rank of subfamily to the rank of family ...

*Superfamily

Seguenzioidea Seguenzioidea is a superfamily of minute to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda.Gofas, S. (2010). Seguenzioidea. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed ...

**Family

Seguenziidae Seguenziidae is a family of very small deepwater sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Seguenzioidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Bouchet, P. (2012). Seguenziidae. Accessed through ...

**Family Chilodontidae ** † Family

Eucyclidae Eucyclidae is a family of gastropods in the superfamily Seguenzioidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies. Genera Genera within the family Eucyclidae include: * '' Amberley ...

** † Family

Laubellidae Laubellidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks that form a ...

*Superfamily Trochoidea **Family

Trochidae The Trochidae, common name top-snails or top-shells, are a family of various sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subclass Vetigastropoda. This family is commonly known as the top-snails because in many species the shell resembles ...

**Family

Calliostomatidae Calliostomatidae is a family of sea snails within the superfamily Trochoidea and the clade Vetigastropoda.Gofas, S. (2013). Calliostomatidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetail ...

** † Family Elasmonematidae ** † Family Eucochlidae ** † Family Microdomatidae ** † Family Proconulidae **Family

Solariellidae Solariellidae is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Gofas, S. (2011). Solariellidae. Accessed through: World Register of ...

** † Family Tychobraheidae ** † Family

Velainellidae Velainellidae is a very small Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochoidea (superfamily), Trochoidea, the top snails, turban snails and their allies. Genera Th ...

*Superfamily

Turbinoidea Turbinoidea was a superfamily of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). But it has become an available name, because it is no lon ...

**Family

Turbinidae Turbinidae, the turban snails, are a family of small to large marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochoidea.Bouchet, P. (2014). Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecie ...

**Family

Liotiidae Liotiidae is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Gofas, S. (2013). Liotiidae Gray, 1850. Accessed through: World Register of ...

**Family

Phasianellidae Phasianellidae common name the "pheasant shells" or "pheasant snails" is a family of small sea snails with calcareous opercula, marine gastropod mollusks in the subclass Vetigastropoda Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomi ...

Clade
Cocculiniformia The Cocculinoidea is a superfamily of deepwater limpets (marine gastropods), the only superfamily in the order Cocculinida , one of the main orders of gastropods according to the taxonomy as set up by ( Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The clade Coccil ...

*Superfamily

Cocculinoidea The Cocculinoidea is a superfamily of deepwater limpets (marine gastropods), the only superfamily in the order Cocculinida , one of the main orders of gastropods according to the taxonomy as set up by ( Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The clade Coccil ...

**Family

Cocculinidae Cocculinidae is a family of sea snails, deep-sea limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamiuly Cocculinoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cocculinidae Dall, 1882. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http:// ...

**Family Bathysciadiidae

Clade
Neritimorpha Neritimorpha is a taxonomic grouping, an unranked major clade of snails, gastropod mollusks. This grouping includes land snails, sea snails, slugs, some deepwater limpets, and also freshwater snails. Neritimorpha contains around 2,000 extant s ...
(= Neritopsina)

Contains the

Palaeozoic The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. The name ''Paleozoic'' ( ;) was coined by the British geologist Adam Sedgwick in 1838 by combining the Greek words ''palaiós'' (, "old") and '' ...

Neritomorpha of uncertain position and the clades Cyrtoneritimorpha and Cycloneritimorpha *Unassigned to superfamily ** † Family

Craspedostomatidae ''Craspedostomatidae'' is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine, gastropod mollusks in the subclass Gastropoda incertae sedis, unassigned in the class Gastropoda . Genera * † '' Brochidium'' Koken, 1889 * '' Bucanospi ...

** † Family Pragoscutulidae *Superfamily Nerrhenoidea ** † Family Nerrhenidae *Superfamily Oriostomatoidea ** † Family Oriostomatidae ** † Family Tubinidae *Superfamily Palaeotrochoidea ** † Family Palaeotrochidae *Superfamily

Platyceratoidea Platyceratidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. This family may belong in the Patellogastropoda or the Neritimorpha. Platyceratids are known for the complex symbiotic relationships they had with crinoids ...

** † Family

Platyceratidae Platyceratidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic sea snails, marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This cl ...

Clade
Cyrtoneritimorpha Cyrtoneritimorpha, also Cyrtoneritida, is a clade of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Neritimorpha Neritimorpha is a taxonomic grouping, an unranked major clade of snails, gastropod mollusks. This grouping ...

** † Family Orthonychiidae ** † Family Vltaviellidae

Clade
Cycloneritimorpha Cycloneritida (nerites and false-limpets) is an order of land snails, freshwater snails, and sea snails.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cycloneritida. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/ap ...

*Superfamily

Helicinoidea Helicinoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of land snails that have an operculum. In other words, they are terrestrial operculate gastropod mollusks. They are in the superfamily Neritoidea and are quite closely related to the marine and freshwa ...

**Family

Helicinidae Helicinidae is a family of small tropical land snails which have an operculum. They are terrestrial operculate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicinoidea. These snails are not at all closely related to the air-breathing land snails, des ...

** † Family

Dawsonellidae ''Dawsonellidae'' is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine, gastropod mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks ...

** † Family

Deaniridae ''Deianiridae'' is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). ...

**Family

Neritiliidae Neritiliidae is a family of submarine cave snails,Kano Y. & Kase T. (2008). "Diversity and distributions of the submarine-cave Neritiliidae in the Indo-Pacific (Gastropoda: Neritimorpha)". ''Organisms Diversity & Evolution'' 8(1): 22-43. marine ...

**Family

Proserpinellidae Proserpinellidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of land snails with an operculum (gastropod), operculum, terrestrial animal, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicinoidea (according to the Taxonomy o ...

**Family

Proserpinidae Proserpinidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small land snails with an operculum (gastropod), operculum, gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicinoidea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Ro ...

*Superfamily

Hydrocenoidea Hydrocenidae is a taxonomic family of minute land snails or cave snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the clade Cycloneritimorpha. Hydrocenidae are widespread across the Palearctis and Africa, but r ...

**Family

Hydrocenidae Hydrocenidae is a taxonomic family of minute land snails or cave snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the clade Cycloneritimorpha. Hydrocenidae are widespread across the Palearctis and Africa, but r ...

*Superfamily Neritoidea **Family

Neritidae Neritidae, common name the nerites, is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized saltwater and freshwater snails which have a gill and a distinctive operculum. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Neritininae Poey, 1852. Accessed through: ...

**Family

Phenacolepadidae Phenacolepadidae is a family (biology), family of small sea snails or false limpets, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Cycloneritimorpha (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), taxonomy of the G ...

** † Family Pileolidae *Superfamily

Neritopsoidea Neritopsoidea is a taxonomic grouping, a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Cycloneritimorpha, within the clade Neritimorpha, (according to Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), or in the order Neritoina within superorder ...

**Family

Neritopsidae Neritopsidae is a family (biology), family of small sea snails and freshwater snails in the clade Cycloneritimorpha (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The ...

** † Family Cortinellidae ** † Family Delphinulopsidae ** † Family

Plagiothyridae ''Plagiothyridae'' is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Neritopsoidea Neritopsoidea is a taxonomic grouping, a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Cyclone ...

** † Family Pseudorthonychiidae **Family

Titiscaniidae ''Titiscania'' is a genus of slug-like sea snails, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Neritopsoidea.Bouchet, P. (2015). Titiscania. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www ...

*Superfamily Symmetrocapuloidea ** † Family Symmetrocapulidae

Clade
Caenogastropoda Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some freshwater snails and some land snails. The clade is the most diverse and ecologically successfu ...

Contains the Caenogastropoda of uncertain systematic position, the informal group Architaenioglossa and the clades Sorbeoconcha and Hypsogastropoda *Caenogastropoda of uncertain systematic position: **Family

Lyocyclidae Lyocyclidae is a taxonomic family of small sea snails, unassigned in the order Caenogastropoda Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some ...

Thiele, 1925 ** † Family

Plicatusidae Plicatusidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but al ...

** † Family

Spanionematidae Spanionematidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Aroun ...

** † Family

Spirostylidae Spirostylidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but a ...

*Superfamily Abyssochrysoidea Tomlin, 1927 **

Acanthonematidae Acanthonematidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sorbeoconcha Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Cae ...

Wenz, 1938 † *Superfamily Acteoninoidea ** † Family Acteoninidae ** † Family Anozygidae ** † Family Soleniscidae *Superfamily Dendropupoidea ** † Family Dendropupidae ** † Family Anthracopupidae *Superfamily

Paleostyloidea Paleostyloidea is an extinct superfamily of fossil sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda. Families Families within the superfamily Paleostyloidea are as follows: * † Family Palaeostylidae * † Fami ...

** † Family

Palaeostylidae Palaeostylidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda. References The Taxonomicon
Prehistoric gastropods {{Paleo-gastropod-stub ...

** † Family

Goniasmatidae Goniasmatidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda. References The Taxonomicon
Prehistoric gastropods Gastropod families {{Paleo-gastropod-stub ...

** † Family Pithodeidae *Superfamily

Peruneloidea Peruneloidea is an extinct superfamily of fossil sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda. Families Families within the superfamily Peruneloidea are as follows: * † Family Perunelidae * † Family Chuc ...

** † Family

Perunelidae Perunelidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda. References The Taxonomicon
Prehistoric gastropods {{Paleo-gastropod-stub ...

** † Family Chuchlinidae ** † Family Imoglobidae ** † Family Sphaerodomidae *Superfamily

Pseudomelanioidea Pseudomelanioidea is an extinct superfamily of fossil sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Caenogastropoda named after the family pseudomelaniidae. Taxonomy * † Family Pseudomelaniidae R. Hoernes, 1884 * † Famil ...

** † Family

Pseudomelaniidae Pseudomelaniidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda. Genera Genera within the family Pseudomelaniidae include: * ''Angulasina'' Gründel, 2012Trajanellidae Trajanellidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda. Genera Genera within the family Trajanellidae include: * '' Trajanella'' Popovici-Hatzeg, 1899, the type genus In biological ...

*Superfamily Subulitoidea ** † Family Subulitidae ** † Family Ischnoptygmatidae *

grade Grade most commonly refers to: * Grade (education), a measurement of a student's performance * Grade, the number of the year a student has reached in a given educational stage * Grade (slope), the steepness of a slope Grade or grading may also ref ...

Zygopleuroid group - see Changes since 2005 ** † Family Zygopleuridae ** Family

Abyssochrysidae Abyssochrysidae is a family (biology), family of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusc, mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouc ...

** † Family Polygyrinidae ** † Family Protorculidae ** Family Provannidae ** † Family Pseudozygopleuridae

Informal group
Architaenioglossa Architaenioglossa is a taxonomic group of snails which have gills and often an operculum. They are primarily land and freshwater gastropod mollusks within the clade Caenogastropoda. This " informal group" has been shown to be polyphyletic in a s ...

*Superfamily

Ampullarioidea Ampullarioidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic superfamily of freshwater snails, Aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the informal group Architaenioglossa, which belongs to the clade Caenogastropoda (unassigned). Families * Ampu ...

**Family

Ampullariidae Ampullariidae, commonly known as the apple snails, is a family of large freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks with a gill and an operculum. These snails simultaneously have a gill and a lung as functional respiratory structures, wh ...

** † Family

Naricopsinidae †Naricopsinidae was an extinct family of fossil operculate gastropod mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,00 ...

*Superfamily

Cyclophoroidea Cyclophoroidea is a superfamily of land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropods within the informal group Architaenioglossa, that belongs to the clade Caenogastropoda.Bouchet, P.; Rosenberg, G.; Gofas, S. (2015). Cyclophoroidea Gray, ...

**Family

Cyclophoridae Cyclophoridae is a taxonomic family of small to large tropical land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the order Architaenioglossa belonging to the subclass Caenogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda ...

**Family

Aciculidae The Aciculidae are a family of minute land snails which have opercula (an operculum is a little door that closes the shell when the animal retracts into it). In other words, Aciculidae are terrestrial operculate gastropods. Even though Aciculid ...

**Family

Craspedopomatidae Craspedopomatidae is a family of very small land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Architaenioglossa belonging to the clade Caenogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropod ...

**Family

Diplommatinidae Diplommatinidae is a family (biology), family of small land snails, also known as staircase snails, with an operculum (gastropod), operculum, Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cyclophoroidea. The Cochlostoma ...

