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Tampere ( , , ; sv, Tammerfors, ) is a
city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
in the
Pirkanmaa Pirkanmaa (; sv, Birkaland; la, Birkaria, link=no), also known as ''Tampere Region'' in government documents, is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Satakunta, South Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Päijät-Häme, Kanta-Häme an ...
region In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as zones, lands or territories, are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics ( physical geography), human impact characteristics ( human geography), and the interaction of humanity an ...
, located in the western part of
Finland Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bot ...
. Tampere is the most populous inland city in the
Nordic countries The Nordic countries (also known as the Nordics or ''Norden''; lit. 'the North') are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. It includes the sovereign states of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sw ...
. It has a population of 244,029; the
urban area An urban area, built-up area or urban agglomeration is a human settlement with a high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities ...
has a population of 341,696; and the metropolitan area, also known as the
Tampere sub-region Tampere sub-region is a subdivision of Pirkanmaa and one of the sub-regions of Finland since 2009. It covers an area of 4,977 km2 and has a population of 389,896 as of 2014. Municipalities * Hämeenkyrö * Kangasala * Kuhmoinen * Lempäälä ...
, has a population of 393,941 in an area of . Tampere is the second-largest urban area and third most-populous individual municipality in Finland, after the cities of
Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...
and
Espoo Espoo (, ; sv, Esbo) is a city and municipality in the region of Uusimaa in the Republic of Finland. It is located on the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland, bordering the cities of Helsinki, Vantaa, Kirkkonummi, Vihti and Nurmijärv ...
, and the most populous Finnish city outside the
Greater Helsinki Greater Helsinki ( fi, Helsingin seutu, Suur-Helsinki, Swedish: ''Helsingforsregionen'', ''Storhelsingfors'') is the metropolitan area surrounding Helsinki, the capital city of Finland. It includes the smaller Capital Region (''Pääkaupunkiseutu ...
area. Today, Tampere is one of the major urban, economic, and cultural hubs in the whole inland region. Tampere and its environs belong to the historical province of Satakunta. The area belonged to the
Häme Province The Province of Häme ( fi, Hämeen lääni, sv, Tavastehus län) was a province of Finland from 1831 to 1997. In 1997 the southern parts with Kanta-Häme, Päijät-Häme was merged with the province of Uusimaa and Kymi into the new Provin ...
from 1831 to 1997, and over time it has often been considered to belong to Tavastia as a province. For example, in '' Uusi tietosanakirja'' published in the 1960s, the
Tampere sub-region Tampere sub-region is a subdivision of Pirkanmaa and one of the sub-regions of Finland since 2009. It covers an area of 4,977 km2 and has a population of 389,896 as of 2014. Municipalities * Hämeenkyrö * Kangasala * Kuhmoinen * Lempäälä ...
is presented as part of the then Tavastia Province. Around the 1950s, Tampere and its surroundings began to establish itself as their own province of Pirkanmaa. Tampere became the center of Pirkanmaa, and in the early days of the province, ''Tammermaa'' was also used several times in its early days - for example, in the ''Suomi-käsikirja'' published in 1968. Tampere is wedged between two lakes,
Näsijärvi Näsijärvi () is a lake above sea level, in the Pirkanmaa region of southern Finland. Näsijärvi is the biggest lake in the Tampere area at in size. The city of Tampere was built along the Tammerkoski rapids, through which the lake drains in ...
and
Pyhäjärvi Pyhäjärvi (1993–1995 ''Pyhäsalmi'') is a town and municipality in the south of Northern Ostrobothnia region, Finland. Pyhäjärvi also borders the Northern Savonia and Central Finland regions. The town belongs to the subregion of Nivala–Ha ...
. Since the two lakes differ in level by , the rapids linking them, Tammerkoski, have been an important power source throughout history, most recently for generating electricity. Tampere is dubbed the "
Manchester Manchester () is a city in Greater Manchester, England. It had a population of 552,000 in 2021. It is bordered by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and the neighbouring city of Salford to the west. The ...
of the North" for its industrial past as the former center of Finnish industry, and this has given rise to its Finnish nickname "Manse" and terms such as "Manserock". Also, Tampere has been officially declared the "Sauna Capital of the World", because it has the most public saunas in the world. Helsinki is approximately south of Tampere, and can be reached in 1 hour 31 minutes by
Pendolino Pendolino (from Italian ''pendolo'' "pendulum", and ''-ino,'' a diminutive suffix) is an Italian family of tilting trains used in Italy, Spain, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Finland, Russia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, the UK, the US, ...
high-speed rail service and 2 hours by car. The distance to
Turku Turku ( ; ; sv, Åbo, ) is a city and former capital on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper (''Varsinais-Suomi'') and the former Turku and Pori Province (''Turun ja Porin lääni''; ...
is roughly the same. Tampere–Pirkkala Airport is Finland's eighth-busiest airport, with over 230,000 passengers in 2017. Tampere also serves as an important transit route for three Finnish highways: Highway 3 ( E12), Highway 9 ( E63) and Highway 12. Tampere ranked 26th in the list of 446 cities in the world's hipster cities, and it has often been rated as the most popular city in Finland. The positive development of Tampere and the Tampere metropolitan area has continued throughout the 21st century, which is largely due to Tampere being one of the most migratory and attractive cities in Finland.


