Tanaim

''Tannaim'' ( Amoraic Hebrew: תנאים , singular , ''Tanna'' "repeaters", "teachers") were the rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah, from approximately 10–220 CE. The period of the ''Tannaim'', also referred to as the Mishnaic period, lasted about 210 years. It came after the period of the ''Zugot'' ("pairs"), and was immediately followed by the period of the '' Amoraim'' ("interpreters").

The root ''tanna'' () is the Talmudic Aramaic equivalent for the Hebrew root ''shanah'' (), which also is the root-word of ''Mishnah''. The verb ''shanah'' () literally means "to repeat hat one was taught and is used to mean "to learn".

The Mishnaic period is commonly divided up into five periods according to generations. There are approximately 120 known ''Tannaim''.

The ''Tannaim'' lived in several areas of the Land of Israel. The spiritual center of Judaism at that time was Jerusalem, but after the destruction of the city and the Second Temple, Yohanan ben Zakkai and his students founded a new religious center in Yavne. Other places of Judaic learning were founded by his students in Lod and in Bnei Brak.

Some ''Tannaim'' worked as laborers (e.g., charcoal burners, cobblers) in addition to their positions as teachers and legislators. They were also leaders of the people and negotiators with the Roman Empire.

History

The ''Tannaim'' operated under the occupation of the Roman Empire. During this time, the ''Kohanim'' (priests) of the Temple became increasingly corrupt and were seen by the Jews as collaborators with the Romans, whose mismanagement of Iudaea province (composed of Samaria, Idumea and Judea proper) led to riots, revolts and general resentment.

Until the days of Hillel and Shammai (the last generation of the ''Zugot''), there were few disagreements among Rabbinic scholars. After this period, though, the "House of Hillel" and the "House of Shammai" came to represent two distinct perspectives on Jewish law, and disagreements between the two schools of thought are found throughout the Mishnah, see also Hillel and Shammai.

The ''Tannaim'', as teachers of the Oral Law, are said to be direct transmitters of an oral tradition passed from teacher to student that was written and codified as the basis for the Mishnah, Tosefta, and tannaitic teachings of the Talmud. According to rabbinic tradition, the ''Tannaim'' were the last generation in a long sequence of oral teachers that began with Moses.

Language of the Mishnah

The language in which the Tannaim of Israel and Babylonia wrote is referred to as Mishnaic Hebrew (MH), or in Hebrew ''Lešon hakhamim'', meaning ‘‘the language of the Sages.’’ Texts were written in MH between roughly 70 CE and 500 CE. Tannaitic literature, which includes the Mishnah, the Tosefta, the halachic midrashim, and Seder ‘olam Rabba was redacted between roughly 70 CE to 250 CE. Research has demonstrated that Hebrew was spoken in Israel until about 200 CE, and it is generally agreed that tannaitic literature reflects the language and speech used in various regions of Israel during that time period.''The Cambridge History of Judaism'', vol 4, CHAPTER 15, "MISHNAIC HEBREW: AN INTRODUCTORY SURVEY," MOSHE BAR-ASHER, p. 369

Prominent ''Tannaim''

Titles

The '' Nasi'' (plural ''Nesi'im'') was the highest-ranking member and presided over the Sanhedrin. ''Rabban'' was a higher title than ''Rabbi'', and it was given to the ''Nasi'' starting with Rabban Gamaliel Hazaken (Gamaliel the Elder). The title ''Rabban'' was limited to the descendants of Hillel, the sole exception being Rabban Yochanan ben Zakai, the leader in Jerusalem during the siege, who safeguarded the future of the Jewish people after the Great Revolt by pleading with Vespasian. Rabbi Eleazar ben Azariah, who was also ''Nasi'', was not given the title ''Rabban'', perhaps because he only held the position of ''Nasi'' for a short while and it eventually reverted to the descendants of Hillel. Prior to Rabban Gamliel Hazaken, no titles were used before someone's name, which gave rise to the Talmudic adage "''Gadol miRabban shmo''" ("Greater than the title ''Rabban'' is a person's own name"). This is seen as the reason that Hillel has no title before his name: his name in itself is his title, just as Moses and Abraham have no titles before their names. (An addition is sometimes given ''after'' a name to denote significance or to differentiate between two people with the same name. Examples include ''Avraham Avinu'' (Abraham our father) and ''Moshe Rabbeinu'' (Moses our teacher). Similarly, Hillel is often referred to as ''Hillel Hazaken'' (Hillel the elder). Starting with Rabbi Judah haNasi (Judah the ''Nasi''), often referred to simply as "Rabbi", not even the ''Nasi'' is given the title ''Rabban'', but instead, Judah haNasi is given the lofty title ''Rabbeinu HaKadosh'' ("Our holy rabbi eacher).

Generations

The Mishnaic period is commonly divided into five generations:
#First Generation before and shortly after the Destruction of the Temple (c. 40 BCE – 80 CE):
Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai, Shimon ben Gamliel and Judah ben Baba
#Second Generation between the destruction of the Temple and Bar Kokhba's revolt:
Rabban Gamaliel II of Yavneh, Rabbi Joshua ben Hananiah and Rabbi Eliezer ben Hurcanus, the teachers of Rabbi Akiva, as well as Gamaliel of Yavne and Eleazar ben Arach
#Third Generation around Bar Kochba's revolt:
Rabbi Akiva, Rabbi Tarfon, Ishmael ben Elisha, Eleazar ben Azariah, Jose the Galilean, Nathan the Babylonian and Elisha ben Abuyah (the "Other" or apostate)
#Fourth Generation after the revolt:
Shimon ben Gamliel of Yavne, Rabbi Meir, Shimon bar Yochai (who, according to traditional lore, wrote the Zohar), Jose ben Halafta, Yehuda ben Ilai and Rabbi Nehemiah
#Fifth Generation: the generation of Rabbi Judah haNasi, who compiled the Mishnah.
#Sixth Generation, an interim generation between the Mishnah and the Talmud:
Rabbi Hiyya, Shimon ben Judah HaNasi and Yehoshua ben Levi.

See also

* Oral law
* Pharisees

References

External links

''Jewish Encyclopedia''




entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

{{Mishnah tree

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