** † Family

Ferussinidae †Ferussinidae is an extinct family of operculate freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusk ...

**Family

Maizaniidae Maizaniidae is a family of minute land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cyclophoroidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies. Genera ...

**Family

Megalomastomatidae Megalomastomatidae is a family (biology), family of tropical land snails with an operculum (gastropod), operculum, Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cyclophoroidea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropod ...

**Family

Neocyclotidae Neocyclotidae is a family of tropical land snails with gills and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Architaenioglossa belonging to the clade Caenogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by B ...

**Family

Pupinidae Pupinidae is a taxonomic family of land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cyclophoroidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase ...

*Superfamily

Viviparoidea Viviparoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the informal group Architaenioglossa, which belongs to the clade Caenogastropoda. The following two families have been recognized in the tax ...

**Family

Viviparidae Viviparidae, sometimes known as the river snails or mystery snails, are a family of large operculate freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks. This family is classified in the informal group Architaenioglossa according to the taxonomy of ...

** † Family

Pliopholygidae Pliopholygidae is an extinct family (biology), family of operculum (gastropod), operculate freshwater snails, Aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the informal group Architaenioglossa. References The Taxonomicon
Prehistoric gas ...

Clade
Sorbeoconcha Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda. The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997. Taxonomy 1 ...

*Not allocated to superfamily ** † Family

** † Family

Canterburyellidae † Canterburyellidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sorbeoconcha Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade ...

** † Family

Prisciphoridae † Prisciphoridae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sorbeoconcha Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade ...

*Superfamily

Cerithioidea The Cerithioidea is a superfamily of marine, brackish water and freshwater gastropod containing more than 200 genera. The Cerithoidea are included unassigned in the subclass Caenogastropoda. The original name of this superfamily was Cerithiacea, ...

**Family

Cerithiidae Cerithiidae, common name the cerithiids or ceriths, is a large family of medium-sized marine gastropods in the clade Sorbeoconcha. Distribution Ceriths are found worldwide on sandy bottoms, reef flats or coral reef rock covered with sand a ...

**Family

Batillariidae Batillariidae, common name batillariids or mudcreepers, are a family of marine, cerithioidean gastropod molluscs in thesuperfamily Cerithioidea. They consist of 14 living species, classified in six to eight genera.Ozawa, T., Köhler, F., Reid, D ...

** † Family

Brachytrematidae Brachytrematidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common an ...

** † Family

Cassiopidae †Cassiopidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superorder Cerithiimorpha The Cerithiimorpha was a suborder of marine gastropods within the Sorbeoconcha. This taxon is no longer valid according to the ...

**Family

Dialidae Dialidae, common name dialids, is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the family Dialidae has no subfamilies. Genera Genus wit ...

**Family

Diastomatidae Diastomatidae is a family (biology), family of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cerithioidea. According to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & R ...

** † Family Eustomatidae ** † Family Ladinulidae ** † Family

Lanascalidae Lanascalidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Lanascalidae used to be in superfamily Cerithioidea of the clade Sorbeoconcha, a ...

** Family

Litiopidae Litiopidae, common name litiopids, is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Litiopidae has no subfamilies. Gen ...

** † Family

Maoraxidae Maoraxidae is an extinct family of snails, gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda. Th ...

**Family

Melanopsidae Melanopsidae, common name melanopsids, is a family of freshwater gastropods in the clade Sorbeoconcha. Species in this family are native to southern and eastern Europe, northern Africa, parts of the Middle East, New Zealand, and freshwater strea ...

** † Family Metacerithiidae **Family Modulidae **Family

Pachychilidae Pachychilidae, common name pachychilids, is a taxonomic family of freshwater snails, gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha.Gofas, S. (2014). Pachychilidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ ...

**Family

Paludomidae Paludomidae, common name paludomids, is a family of freshwater snails, gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha. Distribution The distribution of the Paludomidae includes Asia and Africa. Taxonomy The following three subfamilies have be ...

**Family

Planaxidae Planaxidae, commonly called planaxids or clusterwinks, are a taxonomic family of small and minute sea snails, pantropical marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cerithoidea. They live on rocky shores in the littoral zone of the tropic ...

**Family

Pleuroceridae Pleuroceridae, common name pleurocerids, is a family of small to medium-sized freshwater snails, aquatic gilled gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cerithioidea.These snails have an operculum and typically a robust high-spired shell. Reprodu ...

** † Family Popenellidae **Family

Potamididae ''Potamididae'', common name potamidids (also known as horn snails or mudwhelks) are a family of small to large brackish water snails that live on mud flats, mangroves and similar habitats. They are amphibious gastropod molluscs in the superfami ...

** † Family Procerithiidae - If the genus '' Argyropeza'' is placed in the Procerithiidae, then this family is not all fossil. ** † Family Prostyliferidae ** † Family Propupaspiridae **Family

Scaliolidae Scaliolidae, common name scaliolids,Strong E. E., Colgan D. J., Healy J. M., Lydeard C., Ponder W. F. & Glaubrecht M. (2011). "Phylogeny of the gastropod superfamily Cerithioidea using morphology and molecules". ''Zoological Journal of the Linne ...

**Family Siliquariidae ** † Family Terebrellidae - not a valid name **Family

Thiaridae Thiaridae, common name thiarids or trumpet snails, is a family of tropical freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cerithioidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Thiaridae Gill, 1871 (1823). A ...

**Family

Turritellidae Turritellidae, common name the "tower shells" or "tower snails", is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha. These snails are filter feeders. This method of feeding is s ...

*Superfamily

Campaniloidea The Campaniloidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. The Campaniloidea are unassigned in the clade Caenogastropoda. Taxonomy The following four families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) ...

**Family Campanilidae **Family

Ampullinidae Ampullinidae are a mostly extinct Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of deep-water sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Caenogastropoda.Bouchet, P. (2013). Ampullinidae. Accessed through: World Re ...

**Family

Plesiotrochidae Plesiotrochidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastro ...

** † Family

Trypanaxidae Trypanaxidae is an extinct family (biology), family of fossil sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Campaniloidea. According to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), taxonomy of the Gastropod ...

Clade
Hypsogastropoda Hypsogastropoda is a clade containing marine gastropods within the clade Caenogastropoda. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Hypsogastropoda. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=t ...

Contains the clades Littorinimorpha, Neogastropoda and the informal group Ptenoglossa. *Not allocated to a superfamily ** † Family Coelostylinidae ** † Family Maturifusidae ** † Family Pommerozygiidae ** † Family Settsassiidae

Clade
Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails ( marine species), but also including some freshwater snails ( aquatic species) and land snails (terrestrial species).Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Fr� ...

*Superfamily

Calyptraeoidea The Calyptraeidae are a family of small to medium-sized marine prosobranch gastropods. MolluscaBase. Calyptraeidae Lamarck, 1809. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141 o ...

**Family

Calyptraeidae The Calyptraeidae are a family of small to medium-sized marine prosobranch gastropods. MolluscaBase. Calyptraeidae Lamarck, 1809. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141 o ...

*Superfamily Capuloidea **Family Capulidae *Superfamily

Cingulopsoidea The Cingulopsoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. Families The following three families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005): *Family Cingulopsidae Frette ...

**Family

Cingulopsidae Cingulopsidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species), but also including some freshwater sna ...

**Family

Eatoniellidae Eatoniellidae, commonly known as eatoniellids, are a taxonomic family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cingulopsoidea The Cingulopsoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the cl ...

**Family

Rastodentidae ''Rastodentidae'' is a taxonomic family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species), but also in ...

*Superfamliy

Cypraeoidea Cypraeoidea, the cowries and cowry allies, is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropods included in the clade Littorinimorpha. This superfamily had been called Cypraeacea and was named by Rafinesque in 1815.MolluscaBase (2018). Cypraeoidea ...

**Family

Cypraeidae Cypraeidae, commonly named the cowries ( cowry), is a taxonomic family of small to large sea snails. These are marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cypraeoidea, the cowries and cowry allies. Shell description Cypraeidae have adult shel ...

**Family

Ovulidae Ovulidae, common names the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries, is a family of small to large predatory or parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cypraeoidea, the cowries and the cowry allies. MolluscaBase eds. ...

*Superfamily Ficoidea **Family Ficidae *Superfamily

Littorinoidea Littorinoidea are a superfamily of both sea snails and land snails which have a gill and an operculum, terrestrial and marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha. The terrestrial family within this group, the Pomatiidae, are sometim ...

**Family

Littorinidae The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha, commonly known as periwinkles and found worldwide. Names In English-speaking countries, gastropod molluscs from o ...

** † Family Bohaispiridae **Family

Pickworthiidae Pickworthiidae is a family (biology), family of small sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cerithioidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Pickworthiidae Iredale, 1917. Accessed through: World Register of ...

**Family

Pomatiidae The family Pomatiidae is a taxonomic family of small operculate land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that can be found over the warmer parts of the Old World. In the older literature, this family is designated as Pomatiasidae. This family ...

** † Family Purpurinidae **Family Skeneopsidae ** † Family Tripartellidae **Family

Zerotulidae The Zerotulidae comprise a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Littorinoidea Littorinoidea are a superfamily of both sea snails and land snails which have a gill and an operculum, terrestrial and ma ...

*Superfamily

Naticoidea Naticidae, common name moon snails or necklace shells, is a family of medium to large-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The shells of the species in this family are mostly globular in shape. ...

**Family

Naticidae Naticidae, common name moon snails or necklace shells, is a family (biology), family of medium to large-sized predatory sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The shells of the species in this family a ...

*Superfamily

Pterotracheoidea The Pterotracheoidea is, according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), a taxonomic superfamily of sea snails or sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. They are commonly called heteropods ...

**Family

Pterotracheidae Pterotracheidae is a family of medium-sized to large floating sea snails, pelagic gastropod molluscs. They are in the superfamily Pterotracheoidea along with two other similar pelagic families, the Atlantidae and the Carinariidae. These pelagic ...

**Family

Atlantidae Atlantidae is a family of sea snails, holoplanktonic gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Atlantidae has no subfamilies. Description The Atlantidae is a ...

** † Family

Bellerophinidae Bellerophinidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species), but also including some fre ...

**Family

Carinariidae Carinariidae, known by the common name "heteropods" like their relatives in the Pterotracheoidea, is a taxonomic family of swimming or floating sea snails, pelagic marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. Distribution The snails ...

*Superfamily

Rissooidea Rissooidea, originally named Rissoacea by Gray, 1847, is a taxonomic superfamily of small and minute marine snails, belonging to the clade Littorinimorpha.Gofas, S. (2013). Rissooidea. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at htt ...

**Family

Rissoidae Rissoidae is a large family of very small and minute sea snails with an operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Rissooidea and the order Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting pr ...

**Family

Amnicolidae Amnicolidae is a family of small freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Rissooidea. This family is in the clade Littorinimorpha (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & R ...

**Family Anabathridae **Family

Assimineidae Assimineidae is a family of minute snails, also known as palmleaf snails, with an operculum, gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Rissoidae. Many of these very small snails live in intermediate habitats, being amphibious betwee ...

**Family

Barleeiidae Barleeiidae (often also spelled Barleeidae) is a family of minute sea snails, micromollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha.Gofas S. (1995). A remarkable species richness of the Barleeidae (Gastropoda: Rissoacea) in the Eastern Atlantic. The Nautilu ...

**Family

Bithyniidae Bithyniidae is a family of small freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Bithyniidae Gray, 1857. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Ma ...

**Family

Caecidae Caecidae is a taxonomic family of very small and minute sea snails or micromolluscs, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Littorinimorpha.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2013). Caecidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http ...

**Family

Calopiidae Calopiidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Truncatelloidea Truncatelloidea is a superfamily of snails, gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda.Bouchet, P. (2013). ''Truncatelloidea''. Retrie ...

**Family

Cochliopidae Cochliopidae is a family of small freshwater snails with gills and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks. Paludestrina d'Orbigny, 1840 is an archaic synonym, and has been placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names by ICZN ...

**Family

Elachisinidae Elachisinidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Truncatelloidea and the order Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species) ...

**Family

Emblandidae ''Emblanda emblematica'' is a species of sea snail, a marine aquatic operculate gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails ( marine species), but ...