Names and etymology

Although the name Tampere is derived from the Tammerkoski rapids (both the city and the rapids are called Tammerfors in
Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
), the origin of the ''Tammer-'' part of that name has been the subject of much debate. Ánte accepts the "straightforward" etymology of Rahkonen and Heikkilä in
Proto-Samic Proto-Sami is the hypothetical, reconstructed common ancestor of the Sami languages. It is a descendant of the Proto-Uralic language. Homeland and expansion Although the current Sami languages are spoken much further to the north and west, Pr ...
, meaning "deep, slow section of a stream" and "rapids" (cognate with the Finnish ''koski''). This has become the most accepted explanation in the academia, according to the
Institute for the Languages of Finland The Institute for the Languages of Finland,, from which the shortened name ''Kotus'' is derived, smn, Päikkieennâm kielâi tutkâmkuávdáš, se, Ruovttueatnan gielaid guovddáš, sms, Dommjânnmlaž ǩiõli kõõskõs, rom, Finnosko tšimbe ...
. Other theories include that it comes from the Swedish word ''damber'', meaning
milldam A mill dam (International English) or milldam (US) is a dam constructed on a waterway to create a mill pond. Water passing through a dam's spillway is used to turn a water wheel and provide energy to the many varieties of watermill. By raising t ...
; another, that it originates from the ancient Scandinavian words ''þambr'' ("thick bellied") and ''þambion'' ("swollen belly"), possibly referring to the shape of the rapids. Another suggestion links the name to the Swedish word ''Kvatemberdagar'', or more colloquially ''Tamperdagar'', meaning the Ember days of the Western Christian liturgical calendar. The Finnish word for oak, ''tammi'', also features in the speculation, although Tampere is situated outside the natural distribution range of the European oak.