**Family

Epigridae Epigridae is a family of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Truncatelloidea, and clade Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species) ...

**Family

Falsicingulidae Falsicingulidae is a family of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species), but also including s ...

**Family

Helicostoidae ''Helicostoa'' is a monotypic genus of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the order Littorinimorpha containing the single species ''Helicostoa sinensis''. ''Helicostoa'' is also the only genus in the family Helicostoidae.Strong E ...

**Family

Hydrobiidae Hydrobiidae, commonly known as mud snails, is a large cosmopolitan family of very small freshwater and brackish water snails with an operculum; they are in the order Littorinimorpha. Distribution Hydrobiidae are found in much of the world, ...

**Family

Hydrococcidae Hydrococcidae is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species), but also including some freshwat ...

**Family

Iravadiidae Iravadiidae is a family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Truncatelloidea and the clade Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine sp ...

**Family

Lithoglyphidae Lithoglyphidae is a family of small freshwater snails with gills and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks. This family is in the superfamily Truncatelloidea and in the clade Littorinimorpha (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by ...

** † Family

Mesocochliopidae Mesocochliopidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Rissooidea Rissooidea, originally named Rissoacea by Gray, 1847, is a taxonomic superfamily of small and minute marine snails, belongi ...

**Family

Moitessieriidae Moitessieriidae is a family of small freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Truncatelloidea.Bouchet, P. (2014). Moitessieriidae Bourguignat, 1863. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marine ...

** † Family

Palaeorissoinidae Palaeorissoinidae is an extinct family of fossil snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Rissooidea Rissooidea, originally named Rissoacea by Gray, 1847, is a taxonomic superfamily of small and minute marine snails, belonging to th ...

**Family

Pomatiopsidae Pomatiopsidae is a family of small, mainly freshwater snails, (some also occur in other habitats) that have gills and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Truncatelloidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by ...

**Family

Stenothyridae Stenothyridae is a family of small freshwater snails, snails with gills and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Truncatelloidea. This family has no subfamilies. Distribution There are known about 60 freshwater speci ...

**Family

Tornidae Tornidae is a family of very small and minute sea snails with an operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha. This family used to be known as the Vitrinellidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2014). Tornidae Sacco, 1896 (1884). Acc ...

**Family

Truncatellidae Truncatellidae, common name the "looping snails", is a family of small amphibious snails, with gills and an operculum, semi-marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks. Shell description This family of snails have small shells which lose th ...

*Superfamily

Stromboidea The Stromboidea, originally named the Strombacea by Rafinesque in 1815, is a superfamily of medium-sized to very large sea snails in the clade Littorinimorpha.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Stromboidea Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: ...

**Family

Strombidae Strombidae, commonly known as the true conchs, is a taxonomic family of medium-sized to very large sea snails in the superfamily Stromboidea, and the Epifamily Neostromboidae. The term true conchs, being a common name, does not have an exact mea ...

**Family

Aporrhaidae Aporrhaidae is a family of sea snails commonly called the "pelican's foot snails." The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. ''Classif ...

** † Family Colombellinidae ** † Family Pugnellidae **Family Rostellariidae **Family Seraphsidae **Family

Struthiolariidae Struthiolariidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Stromboidea The Stromboidea, originally named the Strombacea by Rafinesque in 1815, is a superfamily of medium-sized to very large s ...

** † Family Thersiteidae ** † Family Tylostomatidae *Superfamily

Tonnoidea The Tonnoidea are a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Littorinimorpha. This superfamily includes many very large species. Nomenclature Beu (1998, 2008) favours usage of Tonnoidea and Tonnidae rather than Cas ...

**Family

Tonnidae The Tonnidae are a family (biology), family of medium-sized to very large sea snails, known as the tun shells. These are marine invertebrates, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The name ''tun'' refers to the snails' shell sh ...

**Family

Bursidae The Bursidae, common name "frog snails" or "frog shells", are a rather small taxonomic family of large sea snails, marine gastropod predatory snails in the clade Littorinimorpha. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Bursidae Thiele, 1925. A ...

**Family Laubierinidae **Family

Personidae The Personidae are a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species), but also including some freshwater s ...

**Family Pisanianuridae **Family

Ranellidae The Ranellidae, common name the triton shells or tritons, are a taxonomic family of small to very large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the order Littorinimorpha. Subfamilies According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bou ...

**Family

Cassidae The Cassidae are a taxonomic family of medium-sized, large, and sometimes very large sea snails commonly called helmet snails or bonnet snails. These are marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tonnoidea and the clade Littorinimorpha.Gofas, ...

*Superfamily

Vanikoroidea Vanikoroidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The superfamily Eulimoidea is a synonym of Vanikoroidea. Families Families within the superfamily Vanikoroidea include: *Family Eulimidae Phili ...

**Family

Vanikoridae Vanikoridae is a family of minute to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Vanikoroidea. Genera and species Genera within the family Vanikoridae include: * '' Amamiconcha'' Habe, 1961 * '' Berthais'' Melvill, 1 ...

**Family

Haloceratidae Haloceratidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Vanikoroidea Vanikoroidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The superfamily Eulimoidea is a ...

**Family

Hipponicidae ''Hipponicidae'', common name hoof shells or hoof snails, is a family of small sea snails, limpet-like marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Vanikoroidea Vanikoroidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs ...

** † Family Omalaxidae *Superfamily

Velutinoidea Velutinoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. Taxonomy *Family Velutinidae Gray, 1840 **Subfamily Velutininae Gray, 1840 **Subfamily Lamellariinae d’Orbigny, 1841 *Family Trivii ...

**Family

Velutinidae Velutinidae is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.Gofas, S. (2014). Velutinidae Gray, 1840. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetail ...

**Family

Triviidae Triviidae is a taxonomic family of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cypraeoidea of the order Littorinimorpha. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Triviidae Troschel, 1863. Accessed through: World Register of Mari ...

*Superfamily

Vermetoidea The Vermetoidea, the worm snails or worm shells, are a taxonomic superfamily of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Littorinimorpha.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Vermetoidea Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed thr ...

**Family

Vermetidae The Vermetidae, the worm snails or worm shells, are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The shells of species in the family Vermetidae are extremely irregular, and do ...

*Superfamily

Xenophoroidea Xenophoroidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. Taxonomy The following families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005): *family Xenophoridae Xenophoridae, ...

**Family

Xenophoridae Xenophoridae, commonly called carrier shells, is a family of medium-sized to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Xenophor ...

** † Family

Lamelliphoridae Lamelliphoridae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species), but also inclu ...

Informal group
Ptenoglossa The Ptenoglossa is an informal taxonomic group of sea snails. This group was considered paraphyletic or polyphyletic by Ponder and Lindberg (1997) in their classification of gastropod molluscs. The database WoRMS considers this suborder as b ...

*Superfamily

Epitonioidea Epitonioidea is a Taxonomic rank, superfamily of planktonic and ectoparasitic sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs within the informal group Ptenoglossa. This superfamily includes the wentletraps and the purple snails. Taxonomy ...

**Family

Epitoniidae Wentletraps are small, often white, very high-spired, predatory or ectoparasitic sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Epitoniidae.Gofas, S. (2010). Epitoniidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollu ...

**Family

Janthinidae Wentletraps are small, often white, very high-spired, predatory or ectoparasitic sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Epitoniidae.Gofas, S. (2010). Epitoniidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollu ...

**Family

Nystiellidae Nystiellidae is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Epitonioidea which includes the wentletraps, the purple snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2010). Nystiellidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenbe ...

*Superfamily

Eulimoidea Vanikoroidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The superfamily Eulimoidea is a synonym of Vanikoroidea. Families Families within the superfamily Vanikoroidea include: *Family Eulimidae ...

**Family

Eulimidae Eulimidae is a family of very small parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Vanikoroidea. Description These small parasitic snails live on (or in some cases in) the bodies of echinoderms such as sea cucumbers, sea ...

**Family Aclididae *Superfamily

Triphoroidea Triphoroidea is a superfamily of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs within the informal group Ptenoglossa. Taxonomy Families and subfamilies within this superfamily are as follows: * † '' Berendinellidae'' Guzhov, 20 ...

**Family

Triphoridae Triphoridae is a family of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the informal group Ptenoglossa, within the clade Hypsogastropoda. Almost all the species in this family are micromollusks and almost all are left-handed in she ...

**Family

Cerithiopsidae Cerithiopsidae is a family of very small sea snails in the informal group Ptenoglossa. Members of this family are known as cerithiopsids.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cerithiopsidae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853. Accessed through: World R ...

**Family

Newtoniellidae Newtoniellidae is a family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Triphoroidea. Bouchet, P. (2011)Newtoniellidae World Register of Marine Species. marinespecies.org It contains the following subfamilie ...

Clade
Neogastropoda Neogastropoda is an order of sea snails, both freshwater and marine gastropod molluscs. Description The available fossil record of Neogastropoda is relatively complete, and supports a widely accepted evolutionary scenario of an Early Creta ...

*Unassigned to a superfamily ** † Family Johnwyattiidae ** † Family Perissityidae ** † Family Sarganidae ** † Family Speightiidae ** † Family Taiomidae ** † Family Weeksiidae *Superfamily

Buccinoidea Buccinoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of very small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. This superfamily is in the clade Neogastropoda according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). It had been plac ...

**Family

Buccinidae The Buccinidae are a very large and diverse taxonomic family of large sea snails, often known as whelks or true whelks.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Buccinidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. A ...

**Family Colubrariidae **Family

Columbellidae The Columbellidae, the dove snails or dove shells, are a family of minute to small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the order Neogastropoda.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Columbellidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) Wo ...

**Family

Fasciolariidae The Fasciolariidae, common name the "tulip snails and spindle snails", are a family (biology), family of small to large sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Buccinoidea. The family Fasciolariidae probably appe ...

**Family

Nassariidae The Nassariidae, Nassa mud snails (USA), or dog whelks (UK), are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda. "Dog whelk" also refers to ''Nucella lapillus''. Shell description T ...

**Family

Melongenidae The Melongenidae, the crown conchs and their relatives, are a taxonomic family of large to very large marine gastropods in the superfamily Buccinoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Melongenidae Gill, 1871 (1854). Accessed through: Worl ...

*Superfamily

Muricoidea Neogastropoda is an order of sea snails, both freshwater and marine gastropod molluscs. Description The available fossil record of Neogastropoda is relatively complete, and supports a widely accepted evolutionary scenario of an Early Cretac ...

**Family

Muricidae Muricidae is a large and varied taxonomic family of small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, commonly known as murex snails or rock snails. With about 1,600 living species, the Muricidae represent almost 10% of the Neogas ...

**Family

Babyloniidae Babyloniidae is a taxonomic family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks unassigned within the superfamily Neogastropoda. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Babyloniidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971. Accessed through: World R ...

**Family

Costellariidae Costellariidae sometimes called the "ribbed miters" is a taxonomic family of minute to medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. This family of snails is also sometimes referred to as ''Vexillum'' miters. The main family ...

**Family Cystiscidae **Family

Harpidae The Harpidae, known as the harp snails, are the members of a taxonomic family of large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. Subfamilies and genera This family consists of the following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of ...

**Family

Marginellidae Marginellidae, or the margin shells, are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small, often colorful, sea snails, Marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Neogastropoda. Taxonomy The higher classification of ...

**Family

Mitridae Mitridae, known as mitre shells, are a taxonomic family of sea snails, widely distributed marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Mitroidea.MolluscaBase (2018). Mitridae Swainson, 1831. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http: ...

** † Family Pholidotomidae **Family Pleioptygmatidae **Family Strepsiduridae **Family

Turbinellidae Turbinellidae are a family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda. Members of this family are predators. Distribution Species in this family are found worldwide, mostly in tropical shallow waters but some in deep wat ...

**Family

Volutidae ''Volutidae'', common name volutes, are a taxonomic family of predatory sea snails that range in size from 9 mm to over 500 mm. They are marine gastropod mollusks. Most of the species have no operculum. Distribution This family of sea snails ...

**Family

Volutomitridae Volutomitridae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, in the superfamily Turbinelloidea. Distribution The highest diversity of Volutomitridae is found off the coast of New Caledonia. Genera The family Volutomitridae contain ...

*Superfamily

Olivoidea Olivoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of minute to medium-large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the order Neogastropoda.MolluscaBase (2018). Olivoidea Latreille, 1825. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...

**Family

Olividae Olive snails, also known as olive shells and olives, scientific name Olividae, are a taxonomic family of medium to large predatory sea snails with smooth, shiny, elongated oval-shaped shells.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2012). Olividae. Accessed throu ...

**Family

Olivellidae Olivellinae, are a subfamily of small predatory sea snails with smooth, shiny, elongated oval-shaped shells, in the family Olividae. The shells sometimes show muted but attractive colors, and may have some patterning.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). ...

*Superfamily

Pseudolivoidea Olivoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of minute to medium-large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the order Neogastropoda.MolluscaBase (2018). Olivoidea Latreille, 1825. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...

**Family

Pseudolividae Pseudolividae is a taxonomic family of medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Olivoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Pseudolividae de Gregorio, 1880. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ...

**Family

Ptychatractidae Ptychatractidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Turbinelloidea.Kantor, Y. (2014). Ptychatractidae Stimpson, 1865. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies ...

*Superfamily

Conoidea Conoidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the suborder Hypsogastropoda. This superfamily is a very large group of marine mollusks, estimated at about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and considered ...

**Family

Conidae Conidae, with the current common name of "cone snails", is a taxonomic family (previously subfamily) of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Conoidea. The 2014 classification of the superfamily Conoidea, groups onl ...

**Family

Clavatulidae Clavatulidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. The family is not well differentiated morphologically. Clavatulidae was raised, based on cladistic analysis, from subfamily to the family ...

**Family

Drilliidae The Drilliidae are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small predatory sea snails with high-spired shells. They are classified as marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. This family has no s ...

**Family

Pseudomelatomidae Pseudomelatomidae is a family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropods included in the superfamily Conoidea (previously Conacea) and part of the Neogastropoda ( Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). In 1995 Kantor elevated the subfamily Pseudomelatomina ...

**Family Strictispiridae **Family

Terebridae The Terebridae, commonly referred to as auger shells or auger snails, is a group or family of small to large predatory marine gastropods in the superfamily Conoidea.Gofas, S. (2012). Terebridae. World Register of Marine Specie2012-10-12 These ga ...

**Family

Turridae Turridae is a taxonomic family name for a number of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. MolluscaBase (2018). Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Specie ...

*Superfamily

Cancellarioidea Volutoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Volutoidea Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http: ...

**Family

Cancellariidae Cancellariidae, common name the nutmeg snails or nutmeg shells, are a family of small to medium-large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda. Some of the shells of the species in this family resemble a nutmeg seed. Di ...

Clade
Heterobranchia Heterobranchia, the ''heterobranchs'' (meaning "different-gilled snails"), is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks. Heterobranchia is one of the main clades of gastropods. Curr ...

Contains the informal groups Heterobranchia, Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata

Informal group "
Lower Heterobranchia Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved sea slugs and sea snails, ( marine gastropod mollusks) within the subclass Heterobranchia. WoRMS (2020). "Lower Heterobranchia". Accessed ...
" (=
Allogastropoda Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved sea slugs and sea snails, (marine gastropod mollusks) within the subclass Heterobranchia. WoRMS (2020). "Lower Heterobranchia". Accessed at: ...
)

*Unassigned to a superfamily ** Family

Cimidae The Cimidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the infraclass Lower Heterobranchia.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Cimidae Warén, 1993. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.mari ...

** † Family Dolomitellidae ** † Family

Heterosubulitidae †Heterosubulitidae is an extinct Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of sea snails, Marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia. References The Taxonomicon
Heterosubulitidae, ...

** † Family Kuskokwimiidae ** † Family

Misurinellidae The Misurinellidae is an extinct Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of sea snails, Marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia. Genera Genera within the family Misureinellidae include: ...

**Family Orbitestellidae **Family Tjaernoeiidae **Family Xylodisculidae *Superfamily

Acteonoidea Acteonoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks. Taxonomy In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the superfamily Acteonoidea has been included into the informal group "Lower Heterobranchia" (Hete ...

**Family Acteonidae ** † Family

Acteonellidae Acteonellidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Taxonomy * Acteonellinae ** '' Acteonella'' d'Orbigny, 1843 - type genus In ...

**Family

Aplustridae The Aplustridae is a taxonomic family of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acteonoidea. The former name of this family, Hydatinidae (Pilsbry, 1893) has been declared invalid.Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P. (Ed ...

**Family

Bullinidae The Aplustridae is a taxonomic family of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acteonoidea. The former name of this family, Hydatinidae (Pilsbry, 1893) has been declared invalid.Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P. (Ed ...

** † Family

Zardinellidae Zardinellidae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acteonoidea Acteonoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks. Taxonomy In the taxonomy ...

*Superfamily

Architectonicoidea Architectonicoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. ''Classification and nomenclat ...

**Family

Architectonicidae Architectonicidae, common name the staircase shells or sundials, are a family (biology), family of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group "Lower Heterobranchia" (= Allogastropoda) of the clade Heterobranchia. ...

** † Family Amphitomariidae ** † Family Cassianaxidae *Superfamily

Glacidorboidea The Glacidorbidae is a taxonomic family of freshwater snails. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy Glacidorbidae is the only family in the superfamily Glacidorboidea. Glacidorboidea has been classified within the informal group Lower Heterobranchia in the ...

**Family

Glacidorbidae The Glacidorbidae is a taxonomic family of freshwater snails. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy Glacidorbidae is the only family in the superfamily Glacidorboidea. Glacidorboidea has been classified within the informal group Lower Heterobranchia in t ...

*Superfamily

Mathildoidea Mathildoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Mathildoidea Dall, 1889. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.m ...

**Family

Mathildidae Mathildidae is a family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Mathildoidea of the informal group of the Lower Heterobranchia.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2012). Mathildidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marin ...

** † Family Ampezzanildidae ** † Family Anoptychiidae ** † Family Gordenellidae ** † Family Tofanellidae ** † Family Trachoecidae *Superfamily

Nerineoidea †Nerineoidea is a superfamily of extinct sea snails, fossil marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia. Families Families within the superfamily Nerineoidea include: * † Family Nerineidae The Nerineidae is an ext ...

** † Family

Nerineidae The Nerineidae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia. Genera Genera within the family Nerineidae include: * ''Nerinea †''Nerinea'' is an extinct genus of ...

** † Family Ceritellidae ** † Family Nerinellidae *Superfamily

Omalogyroidea Omalogyroidea is a superfamily of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved ...

**Family Omalogyridae ** † Family Studraxidae *Superfamily

Pyramidelloidea Pyramidelloidea is a superfamily of mostly very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks and micromollusks within the clade Panpulmonata. This is a voluminous taxon: above the species level close to 400 named taxa are referred to this gast ...

**Family

Pyramidellidae Pyramidellidae, common name the pyram family, or pyramid shells, is a voluminous taxonomic family of mostly small and minute ectoparasitic sea snails, marine heterobranch gastropod molluscs. The great majority of species of pyrams are micromol ...

**Family

Amathinidae Amathinidae, is a taxonomic family mostly consisting of small and minute sea snails, marine heterobranch gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the superfamily Pyramidelloidea. Together with Pyramidellidae, Ebalidae, Turbonillidae, Odostomid ...

** † Family Heteroneritidae **Family

Murchisonellidae Murchisonellidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Murchisonelloidea.Bouchet, P. (2015). Murchisonellidae Casey, 1904. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www ...

*Superfamily

Ringiculoidea Ringiculidae are a family of minute deep water sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. ''Cla ...

**Family

Ringiculidae Ringiculidae are a family of minute deep water sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. ''Cla ...

*Superfamily Rissoelloidea **Family

Rissoellidae Rissoellidae are a family (biology), family of minute sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia. Rissoellidae is the only family within the superfamily Rissoelloidea in the Taxonomy of the G ...

*Superfamily

Streptacidoidea Streptacidoidea is an extinct superfamily of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved sea s ...

** † Family Streptacididae ** † Family Cassianebalidae *Superfamily

Valvatoidea Valvatoidea is a superfamily of minute freshwater and marine snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Valvatoidea Gray, 1840. Accessed through: World Register of Ma ...

**Family

Valvatidae ''Valvatidae'', the valve snails, is a taxonomic family of very small freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks. Taxonomy The family Valvatidae has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouche ...

**Family Cornirostridae **Family Hyalogyrinidae ** † Family Provalvatidae

Informal group
Opisthobranchia Opisthobranchs () is now an informal name for a large and diverse group of specialized complex gastropods which used to be united in the subclass Opisthobranchia. That taxon is no longer considered to represent a monophyletic grouping. Euopisth ...

Contains the clades Cephalaspidea, Thecosomata, Gymnosomata, Aplysiomorpha, Sacoglossa, Umbraculida, Nudipleura and the groups Acochlidiacea and Cylindrobullida.

Clade
Cephalaspidea The order Cephalaspidea, also known as the headshield slugs and bubble snails, is a major taxon of sea slugs and bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the larger clade Euopisthobranchia.Jörger K. M., Stöger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., ...

*Superfamily

Bulloidea Bulloidea is a superfamily of sea snails, or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks.Bouchet, P. (2010). Bulloidea Gray, 1827. In: MolluscaBase (2016). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia. ...

**Family

Bullidae ''Bulla'' is a genus of medium to large hermaphrodite sea snails, shelled marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs. These herbivorous snails are in the suborder Cephalaspidea, headshield slugs, and the order Opisthobranchia.Gofas, S. (201 ...

*Superfamily Diaphanoidea **Family Diaphanidae **Family Notodiaphanidae *Superfamily

Haminoeoidea Haminoeoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of small sea snails or bubble shells, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails. These cephalaspideans do have distinct anatomical and mo ...

**Family

Haminoeidae Haminoeidae, commonly known as the haminoeid bubble snail family, is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Haminoeoidea. The name of this family has long been controversial, and used to be ...

**Family Bullactidae **Family Smaragdinellidae *Superfamily

Philinoidea Philinoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, specifically headshield slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the order Cephalaspidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Philinoidea Gray, 1850 (1815). Accessed through: World Register of M ...

**Family

Philinidae Philinidae is a family of medium-sized sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. These are headshield slugs, in the order Cephalaspidea.Bouchet, P. (2012). Philinidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www. ...

**Family

Aglajidae Aglajidae is a family of often colorful, medium-sized, sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. These are not nudibranchs; instead they are headshield slugs, in the clade Cephalaspidea.Bouchet, P. (2012). Aglajidae. Accessed through: ...

**Family

Cylichnidae Cylichnidae, common name the "chalice bubble snails" or "canoe bubble snails" is a family of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cylichnoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cylichnidae H. Adams ...

**Family Gastropteridae **Family

Philinoglossidae Philinoglossidae is a family of marine snails, gastropod mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant spe ...

**Family

Plusculidae ''Pluscula'' is a genus of marine snails, gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Philinoidea within the clade Cephalaspidea. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species, ''Pluscula cuica''. Distribution This species occurs off Sao ...

**Family

Retusidae Retusidae is a family of very small sea snails, barrel-bubble snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. These are headshield slugs, in the superfamily Bulloidea.Bouchet, P. (2012). Retusidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spec ...

*Superfamily Runcinoidea **Family Runcinidae **Family Ilbiidae

Clade
Thecosomata Sea butterflies, scientific name Thecosomata (thecosomes, "case / shell-body"), are a taxonomic suborder of small pelagic swimming sea snails. They are holoplanktonic opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. Most Thecosomata have some form of calcified ...

*Superfamily

Cavolinioidea The superfamily Cavolinioidea is the most speciose group of sea butterflies. They belong to the suborder Euthecosomata. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Cavolinioidea Gray, 1850 (1815). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ...

**Family

Cavoliniidae The family Cavoliniidae is a taxonomic group of small floating sea snails, pelagic marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks.Gofas, S. (2011). Cavoliniidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ap ...

**Family

Limacinidae The Limacinidae are a family of small sea snails, pteropods, pelagic marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Thecosomata (sea butterflies).Bouchet, P. (2012). Limacinidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespec ...

** † Family Sphaerocinidae *Superfamily

Cymbulioidea Cymbulioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of pelagic "sea butterflies", one group of swimming sea snails. They are holoplanktonic opisthobranch gastropod molluscs in the clade Thecosomata. Anatomy Some groups within this superfamily possess ...