Heraldry

The first
coat of arms A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the latter two being outer garments). The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement, which in its ...
of Tampere was designed by Arvid von Cederwald in 1838, while the current coat of arms created in 1960 and currently in use was designed by Olof Eriksson. Changing the coat of arms was a
controversial Controversy is a state of prolonged public dispute or debate, usually concerning a matter of conflicting opinion or point of view. The word was coined from the Latin ''controversia'', as a composite of ''controversus'' – "turned in an opposite d ...
act and the restoration of the old coat of arms has, from time to time, been demanded even after the change. The new coat of arms has also been called
Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
-style in letters to the editor because of its colors. The
blazon In heraldry and heraldic vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of a coat of arms, flag or similar emblem, from which the reader can reconstruct the appropriate image. The verb ''to blazon'' means to create such a description. The ...
of the old coat of arms has either not survived or it has never been done, but the description of the current coat of arms is explained as follows: "In the red field, a corrugated counter-bar, above which is accompanied by a piled
hammer A hammer is a tool, most often a hand tool, consisting of a weighted "head" fixed to a long handle that is swung to deliver an impact to a small area of an object. This can be, for example, to drive nails into wood, to shape metal (as wi ...
, and below, a
Caduceus The caduceus (☤; ; la, cādūceus, from grc-gre, κηρύκειον "herald's wand, or staff") is the staff carried by Hermes in Greek mythology and consequently by Hermes Trismegistus in Greco-Egyptian mythology. The same staff was also ...
; all
gold Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from la, aurum) and atomic number 79. This makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile ...
". The colors of the coat of arms are the same as in the coat of arms of Pirkanmaa. The hammer, which looks like the first letter of the city's name T, symbolizes Tampere's early industry, Caduceus its trading activities and the corrugated counter-bar represents the Tammerkoski rapids, which divides Tampere's industrial and commercial areas. The city received its first
seal Seal may refer to any of the following: Common uses * Pinniped, a diverse group of semi-aquatic marine mammals, many of which are commonly called seals, particularly: ** Earless seal, or "true seal" ** Fur seal * Seal (emblem), a device to imp ...
in 1803, and the seal depicted the city's buildings of that time and Tammerkoski.


History


Early history

The earliest known permanent settlements around Tammerkoski were established in 7th century, when settlers from the west of the region started farming land in
Takahuhti Takahuhti is a district in Tampere, Finland. It is located in eastern part of the city, close to Atala (district), Atala, Linnainmaa, Kissanmaa and Messukylä. There are many prehistoric residences and finds in the area. Takahuhti was the largest ...
. The area was largely inhabited by the Tavastian tribes. For many centuries, the population remained low. By the 16th century, the villages of Messukylä and Takahuhti had grown to be the largest settlements in the region. Other villages nearby were Laiskola, Pyynikkälä and Hatanpää. At that time, there had been a
market place A marketplace or market place is a location where people regularly gather for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other goods. In different parts of the world, a marketplace may be described as a ''souk'' (from the Arabic), '' ...
in the
Pispala Pispala is a city area 2.5 km from the centre of Tampere, Finland. It is located on the northern slope of Pispalanharju, the highest esker in Finland. Together with Pyynikki, Pispala is widely considered the most beautiful area of Tamper ...
area for centuries, where the
bourgeoisie The bourgeoisie ( , ) is a social class, equivalent to the middle or upper middle class. They are distinguished from, and traditionally contrasted with, the proletariat by their affluence, and their great cultural and financial capital. Th ...
s from
Turku Turku ( ; ; sv, Åbo, ) is a city and former capital on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper (''Varsinais-Suomi'') and the former Turku and Pori Province (''Turun ja Porin lääni''; ...
in particular traded. In 1638, Governor-General Per Brahe the Younger ordered that two markets be held in Tammerkoski each year, the autumn market on every Peter's Day in August and the winter market on Mati Day in February. In 1708 the market was moved from the edge of Tammerkoski to Harju and from there in 1758 to Pispala. The early industries in the Pirkanmaa region in the 17th century were mainly
watermill A watermill or water mill is a mill that uses hydropower. It is a structure that uses a water wheel or water turbine to drive a mechanical process such as milling (grinding), rolling, or hammering. Such processes are needed in the production ...
s and
sawmill A sawmill (saw mill, saw-mill) or lumber mill is a facility where logging, logs are cut into lumber. Modern sawmills use a motorized saw to cut logs lengthwise to make long pieces, and crosswise to length depending on standard or custom sizes ...
s, while in the 18th century other production began to emerge, as several small-scale
ironworks An ironworks or iron works is an industrial plant where iron is smelted and where heavy iron and steel products are made. The term is both singular and plural, i.e. the singular of ''ironworks'' is ''ironworks''. Ironworks succeeded bloomer ...
, Tammerkoski distillery and Otavala
spinning Spin or spinning most often refers to: * Spinning (textiles), the creation of yarn or thread by twisting fibers together, traditionally by hand spinning * Spin, the rotation of an object around a central axis * Spin (propaganda), an intentionally ...
school were founded.


The birth and industrialization of the city

Before the birth of the city of Tampere, its neighboring municipality of
Pirkkala Pirkkala (; sv, Birkala) is a municipality of Finland. It is located some south-west from Tampere in the Pirkanmaa region. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is , which makes ...
(according to which the current Pirkanmaa region got its name) was the most administratively significant parish in the area throughout the
Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...
. This all changed in the 18th century when Erik Edner, a Finnish
pastor A pastor (abbreviated as "Pr" or "Ptr" , or "Ps" ) is the leader of a Christian congregation who also gives advice and counsel to people from the community or congregation. In Lutheranism, Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy and ...
, proposed the establishment of a city of Tampere on the banks of the Tammerkoski channel in 1771–1772; it was officially founded as a market place in 1775 by
Gustav III of Sweden Gustav III (29 March 1792), also called ''Gustavus III'', was King of Sweden from 1771 until his assassination in 1792. He was the eldest son of Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Queen Louisa Ulrika of Prussia. Gustav was a vocal opponent of what ...
and four years later, 1 October 1779, Tampere was granted full
city right Town privileges or borough rights were important features of European towns during most of the second millennium. The city law customary in Central Europe probably dates back to Italian models, which in turn were oriented towards the tradition ...
s. At this time, it was a rather small town, founded on the lands belonging to Tammerkoski manor, while its inhabitants were still mainly farmers. As
farming Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled peopl ...
on the city's premises was forbidden, the inhabitants began to rely on other methods of securing a livelihood, primarily
trade Trade involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. Economists refer to a system or network that allows trade as a market. An early form of trade, barter, saw the direct exc ...
and
handicraft A handicraft, sometimes more precisely expressed as artisanal handicraft or handmade, is any of a wide variety of types of work where useful and decorative objects are made completely by one’s hand or by using only simple, non-automated re ...
. When Finland became part of the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War ...
as the
Grand Duchy of Finland The Grand Duchy of Finland ( fi, Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta; sv, Storfurstendömet Finland; russian: Великое княжество Финляндское, , all of which literally translate as Grand Principality of Finland) was the predecess ...
in 1809, Tampere still had less than a thousand inhabitants. Tampere grew as a major market town and industrial centre in the 19th century; the industrialization of Tampere was greatly influenced by the Finlayson
textile factory Textile Manufacturing or Textile Engineering is a major industry. It is largely based on the conversion of fibre into yarn, then yarn into fabric. These are then dyed or printed, fabricated into cloth which is then converted into useful goods ...
, founded in 1820 by the Scottish
industrialist A business magnate, also known as a tycoon, is a person who has achieved immense wealth through the ownership of multiple lines of enterprise. The term characteristically refers to a powerful entrepreneur or investor who controls, through per ...
James Finlayson. By the year 1850, the factory employed around 2000 people, while the population of the city had increased to 4000 inhabitants. Other notable industrial establishments that followed Finlayson's success in the 1800s were the
Tampella Oy Tampella Ab was a Finnish heavy industry manufacturer, a maker of paper machines, locomotives, military weaponry, as well as wood-based products such as packaging. The company was based mainly in the Naistenlahti district of the city o ...
blast furnace A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper. ''Blast'' refers to the combustion air being "forced" or supplied above atmospheri ...
,
machine factory A machine factory is a company, that produces machines. These companies traditionally belong to the heavy industry sector in comparison to a more consumer oriented and less capital intensive light industry. Today many companies make more sophistic ...