**Family Cymbuliidae **Family Desmopteridae **Family

Peraclidae Peraclidae is a family of pelagic sea snails or "sea butterflies", marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cymbulioidea. This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This fami ...

Clade
Gymnosomata Sea angels ( clade Gymnosomata) are a large group of small free-swimming sea slugs, not to be confused with Cnidarians (Jellyfish and other similar creatures), classified into six different families. They are pelagic opisthobranchs in the clade ...

*Superfamily

Clionoidea Clionoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, specifically naked (i.e. unshelled) pteropods, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Gymnosomata. They are sometimes called "sea angels" or "naked sea butterflies" along with t ...

**Family

Clionidae The Clionidae are a family of sea angels, which are a group of pelagic marine gastropods. They resemble angels, complete with flapping "wings", hence their common name. They are gelatinous, mostly transparent pteropods, and they only have she ...

**Family

Cliopsidae The Cliopsidae, common name sea angels, are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small, free-swimming sea slugs, pelagic marine (ocean), marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the order (biology), order Opisthobranchia ...

**Family

Notobranchaeidae The Notobranchaeidae, or "naked sea butterflies", are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Family (biology), family of floating sea Slug, slugs, specifically under the subclass Opisthobranchia, Opistobranchia, also called "sea angels". Similar to oth ...

**Family

Pneumodermatidae The Pneumodermatidae are a family of sea angels, or small floating predatory sea snails or sea slugs. They are pelagic marine heterobranch opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Gymnosomata. These small pelagic snails lack shells (excep ...

*Superfamily

Hydromyloidea Hydromyloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, specifically sea angels, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the order Gymnosomata Sea angels (clade Gymnosomata) are a large group of small free-swimming sea slugs, not to be conf ...

**Family

Hydromylidae The ''Hydromylidae'' are monotypic family of small sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the suborder Gymnosomata, the sea angels. ''Hydromyles'' species are pelagic, carnivorous and viviparous. Description The small pelagic sna ...

**Family

Laginiopsidae The Laginiopsidae are a taxonomic family of planktonic, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the suborder Gymnosomata, commonly called the 'sea angels'. These small pelagic snails lack shells (except in their early embryonic stage). Lagi ...

Clade
Aplysiomorpha The clade Anaspidea, commonly known as sea hares (''Aplysia'' species and related genera), are medium-sized to very large opisthobranch gastropod molluscs with a soft internal shell made of protein. These are marine gastropod molluscs in the s ...
(=
Anaspidea The clade Anaspidea, commonly known as sea hares (''Aplysia'' species and related genera), are medium-sized to very large opisthobranch gastropod molluscs with a soft internal shell made of protein. These are marine gastropod molluscs i ...
)

*Superfamily

Aplysioidea Aplysioidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Anaspidea.Gofas, S. (2010). Akeroidea. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://marinespecies.org/aphia. ...

**Family

Aplysiidae Aplysiidae is the only family in the superfamily Aplysioidea, within the clade Anaspidea. These animals are commonly called sea hares because, unlike most sea slugs, they are often quite large, and when they are underwater, their rounded body sh ...

*Superfamily

Akeroidea Akeroidea is a Taxonomic rank, superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusc, mollusks within the clade Anaspidea.Gofas, S. (2010). Akeroidea. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spe ...

**Family Akeridae

Group
Acochlidiacea Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a taxonomic clade of very unusual sea snails and sea and freshwater slugs, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Acochlidia is a variant spelling. Description These ar ...

*Superfamily Acochlidioidea **Family

Acochlidiidae Acochlidiidae are a taxonomic family of shell-less freshwater gastropods (one of them ''Palliohedyle weberi'' lives in brackish water),Schrödl M. & Neusser T. P. (2010). "Towards a phylogeny and evolution of Acochlidia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Op ...

*Superfamily

Hedylopsoidea Hedylopsoidea was defined as a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, mostly marine gastropod mollusks within the informal group Opisthobranchia according to the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005). Schrödl & Neusser (2010)Schrödl M. & Neusser ...

**Family

Hedylopsidae Hedylopsis is a genus of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Acochlidiacea. Taxonomy Hedylopsidae has been classified within the superfamily Hedylopsoidea in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005). Sensu Schrödl & Neusse ...

**Family

Ganitidae Parhedylidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parhedyloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Parhedylidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.m ...

**Family

Livorniellidae Parhedylidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parhedyloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Parhedylidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.m ...

**Family

Minicheviellidae ''Asperspina'' is a genus of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Acochlidiacea. Taxonomy Asperspinidae has been listed as a synonym of Parhedylidae in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005). Sensu Schrödl & Neusser (2010) ...

**Family

Parhedylidae Parhedylidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parhedyloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Parhedylidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.m ...

**Family

Tantulidae ''Tantulum elegans'' is a species of freshwater slug, an aquatic shell-less gastropod mollusk within the clade Acochlidiacea. This species has no shell. The maximum recorded length is 2 mm.Welch J. J. (2010). "The "Island Rule" and Deep-Sea ...

*Superfamily Palliohedyloidea **Family Palliohedylidae *Superfamily Strubellioidea **Family Strubelliidae **Family

Pseudunelidae ''Pseudunela'' is a genus of minute sea slugs, acochlidians, shell-less marine or temporary brackish or brackish gastropod mollusks in the clade Acochlidiacea. ''Pseudunela'' is the only genus in the family Pseudunelidae. ''Pseudunela'' is the t ...

Clade
Sacoglossa Sacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "solar-powered sea slugs", are a superorder of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia. Sacoglossans live by ingesting the cellular ...

Subclade
Oxynoacea Oxynooidea is a superfamily of small sea snails, bubble snails and bivalved gastropods, marine gastropod mollusks within the superorder Sacoglossa. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Oxynooidea Stoliczka, 1868 (1847). Accessed through: World ...

*Superfamily

Oxynooidea Oxynooidea is a superfamily of small sea snails, bubble snails and bivalved gastropods, marine gastropod mollusks within the superorder Sacoglossa. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Oxynooidea Stoliczka, 1868 (1847). Accessed through: Wor ...

**Family

Oxynoidae Oxynoidae is a family of sea snails, bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Oxynooidea, an opisthobranch group. This family has no subfamilies. Genera The following three genera or four are included in the family Oxyno ...

**Family

Juliidae Juliidae, common name the bivalved gastropods, is a family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Oxynooidea, an opisthobranch group. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Juliidae E. A. Smith, 188 ...

**Family

Volvatellidae Volvatellidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Oxynooidea Oxynooidea is a superfamily of small sea snails, bubble snails and bivalved gastropods, marine gastropod mollusks within the super ...

Subclade Placobranchacea

*Superfamily Placobranchoidea **Family

Placobranchidae Plakobranchidae is a family of sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Plakobranchoidea. They superficially resemble nudibranchs but they are sacoglossans, members of the clade Sacoglossa within the Opisthobranchia.G ...

**Family Boselliidae **Family Platyhedylidae *Superfamily

Limapontioidea Limapontioidea are a superseded superfamily of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks within the superorder Sacoglossa. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Plakobranchoidea Gray, 1840. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http ...

**Family

Limapontiidae Limapontiidae is a taxonomic family of small to minute sacoglossan sea slugs. These are marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2011). Limapontiidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marines ...

**Family

Caliphyllidae Caliphyllidae is a taxonomic family of sacoglossan sea slugs. These are marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Sacoglossa. This family has no subfamilies. Genera There are five genera in the family Caliphyllidae: * '' Caliphylla ...

**Family

Hermaeidae Hermaeidae is a taxonomic family of sacoglossan sea slugs. These are marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Plakobranchoidea. This family has no subfamilies. Genera Jensen (1996)Jensen K. R. (1996). "Phylogenetic systemati ...

Group
Cylindrobullida ''Cylindrobulla'' is a genus of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sacoglossa. ''Cylindrobulla'' is the type genus of the family Cylindrobullidae and it is the only genus in the family. Taxonomy The subord ...

*Superfamily

Cylindrobulloidea ''Cylindrobulla'' is a genus of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sacoglossa. ''Cylindrobulla'' is the type genus of the family Cylindrobullidae and it is the only genus in the family. Taxonomy The subord ...

**Family

Cylindrobullidae ''Cylindrobulla'' is a genus of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sacoglossa. ''Cylindrobulla'' is the type genus of the family Cylindrobullidae and it is the only genus in the family. Taxonomy The suborder ...

Clade
Umbraculida Umbraculoidea is a superfamily of unusual false limpets with a thin soft patelliform shell, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Umbraculida, within the clade Euopisthobranchia. There are two families in this superfamily, which is listed as ...

*Superfamily

Umbraculoidea Umbraculoidea is a superfamily of unusual false limpets with a thin soft patelliform shell, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Umbraculida, within the clade Euopisthobranchia. There are two families in this superfamily, which is listed as ...

**Family

Umbraculidae Umbraculidae are a taxonomic family of unusual sea snails or limpets, marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs in the clade Umbraculida. Distribution This family has a global distribution in tropical and subtropical seas. Genera Genera ...

**Family

Tylodinidae Tylodinidae is a family of sea snails or false limpets, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Umbraculoidea. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy The family Tylodinidae consists of the following subfamilies (according to the taxonom ...

Clade
Nudipleura Nudipleura are a clade of sea snails and sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the clade Nudipleura is arranged as follows: *Clade Nu ...

Subclade
Pleurobranchomorpha The Pleurobranchidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Pleurobranchomorpha. Characteristics Species in the family Pleurobranchidae have a prominent mantle and an internal shell that becomes reduced ...

*Superfamily Pleurobranchoidea **Family

Pleurobranchidae The Pleurobranchidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Pleurobranchomorpha. Characteristics Species in the family Pleurobranchidae have a prominent mantle and an internal shell that becomes re ...

Subclade Nudibranchia

Contains the clades Euctinidiacea and Dexiarchia *Unassigned to superfamily **Family Rhodopidae

= Clade
Euctenidiacea The Euctenidiacea, common name dorid nudibranchs, are a taxonomic suborder of sea snails or slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Nudibranchia. Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) rejected the name Anthobranchia on the grounds that it also include ...
(= Holohepatica)

= Contains the subclades Gnathodoridacea and Doridacea

=Subclade Gnathodoridacea

= *Superfamily

Bathydoridoidea ''Bathydorididae'' is a taxonomic family of dorid nudibranch, shell-less marine gastropod mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks ...

**Family

Bathydorididae ''Bathydorididae'' is a taxonomic family of dorid nudibranch, shell-less marine gastropod mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks ...

=Subclade
Doridacea ''Doridacea'' is a taxonomic grouping of dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005''Classification and nomenclator of gastropod famili ...

= *Superfamily

Doridoidea Doridoidea, commonly known as dorid nudibranchs (and previously known as the taxon Cryptobranchia), are a taxonomic superfamily of medium to large, shell-less sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Doridacea, included in the clade Nu ...

**Family

Dorididae Sea lemon is a loosely applied common name for a group of medium-sized to large shell-less colorful sea slugs or nudibranchs, specifically dorid nudibranchs in the taxonomic family Dorididae and other closely related families. These are marine g ...

**Family

Actinocyclidae Actinocyclidae is a family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Doridoidea. This family is within the clade Euctenidiacea. Taxonomy Genera within the family Actinocyclidae include: * ''Actinocyclus'' E ...

**Family

Chromodorididae Chromodorididae, or chromodorids, are a taxonomic family of colourful, sea slugs; dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Doridoidea. “Chromodorid nudibranchs are among the most gorgeously coloured of all animals.” ...

**Family

Discodorididae Discodorididae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Doridoidea.Bouchet, P. (2011). Discodorididae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marine ...

*Superfamily

Phyllidioidea Phyllidioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of colorful sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks. Taxonomy *Family Phyllidiidae Rafinesque, 1814 *Family Dendrodorididae O'Donoghue, 1924 *Family Mandeliidae Mandela's nudibranch, '' ...

**Family

Phyllidiidae Phyllidiidae is a family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Phyllidioidea. This family is within the clade Doridacea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Distributi ...

**Family

Dendrodorididae Dendrodorididae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the Superfamily Phyllidioidea. Genera A maximum-parsimony analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 16S mtDNA gene In biology, th ...

**Family

Mandeliidae Mandela's nudibranch, ''Mandelia mirocornata'', is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch. It is a marine gastropod mollusc, the only member of the genus ''Mandelia'' and the family Mandeliidae. The genus and family name honor Nelson Mandela, ...