and flax mill, the Frenckell
paper mill A paper mill is a factory devoted to making paper from vegetable fibres such as wood pulp, old rags, and other ingredients. Prior to the invention and adoption of the Fourdrinier machine and other types of paper machine that use an endless belt ...
, and the Tampere
broadcloth Broadcloth is a dense, plain woven cloth, historically made of wool. The defining characteristic of broadcloth is not its finished width but the fact that it was woven much wider (typically 50 to 75% wider than its finished width) and then he ...
factory. Tampere's population grew rapidly at the end of the 19th century, from about 7,000 in 1870 to 36,000 in 1900. At the beginning of the 20th century, Tampere was a city of workers and women, with a third of the population being factory workers and more than half women. At the same time, the city's area increased almost sevenfold and impressive
apartment building An apartment (American English), or flat (British English, Indian English, South African English), is a self-contained housing unit (a type of residential real estate) that occupies part of a building, generally on a single story. There are ma ...
s were built in the center of Tampere among modest wooden houses. The stone houses shaped Tampere in a modern direction. The construction of the
sewerage Sewerage (or sewage system) is the infrastructure that conveys sewage or surface runoff (stormwater, meltwater, rainwater) using sewers. It encompasses components such as receiving drainage, drains, manholes, pumping stations, storm overflows, a ...
and water supply network and the establishment of
electric light An electric light, lamp, or light bulb is an electrical component that produces light. It is the most common form of artificial lighting. Lamps usually have a base made of ceramic, metal, glass, or plastic, which secures the lamp in the soc ...
ing were further steps towards modernisation; regarding the latter, Tampere was the first Nordic city to introduce electric lights for general use in 1882. The railway connection to Tampere from the extension of the
Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...
Hämeenlinna Hämeenlinna (; sv, Tavastehus; krl, Hämienlinna; la, Tavastum or ''Croneburgum'') is a city and municipality of about inhabitants in the heart of the historical province of Tavastia and the modern province of Kanta-Häme in the south of ...
line section (today part of the Main Line) via
Toijala Toijala is a former town and municipality of Finland, located some south of Tampere. On 1 January 2007, it was consolidated with Viiala to form the town of Akaa. Toijala is known as an important railway crossroads. The Helsinki–Tampere an ...
was opened to public traffic on 22 June 1876. The world-famous
Nokia Corporation Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics corporation, established in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finland, i ...
, a multinational
telecommunication Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It has its origin in the desire of humans for communication over a distance greater than that ...
company, also had its beginnings in the Tammerkoski area; the company's history dates from 1865, when the Finnish-Swedish
mining engineer Mining in the engineering discipline is the extraction of minerals from underneath, open pit, above or on the ground. Mining engineering is associated with many other disciplines, such as mineral processing, exploration, excavation, geology, a ...
Fredrik Idestam Knut Fredrik Idestam (28 October 1838, Tyrväntö, Grand Duchy of Finland – 8 April 1916, Helsinki, Grand Duchy of Finland) was a Finnish mining engineer and businessman, best known as a founder of Nokia. In May 1865, Idestam obtained a permit ...
(1838–1916) established a
pulp mill A pulp mill is a manufacturing facility that converts wood chips or other plant fiber sources into a thick fiber board which can be shipped to a paper mill for further processing. Pulp can be manufactured using mechanical, semi-chemical, or ...
on the shores of the rapids and after that, a second pulp mill was opened in 1868 near the neighboring town of Nokia, where there were better
hydropower Hydropower (from el, ὕδωρ, "water"), also known as water power, is the use of falling or fast-running water to produce electricity or to power machines. This is achieved by converting the gravitational potential or kinetic energy of ...
resources.