*Superfamily

Onchidoridoidea Onchidoridoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs. Families Families within the superfamily Onchidoridoidea are as follows:Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015)Onchidoridoidea Gray, 1827.In: MolluscaBa ...

**Family

Onchidorididae Onchidorididae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Onchidoridoidea.Thompson, T. E., & Brown, G.H., 1984Biology of opisthobranch Molluscs.Vol. 2. Ray Society; London. 1-229, p.49 G ...

**Family Corambidae **Family Goniodorididae *Superfamily

Polyceroidea Polyceroidea is a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Doridacea. Families Families within the superfamily Polyceroidea include: *Family Aegiridae - In Bouchet & Rocroi (2005 ...

(= Phanerobranchiata Non Suctoria) **Family

Polyceridae The Polyceridae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Polyceroidea. Taxonomy The family Polyceridae is classified within the clade Doridacea, itself belonging to the clade Euct ...

**Family Aegiretidae - Aegiretidae is incorrect subsequent spelling of this family in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005). Correct is

Aegiridae Aegiridae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Polyceroidea.Bouchet, P. (2015)Aegiridae Odhner, 1941.In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2015-12-14 ...

. **Family

Gymnodorididae The Polyceridae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Polyceroidea. Taxonomy The family Polyceridae is classified within the clade Doridacea, itself belonging to the clade Euct ...

**Family Hexabranchidae **Family

Okadaiidae Okadaiidae is a family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Polyceroidea. This family is within the clade Euctenidiacea. This family has no subfamilies. Genera * ''Vayssierea'' (Risbec, 1928) ** ''Vays ...

= Clade
Dexiarchia The Dexiarchia are a suborder of sea slugs, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs in the order Nudibranchia. This classification is based on the study by Schrödl ''et al.,'' published in 2001, who recognized within this clade two clades Pseudoeu ...
(= Actenidiacea)

= Contains the clades Pseudoeuctenidiacea and Cladobranchia

= Clade
Pseudoeuctenidiacea Doridoxidae, commonly known as doridoxid nudibranchs, are a small, enigmatic taxonomic family of shell-less sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Cladobranchia within the clade Nudibranchia. Doridoxidae is currently the only family ...
( = Doridoxida)

= *Superfamily Doridoxoidea **Family Doridoxidae

= Clade
Cladobranchia The Cladobranchia are a taxonomic clade of nudibranchs, sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Dexiarchia. Taxonomy clade Metarminida * Superfamily Metarminoidea This name is not available as a Superfamily name as it is not based on ...
( = Cladohepatica)

= Contains the subclades Euarminida, Dendronotida and Aeolidida *Not assigned to a superfamily **Family

Charcotiidae Curnonidae is a small family of sea slugs, nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs, in the clade Euthyneura. Description The Curnonidae are a small family of nudibranchs with representatives in the Southern Ocean including South Af ...

**Family

Dironidae Dironidae is a family of nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs, in the clade Euthyneura Euthyneura is a taxonomic infraclass of snails and slugs, which includes species exclusively from marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks ...

**Family

Dotidae Dotidae are a taxonomic family of small sea slugs, nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs formerly assigned to the order Opisthobranchia, but now considered to belong to the clade Dexiarchia. This family has also been spelled in the ...

**Family Embletoniidae **Family

Goniaeolididae ''Goniaeolis'' is a monotypic genus of sea slug, a nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Goniaeolididae containing the single species ''Goniaeolis typica''.Gofas, S. (2014).''Goniaeolis typica'' Sars M., 1861.Accessed through: Worl ...

**Family

Heroidae Heroidae is a family (biology), family of sea slugs, nudibranchs, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Nudipleura. There are no subfamilies in Heroidae. The only genus in the family is ''Hero (gastropod), Hero'' and it has two ...

**Family

Madrellidae Madrellidae is a family of nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs, in the clade Nudipleura Nudipleura are a clade of sea snails and sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy In the ...

**Family

Pinufiidae Pinufiidae is a family of sea slugs, specifically nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs, in the clade Nudipleura Nudipleura are a clade of sea snails and sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Taxonomy ...

**Family

Proctonotidae Proctonotidae is a family of sea slugs, nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs, in the clade Euthyneura Euthyneura is a taxonomic infraclass of snails and slugs, which includes species exclusively from marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastro ...

=Subclade
Euarminida Arminoidea is a superfamily of small sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Nudibranchia. Arminoidea is the only superfamily in the clade Euarminida. Families A study, published in 2000, has demonstrated that Arminoidea is parap ...

= *Superfamily

Arminoidea Arminoidea is a superfamily of small sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Nudibranchia. Arminoidea is the only superfamily in the clade Euarminida. Families A study, published in 2000, has demonstrated that Arminoidea is paraphyle ...

**Family

Arminidae Arminidae is a family of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arminoidea. Taxonomy The family Arminidae is classified within the clade Cladobranchia, itself belonging to the clade Nudibranchia (according to the taxonomy of ...

**Family

Doridomorphidae Doridomorphidae is a taxonomic family of colorful sea slugs or nudibranchs. They are marine gastropod molluscs. Genera Genera and species within the family Doridomorphidae include: *'' Doridoeides'' **'' Doridoeides gardineri'' Eliot & Evans, 1 ...

=Subclade
Dendronotida Dendronotoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of small colorful sea slugs or nudibranchs, aeolid nudibranchs. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Dendronotoidea Allman, 1845. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.mar ...

= *Superfamily

Tritonioidea Tritoniidae is a taxonomic family of nudibranchs in the suborder Cladobranchia, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs.MolluscaBase (2018)Tritoniidae Lamarck, 1809.Accessed on 2021-01-01 This family includes some of the largest known nudibranchs, w ...

**Family

Tritoniidae Tritoniidae is a taxonomic family of nudibranchs in the suborder Cladobranchia, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs.MolluscaBase (2018)Tritoniidae Lamarck, 1809.Accessed on 2021-01-01 This family includes some of the largest known nudibranchs, ...

**Family

Aranucidae Tritoniidae is a taxonomic family of nudibranchs in the suborder Cladobranchia, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs.MolluscaBase (2018)Tritoniidae Lamarck, 1809.Accessed on 2021-01-01 This family includes some of the largest known nudibranchs, w ...

**Family

Bornellidae ''Bornellidae'' is a family of nudibranch sea slug - marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Tritonioidea. This family is within the clade Cladobranchia (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Description ...

**Family

Dendronotidae Dendronotidae is a family of sea slugs, nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Dendronotoidea. This family is within the clade Cladobranchia (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Descripti ...

**Family

Hancockiidae Hancockiidae is a family of sea slugs, nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tritonioidea. This family is within the clade Cladobranchia (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Taxonomy Th ...

**Family

Lomanotidae ''Lomanotidae'' is a family of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tritonioidea. The family Lomanotidae has no subfamilies. Genera Genera within the family Lomanotidae include: * ''Lomanotus ''Lomanotus'' is a genus of ...

**Family

Phylliroidae The Phylliroidae are a family of nudibranch sea snails, highly adapted to a pelagic lifestyle and occurring in tropical surface waters around the globe. The two species of the genus ''Phylliroe'' and ''Cephalopyge trematoides ''Cephalopyge tr ...

**Family

Scyllaeidae Scyllaeidae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Dendronotoidea.Bouchet, P. (2012). Scyllaeidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia ...

**Family

Tethydidae Tethydidae is a family of dendronotid nudibranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tritonioidea.Picton, B.; Bouchet, P. (2017). Tethydidae Rafinesque, 1815. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http ...

=Subclade
Aeolidida The Aeolidida is a taxonomic clade of sea slugs, specifically aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Cladobranchia. They are distinguished from other nudibranchs by their possession of cerata containing cnidosacs. Taxonomy * ...

= *Superfamily

Flabellinoidea Fionoidea is a superfamily of small sea slugs, aeolid nudibranchs. They are gastropod mollusks within the infraorder Cladobranchia. The families within Fionoidea were shown to be monophyletic on DNA evidence and a re-interpretation of family char ...

( = Pleuroprocta) **Family

Flabellinidae Flabellinidae is a taxonomic family of brightly coloured sea slugs, specifically nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks. This family has no subfamilies. Genera and species Genera within the family Flabellinidae include:Bouchet, P. (2011)Flabell ...

**Family

Notaeolidiidae Notaeolidiidae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, specifically aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or ...

*Superfamily

Fionoidea Fionoidea is a superfamily of small sea slugs, aeolid nudibranchs. They are gastropod mollusks within the infraorder Cladobranchia. The families within Fionoidea were shown to be monophyletic on DNA evidence and a re-interpretation of family char ...

**Family

Fionidae Fionidae is a family of sea slugs, aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Fionoidea. Taxonomic history This family was expanded to include Tergipedidae, Eubranchidae and Calmidae as a result of a molecular phylogenetics ...

**Family

Calmidae Calmidae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs with only one genus and two species. These are specifically aeolid nudibranchs. They are marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Fionoidea. This family has no subfamilies. Taxonomic history ...

**Family

Eubranchidae Eubranchidae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Aeolidioidea, the aeolid nudibranchs.Caballer, M.; Bouchet, P. (2015)Eubranchidae.In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Sp ...

**Family Pseudovermidae **Family

Tergipedidae Tergipedidae is a family of sea slugs, aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Fionoidea (according to the of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Taxonomic history The bratos in this family were moved to the fam ...

*Superfamily

Aeolidioidea Aeolidioidea is a superfamily of sea slugs, the aeolid nudibranchs. They are marine gastropod molluscs in the suborder Cladobranchia. Taxonomy As of 2019, the superfamily Aeolidioidea consisted of the following families: * Aeolidiidae Gray, 18 ...

**Family

Aeolidiidae Aeolidiidae, a family of aeolid nudibranchs, are a family of sea slugs, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs.Bouchet, P. (2014)''Aeolidiidae'' Gray, 1827.Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2014-10-24 Most, or perhaps all, mem ...

**Family

Facelinidae The Facelinidae are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of colorful sea slugs. These are specifically aeolid nudibranchs. They are marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs.Bouchet, P. (2012). Facelinidae. Accessed through: W ...

**Family

Glaucidae ''Glaucus'' is a genus of small blue pelagic sea slugs. They are aeolid nudibranchs,Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2013)''Glaucus'' Forster, 1777.Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-07-17 ranging in size from . They feed on colon ...

**Family

Piseinotecidae Piseinotecidae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, specifically aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Aeolidioidea.Bouchet, P. (2014). Piseinotecidae Edmunds, 1970. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ...

Informal Group
Pulmonata Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includ ...

Contains the informal group Basommatophora and the clade Eupulmonata

Informal Group
Basommatophora Basommatophora was a term that was previously used as a taxonomic informal group, a group of snails within the informal group Pulmonata, the air-breathing slugs and snails. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), w ...

Contains the clade Hygrophila *Superfamily

Amphiboloidea Amphiboloidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails. Distribution Amphibolids are found in Indo-Pacific intertidal mangrove, saltmarsh and estuarine mudflat habitats. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy According ...

**Family

Amphibolidae Amphibolidae is a family of air-breathing snails with opercula, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This family of pulmonate gastropods, for breathe air, but also have opercula and at least some species go through a free-swimming velig ...

*Superfamily

Siphonarioidea Siphonarioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Panpulmonata. Distribution The Siphonarioidea are broadly distributed across the globe, however they are known to be ...

**Family

Siphonariidae Siphonariidae, also known as false limpets, are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing sea snails, marine and brackish water pulmonate gastropod molluscs. __TOC__ Shell description Empty siphonariid limpet shells can b ...

** † Family

Acroreiidae † Acroreiidae is an extinct family of air-breathing snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Siphonariidae. The living siphonariids are all marine pulmonates, false sea limpets that breathe air. Taxonomy The family Acroreiidae ...

= Clade Hygrophila

= *Superfamily

Chilinoidea Chilinoidea is a family (biology), superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Hygrophila (Gastropoda), Hygrophila. References

Panpulmonata {{Pulmonata-stub ...

**Family

Chilinidae ''Chilina'' is a genus of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Chilinoidea. ''Chilina'' is the only genus in the family Chilinidae. Distribution Chilinidae occupies the temperate and c ...

**Family

Latiidae ''Latia'' is a genus of very small, air-breathing freshwater snails or limpets, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Chilinoidea. ''Latia'' is the only genus in the family Latiidae. Species in this genus are the only ...

*Superfamily Acroloxoidea **Family

Acroloxidae Acroloxidae, commonly known as river limpets, are a taxonomic family of very small, freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod limpet-like mollusks with a simple flattened conical shell in the clade Hygrophila. Acroloxidae is the only fam ...

*Superfamily

Lymnaeoidea Lymnaeoidea, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic superfamily of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the superorder Hygrophila.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Lymna ...

**Family

Lymnaeidae Lymnaeidae, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila. Lymnaeidae is the only family within the superfamily ...

*Superfamily

Planorboidea Planorboidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks. All of the gastropods in this superfamily are sinistral in shell coiling. The monophyly of Planorboidea was confirmed by Albrecht et al. (2 ...

**Family

Planorbidae Planorbidae, common name the ramshorn snails or ram's horn snails, is a family of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs. Unlike most molluscs, the blood of ram's horn snails contains iron-based hemoglobin ins ...

**Family

Physidae Physidae, common name the bladder snails, is a monophyletic taxonomic family of small air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Lymnaeoidea .MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Physidae Fitzin ...

Clade
Eupulmonata Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions. Linnean taxonomy *Suborder Eupulmonat ...

Contains the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora *Superfamily Trimusculoidea **Family

Trimusculidae ''Trimusculus'' is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Trimusculidae. ''Trimusculus'' is the only genus in the family Trimusculidae. Trimusculidae, the button s ...

*Superfamily

Otinoidea Otinoidea is a superfamily of very small, air-breathing sea snails and sea slugs, marine pulmonate gastropod mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known ...

**Family Otinidae **Family

Smeagolidae ''Smeagol'' is a genus of small air-breathing sea slugs of the upper intertidal zone.Marshall, B.; Rosenberg, G. (2016). Smeagol Climo, 1980. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecie ...

*Superfamily

Ellobioidea Ellobiidae, common name the hollow-shelled snails, is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata.Bouchet, P. (2012). Ellobiidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Sp ...

**Family

Ellobiidae Ellobiidae, common name the hollow-shelled snails, is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata.Bouchet, P. (2012). Ellobiidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Speci ...

= Clade
Systellommatophora The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). They are marine and terrestrial pulmonate gastropods within the Heterobranchi ...
(= Gymnomorpha)

= *Superfamily Onchidioidea **Family

Onchidiidae Onchidiidae are a family of small, air-breathing sea (and land) slugs. They are shell-less marine (except for 2 species)preview pulmonate gastropod molluscs. Onchidiidae is the only family within the superfamily Onchidioidea. These animals are ...

*Superfamily

Veronicelloidea Veronicelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the clade Systellommatophora. Taxonomy The following two families were recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (20 ...

**Family

Veronicellidae The Veronicellidae, also known by their common name the leatherleaf slugs, are a family of pulmonate terrestrial slugs. The herbivorous molluscs occur mainly in the tropical and subtropical areas of America, Asia and Africa. They act as intermed ...

**Family

Rathouisiidae Rathouisiidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Veronicelloidea, the leatherleaf slugs and their allies. This family has no subfamilies according to the ''Taxonomy of ...

= Clade
Stylommatophora Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification ...

= Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra

= Subclade
Elasmognatha Elasmognatha is a taxonomic grouping, a clade, of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. A number of species in this taxonomic group are endangered. Taxonomy In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bo ...

= *Superfamily

Succineoidea Succineoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succineoidea Beck, 1837. Accessed through: World Register of Marine ...

**Family

Succineidae Succineidae are a family of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails (and slugs), terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Succineoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succineidae Beck, 1837. Accessed thr ...

*Superfamily

Athoracophoroidea Athoracophoridae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a family (biology), family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora, the stalk-eyed snails and slugs. Ma ...

**Family

Athoracophoridae Athoracophoridae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora, the stalk-eyed snails and slugs. Many of the species have an attractive pat ...

= Subclade
Orthurethra Orthurethra is a clade of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subcla ...

= *Superfamily

Partuloidea Pupilloidea is a Taxonomic rank, superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusc, mollusks in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei'' . Taxonomy This superfamily contains the following fa ...

**Family Partulidae **Family Draparnaudiidae *Superfamily Achatinelloidea **Family Achatinellidae *Superfamily Cochlicopoidea **Family Cochlicopidae **Family Amastridae *Superfamily Pupilloidea **Family Pupillidae **Family Argnidae **Family Chondrinidae ** † Family Cylindrellinidae **Family Lauriidae **Family Orculidae **Family Pleurodiscidae **Family Pyramidulidae **Family Spelaeoconchidae **Family Spelaeodiscidae **Family Strobilopsidae **Family Valloniidae **Family Vertiginidae *Superfamily Enoidea **Family Enidae **Family Cerastidae

= Informal Group
Sigmurethra Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs. The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a ...

= *Superfamily Clausilioidea **Family Clausiliidae ** † Family Anadromidae ** † Family Filholiidae ** † Family Palaeostoidae *Superfamily Orthalicoidea **Family Orthalicidae **Family Cerionidae **Family Coelociontidae ** † Family Grangerellidae **Family Megaspiridae **Family Placostylidae **Family Urocoptidae *Superfamily Achatinoidea **Family Achatinidae **Family Ferussaciidae **Family Micractaeonidae **Family Subulinidae *Superfamily Aillyoidea **Family Aillyidae *Superfamily Testacelloidea **Family Testacellidae **Family Oleacinidae **Family Spiraxidae *Superfamily Papillodermatoidea **Family Papillodermatidae *Superfamily Streptaxoidea **Family Streptaxidae *Superfamily Rhytidoidea **Family Rhytididae **Family Chlamydephoridae **Family Haplotrematidae **Family Scolodontidae *Superfamily Acavoidea **Family Acavidae **Family Caryodidae **Family Dorcasiidae **Family Macrocyclidae **Family Megomphicidae **Family Strophocheilidae *Superfamily Plectopyloidea **Family Plectopylidae **Family Corillidae **Family Sculptariidae *Superfamily Punctoidea **Family Punctidae ** † Family Anastomopsidae **Family Charopidae **Family Cystopeltidae **Family Discidae **Family Endodontidae **Family Helicodiscidae **Family Oreohelicidae **Family Thyrophorellidae *Superfamily Sagdoidea **Family Sagdidae

= limacoid clade

= *Superfamily Staffordioidea **Family Staffordiidae *Superfamily Dyakioidea **Family Dyakiidae *Superfamily Gastrodontoidea **Family Gastrodontidae **Family Chronidae **Family Euconulidae **Family Oxychilidae **Family Pristilomatidae **Family Trochomorphidae **Fossil taxa that probably belong to the superfamily Gastrodontoidea: ***Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae ***Subfamily † Grandipatulinae ***Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae *Superfamily Parmacelloidea **Family Parmacellidae **Family Milacidae **Family Trigonochlamydidae *Superfamily Zonitoidea **Family Zonitidae *Superfamily Helicarionoidea **Family Helicarionidae **Family Ariophantidae **Family Urocyclidae *Superfamily Limacoidea **Family Limacidae **Family Agriolimacidae **Family Boettgerillidae **Family Vitrinidae

=Informal group Sigmurethra continued

= Two other superfamilies are part of the clade Sigmurethra, but they are ''not'' in the limacoid clade: *Superfamily Arionoidea **Family Arionidae **Family Anadenidae **Family Ariolimacidae **Family Binneyidae **Family Oopeltidae **Family Philomycidae *Superfamily Helicoidea **Family Helicidae **Family Bradybaenidae **Family Camaenidae **Family Cepolidae (gastropods), Cepolidae **Family Cochlicellidae **Family Elonidae **Family Epiphragmophoridae **Family Halolimnohelicidae **Family Helicodontidae **Family Helminthoglyptidae **Family Humboldtianidae **Family Hygromiidae **Family Monadeniidae **Family Pleurodontidae **Family Polygyridae **Family Sphincterochilidae **Family Thysanophoridae **Family Trissexodontidae **Family Xanthonychidae

References

External links

Full text of ''Malacologia'' vol. 47 (1-2)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet and Rocroi, 2005) Gastropod taxonomy Systems of animal taxonomy Malacological literature

Context

Main clades, groups and informal groups

Taxonomy

Paleozoic The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. The name ''Paleozoic'' ( ;) was coined by the British geologist Adam Sedgwick in 1838 by combining the Greek words ''palaiós'' (, "old") and ' ... molluscs of uncertain systematic position

Uncertain position (Gastropoda or Monoplacophora Monoplacophora , meaning "bearing one plate", is a polyphyletic superclass of molluscs with a cap-like shell inhabiting deep sea environments . Extant representatives were not recognized as such until 1952; previously they were known only from ...)

With isostrophically coiled shells of uncertain position (Gastropoda or Monoplacophora)

With anisostrophically coiled shells of uncertain position (Gastropoda?)

Basal taxa that are certainly Gastropoda

Clade Patellogastropoda The Patellogastropoda, common name true limpet Limpets are a group of aquatic snails that exhibit a conical shell shape (patelliform) and a strong, muscular foot. Limpets are members of the class Gastropoda, but are polyphyletic, meaning th ...

Clade Vetigastropoda Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks that form a very ancient lineage (evolution), lineage. Taxonomically the Vetigastropoda are sometimes treated as an O ...

Clade Cocculiniformia The Cocculinoidea is a superfamily of deepwater limpets (marine gastropods), the only superfamily in the order Cocculinida , one of the main orders of gastropods according to the taxonomy as set up by ( Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The clade Coccil ...

Clade Neritimorpha Neritimorpha is a taxonomic grouping, an unranked major clade of snails, gastropod mollusks. This grouping includes land snails, sea snails, slugs, some deepwater limpets, and also freshwater snails. Neritimorpha contains around 2,000 extant s ... (= Neritopsina)

Clade Cyrtoneritimorpha Cyrtoneritimorpha, also Cyrtoneritida, is a clade of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Neritimorpha Neritimorpha is a taxonomic grouping, an unranked major clade of snails, gastropod mollusks. This grouping ...

Clade Cycloneritimorpha Cycloneritida (nerites and false-limpets) is an order of land snails, freshwater snails, and sea snails.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cycloneritida. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/ap ...

Clade Caenogastropoda Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some freshwater snails and some land snails. The clade is the most diverse and ecologically successfu ...

Informal group Architaenioglossa Architaenioglossa is a taxonomic group of snails which have gills and often an operculum. They are primarily land and freshwater gastropod mollusks within the clade Caenogastropoda. This " informal group" has been shown to be polyphyletic in a s ...

Clade Sorbeoconcha Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda. The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997. Taxonomy 1 ...

Clade Hypsogastropoda Hypsogastropoda is a clade containing marine gastropods within the clade Caenogastropoda. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Hypsogastropoda. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=t ...

Clade Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails ( marine species), but also including some freshwater snails ( aquatic species) and land snails (terrestrial species).Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Fr� ...

Informal group Ptenoglossa The Ptenoglossa is an informal taxonomic group of sea snails. This group was considered paraphyletic or polyphyletic by Ponder and Lindberg (1997) in their classification of gastropod molluscs. The database WoRMS considers this suborder as b ...

Clade Neogastropoda Neogastropoda is an order of sea snails, both freshwater and marine gastropod molluscs. Description The available fossil record of Neogastropoda is relatively complete, and supports a widely accepted evolutionary scenario of an Early Creta ...

Clade Heterobranchia Heterobranchia, the ''heterobranchs'' (meaning "different-gilled snails"), is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks. Heterobranchia is one of the main clades of gastropods. Curr ...

Informal group Opisthobranchia Opisthobranchs () is now an informal name for a large and diverse group of specialized complex gastropods which used to be united in the subclass Opisthobranchia. That taxon is no longer considered to represent a monophyletic grouping. Euopisth ...

Clade Cephalaspidea The order Cephalaspidea, also known as the headshield slugs and bubble snails, is a major taxon of sea slugs and bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the larger clade Euopisthobranchia.Jörger K. M., Stöger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., ...

Clade Thecosomata Sea butterflies, scientific name Thecosomata (thecosomes, "case / shell-body"), are a taxonomic suborder of small pelagic swimming sea snails. They are holoplanktonic opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. Most Thecosomata have some form of calcified ...

Clade Gymnosomata Sea angels ( clade Gymnosomata) are a large group of small free-swimming sea slugs, not to be confused with Cnidarians (Jellyfish and other similar creatures), classified into six different families. They are pelagic opisthobranchs in the clade ...

Group Acochlidiacea Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a taxonomic clade of very unusual sea snails and sea and freshwater slugs, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Acochlidia is a variant spelling. Description These ar ...

Clade Sacoglossa Sacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "solar-powered sea slugs", are a superorder of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia. Sacoglossans live by ingesting the cellular ...

Subclade Oxynoacea Oxynooidea is a superfamily of small sea snails, bubble snails and bivalved gastropods, marine gastropod mollusks within the superorder Sacoglossa. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Oxynooidea Stoliczka, 1868 (1847). Accessed through: World ...

Subclade Placobranchacea

Group Cylindrobullida ''Cylindrobulla'' is a genus of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sacoglossa. ''Cylindrobulla'' is the type genus of the family Cylindrobullidae and it is the only genus in the family. Taxonomy The subord ...

Clade Umbraculida Umbraculoidea is a superfamily of unusual false limpets with a thin soft patelliform shell, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Umbraculida, within the clade Euopisthobranchia. There are two families in this superfamily, which is listed as ...

Clade Nudipleura Nudipleura are a clade of sea snails and sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the clade Nudipleura is arranged as follows: *Clade Nu ...

Subclade Pleurobranchomorpha The Pleurobranchidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Pleurobranchomorpha. Characteristics Species in the family Pleurobranchidae have a prominent mantle and an internal shell that becomes reduced ...

Subclade Nudibranchia

= Clade Euctenidiacea The Euctenidiacea, common name dorid nudibranchs, are a taxonomic suborder of sea snails or slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Nudibranchia. Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) rejected the name Anthobranchia on the grounds that it also include ... (= Holohepatica)

=Subclade Gnathodoridacea

=Subclade Doridacea ''Doridacea'' is a taxonomic grouping of dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005''Classification and nomenclator of gastropod famili ...

= Clade Dexiarchia The Dexiarchia are a suborder of sea slugs, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs in the order Nudibranchia. This classification is based on the study by Schrödl ''et al.,'' published in 2001, who recognized within this clade two clades Pseudoeu ... (= Actenidiacea)

= Clade Pseudoeuctenidiacea Doridoxidae, commonly known as doridoxid nudibranchs, are a small, enigmatic taxonomic family of shell-less sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Cladobranchia within the clade Nudibranchia. Doridoxidae is currently the only family ... ( = Doridoxida)

= Clade Cladobranchia The Cladobranchia are a taxonomic clade of nudibranchs, sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Dexiarchia. Taxonomy clade Metarminida * Superfamily Metarminoidea This name is not available as a Superfamily name as it is not based on ... ( = Cladohepatica)

=Subclade Euarminida Arminoidea is a superfamily of small sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Nudibranchia. Arminoidea is the only superfamily in the clade Euarminida. Families A study, published in 2000, has demonstrated that Arminoidea is parap ...

=Subclade Dendronotida Dendronotoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of small colorful sea slugs or nudibranchs, aeolid nudibranchs. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Dendronotoidea Allman, 1845. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.mar ...

=Subclade Aeolidida The Aeolidida is a taxonomic clade of sea slugs, specifically aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Cladobranchia. They are distinguished from other nudibranchs by their possession of cerata containing cnidosacs. Taxonomy * ...

Informal Group Pulmonata Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includ ...

Informal Group Basommatophora Basommatophora was a term that was previously used as a taxonomic informal group, a group of snails within the informal group Pulmonata, the air-breathing slugs and snails. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), w ...

= Clade Hygrophila

Clade Eupulmonata Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions. Linnean taxonomy *Suborder Eupulmonat ...

= Clade Systellommatophora The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). They are marine and terrestrial pulmonate gastropods within the Heterobranchi ... (= Gymnomorpha)

= Clade Stylommatophora Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification ...

= Subclade Elasmognatha Elasmognatha is a taxonomic grouping, a clade, of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. A number of species in this taxonomic group are endangered. Taxonomy In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bo ...

= Subclade Orthurethra Orthurethra is a clade of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subcla ...

= Informal Group Sigmurethra Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs. The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a ...

= limacoid clade

=Informal group Sigmurethra continued

See also

References

External links

Paleozoic The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. The name ''Paleozoic'' ( ;) was coined by the British geologist Adam Sedgwick in 1838 by combining the Greek words ''palaiós'' (, "old") and ' ...
molluscs of uncertain systematic position

Uncertain position (Gastropoda or
Monoplacophora Monoplacophora , meaning "bearing one plate", is a polyphyletic superclass of molluscs with a cap-like shell inhabiting deep sea environments . Extant representatives were not recognized as such until 1952; previously they were known only from ...
)

Clade
Patellogastropoda The Patellogastropoda, common name true limpet Limpets are a group of aquatic snails that exhibit a conical shell shape (patelliform) and a strong, muscular foot. Limpets are members of the class Gastropoda, but are polyphyletic, meaning th ...

Clade
Vetigastropoda Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks that form a very ancient lineage (evolution), lineage. Taxonomically the Vetigastropoda are sometimes treated as an O ...

Clade
Cocculiniformia The Cocculinoidea is a superfamily of deepwater limpets (marine gastropods), the only superfamily in the order Cocculinida , one of the main orders of gastropods according to the taxonomy as set up by ( Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The clade Coccil ...

Clade
Neritimorpha Neritimorpha is a taxonomic grouping, an unranked major clade of snails, gastropod mollusks. This grouping includes land snails, sea snails, slugs, some deepwater limpets, and also freshwater snails. Neritimorpha contains around 2,000 extant s ...
(= Neritopsina)

Clade
Cyrtoneritimorpha Cyrtoneritimorpha, also Cyrtoneritida, is a clade of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Neritimorpha Neritimorpha is a taxonomic grouping, an unranked major clade of snails, gastropod mollusks. This grouping ...

Clade
Cycloneritimorpha Cycloneritida (nerites and false-limpets) is an order of land snails, freshwater snails, and sea snails.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cycloneritida. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/ap ...

Clade
Caenogastropoda Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some freshwater snails and some land snails. The clade is the most diverse and ecologically successfu ...

Informal group
Architaenioglossa Architaenioglossa is a taxonomic group of snails which have gills and often an operculum. They are primarily land and freshwater gastropod mollusks within the clade Caenogastropoda. This " informal group" has been shown to be polyphyletic in a s ...

Clade
Sorbeoconcha Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda. The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997. Taxonomy 1 ...

Clade
Hypsogastropoda Hypsogastropoda is a clade containing marine gastropods within the clade Caenogastropoda. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Hypsogastropoda. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=t ...

Clade
Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails ( marine species), but also including some freshwater snails ( aquatic species) and land snails (terrestrial species).Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Fr� ...

Informal group
Ptenoglossa The Ptenoglossa is an informal taxonomic group of sea snails. This group was considered paraphyletic or polyphyletic by Ponder and Lindberg (1997) in their classification of gastropod molluscs. The database WoRMS considers this suborder as b ...

Clade
Neogastropoda Neogastropoda is an order of sea snails, both freshwater and marine gastropod molluscs. Description The available fossil record of Neogastropoda is relatively complete, and supports a widely accepted evolutionary scenario of an Early Creta ...

Clade
Heterobranchia Heterobranchia, the ''heterobranchs'' (meaning "different-gilled snails"), is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks. Heterobranchia is one of the main clades of gastropods. Curr ...

Informal group
Opisthobranchia Opisthobranchs () is now an informal name for a large and diverse group of specialized complex gastropods which used to be united in the subclass Opisthobranchia. That taxon is no longer considered to represent a monophyletic grouping. Euopisth ...

Clade
Cephalaspidea The order Cephalaspidea, also known as the headshield slugs and bubble snails, is a major taxon of sea slugs and bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the larger clade Euopisthobranchia.Jörger K. M., Stöger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., ...

Clade
Thecosomata Sea butterflies, scientific name Thecosomata (thecosomes, "case / shell-body"), are a taxonomic suborder of small pelagic swimming sea snails. They are holoplanktonic opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. Most Thecosomata have some form of calcified ...

Clade
Gymnosomata Sea angels ( clade Gymnosomata) are a large group of small free-swimming sea slugs, not to be confused with Cnidarians (Jellyfish and other similar creatures), classified into six different families. They are pelagic opisthobranchs in the clade ...

Group
Acochlidiacea Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a taxonomic clade of very unusual sea snails and sea and freshwater slugs, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Acochlidia is a variant spelling. Description These ar ...

Clade
Sacoglossa Sacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "solar-powered sea slugs", are a superorder of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia. Sacoglossans live by ingesting the cellular ...

Subclade
Oxynoacea Oxynooidea is a superfamily of small sea snails, bubble snails and bivalved gastropods, marine gastropod mollusks within the superorder Sacoglossa. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Oxynooidea Stoliczka, 1868 (1847). Accessed through: World ...

Group
Cylindrobullida ''Cylindrobulla'' is a genus of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sacoglossa. ''Cylindrobulla'' is the type genus of the family Cylindrobullidae and it is the only genus in the family. Taxonomy The subord ...

Clade
Umbraculida Umbraculoidea is a superfamily of unusual false limpets with a thin soft patelliform shell, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Umbraculida, within the clade Euopisthobranchia. There are two families in this superfamily, which is listed as ...

Clade
Nudipleura Nudipleura are a clade of sea snails and sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the clade Nudipleura is arranged as follows: *Clade Nu ...

Subclade
Pleurobranchomorpha The Pleurobranchidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Pleurobranchomorpha. Characteristics Species in the family Pleurobranchidae have a prominent mantle and an internal shell that becomes reduced ...

= Clade
Euctenidiacea The Euctenidiacea, common name dorid nudibranchs, are a taxonomic suborder of sea snails or slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Nudibranchia. Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) rejected the name Anthobranchia on the grounds that it also include ...
(= Holohepatica)

=Subclade
Doridacea ''Doridacea'' is a taxonomic grouping of dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005''Classification and nomenclator of gastropod famili ...

= Clade
Dexiarchia The Dexiarchia are a suborder of sea slugs, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs in the order Nudibranchia. This classification is based on the study by Schrödl ''et al.,'' published in 2001, who recognized within this clade two clades Pseudoeu ...
(= Actenidiacea)

= Clade
Pseudoeuctenidiacea Doridoxidae, commonly known as doridoxid nudibranchs, are a small, enigmatic taxonomic family of shell-less sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Cladobranchia within the clade Nudibranchia. Doridoxidae is currently the only family ...
( = Doridoxida)

= Clade
Cladobranchia The Cladobranchia are a taxonomic clade of nudibranchs, sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Dexiarchia. Taxonomy clade Metarminida * Superfamily Metarminoidea This name is not available as a Superfamily name as it is not based on ...
( = Cladohepatica)

=Subclade
Euarminida Arminoidea is a superfamily of small sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Nudibranchia. Arminoidea is the only superfamily in the clade Euarminida. Families A study, published in 2000, has demonstrated that Arminoidea is parap ...

=Subclade
Dendronotida Dendronotoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of small colorful sea slugs or nudibranchs, aeolid nudibranchs. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Dendronotoidea Allman, 1845. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.mar ...

=Subclade
Aeolidida The Aeolidida is a taxonomic clade of sea slugs, specifically aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Cladobranchia. They are distinguished from other nudibranchs by their possession of cerata containing cnidosacs. Taxonomy * ...

Informal Group
Pulmonata Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includ ...

Informal Group
Basommatophora Basommatophora was a term that was previously used as a taxonomic informal group, a group of snails within the informal group Pulmonata, the air-breathing slugs and snails. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), w ...

Clade
Eupulmonata Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions. Linnean taxonomy *Suborder Eupulmonat ...

= Clade
Systellommatophora The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). They are marine and terrestrial pulmonate gastropods within the Heterobranchi ...
(= Gymnomorpha)

= Clade
Stylommatophora Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification ...

= Subclade
Elasmognatha Elasmognatha is a taxonomic grouping, a clade, of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. A number of species in this taxonomic group are endangered. Taxonomy In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bo ...

= Subclade
Orthurethra Orthurethra is a clade of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subcla ...

= Informal Group
Sigmurethra Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs. The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a ...