Geopolitical significance

Tampere was the centre of many important political events in the early 20th century; for example, the 1905 conference of the
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP; in , ''Rossiyskaya sotsial-demokraticheskaya rabochaya partiya (RSDRP)''), also known as the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party or the Russian Social Democratic Party, was a socialist pol ...
(RSDLP), led by
Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1 ...
, was held at the
Tampere Workers' Hall Tampere Workers' Hall (also known as the Puistotorni, ''The Park Tower'') is a conference and congress centre in Kaakinmaa, Tampere, Finland, located in the corner between Hämeenpuisto and Hallituskatu. It was built in 1900 by the Tampere Worke ...
, where it was decided, among other things, to launch an armed uprising, which eventually led to the October 1917 revolution in the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War ...
. Also, on 1 November 1905, during the general strike, the famous '' Red Declaration'' was proclaimed on Keskustori. In 1918, after Finland had gained independence, Tampere played a major role, being one of the strategically important sites for the
Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic The Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (FSWR), more commonly referred to as Red Finland, was a self-proclaimed Finland, Finnish socialist state that ruled parts of the country during the Finnish Civil War of 1918. It was outlined on 29 January 1 ...
(FSWR) during the Civil War in Finland (28 January–15 May 1918); the city was the most important industrial city in Finland at the beginning of the 20th century, marked by a huge
working population The workforce or labour force is a concept referring to the pool of human beings either in employment or in unemployment. It is generally used to describe those working for a single company or industry, but can also apply to a geographic regio ...
. Tampere was a Red stronghold during the war, with
Hugo Salmela Hugo Salmela (13 June 1884 – 28 March 1918) was one of the Red Guard military leaders in the 1918 Finnish Civil War. He was a saw-mill worker from the town of Kotka in Eastern Finland, without any military background. Salmela was also known as an ...
in command. White forces, led by General Mannerheim, captured the town after the
Battle of Tampere The Battle of Tampere was a 1918 Finnish Civil War battle, fought in Tampere, Finland from 15 March to 6 April between the Whites and the Reds. It is the most famous and the heaviest of all the Finnish Civil War battles. Today it is particular ...
, seizing about 10,000 Red prisoners on 6 April 1918. During the
Winter War The Winter War,, sv, Vinterkriget, rus, Зи́мняя война́, r=Zimnyaya voyna. The names Soviet–Finnish War 1939–1940 (russian: link=no, Сове́тско-финская война́ 1939–1940) and Soviet–Finland War 1 ...
, Tampere was bombed by the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
several times. The reason for the bombing of Tampere was that the city was an important railway junction, and also housed the State Aircraft Factory and the Tampella factory, which manufactured
munition Ammunition (informally ammo) is the material fired, scattered, dropped, or detonated from any weapon or weapon system. Ammunition is both expendable weapons (e.g., bombs, missiles, grenades, land mines) and the component parts of other wea ...
s and weapons, including
grenade launcher A grenade launcher is a weapon that fires a specially-designed large-caliber projectile, often with an explosive, smoke or gas warhead. Today, the term generally refers to a class of dedicated firearms firing unitary grenade cartridges. The mo ...
s. The most devastating bombings were on 2 March 1940, killing nine and wounding 30 city residents. In addition, ten buildings were destroyed and 30 were damaged that day.


Post-war period and modern day

Prevalent in Tampere's post-
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
municipal politics was the Brothers-in-Arms Axis (''aseveliakseli''), which mostly consisted of the
National Coalition Party sv, Samlingspartiet , leader1_title = Chairman , leader1_name = Petteri Orpo , leader2_title = Deputy chairs , leader2_name = Antti HäkkänenElina ValtonenAnna-Kaisa Ikonen , merger = Finnish Party, Young Finn ...
and the
Social Democrats Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy. As a policy regime, it is described by academics as advocating economic and social interventions to promote so ...
. While the Centre Party was the largest political force in the Finnish countryside, it had no practical relevance in Tampere. After World War II, Tampere was enlarged by joining some neighbouring areas. Messukylä was incorporated in 1947,
Lielahti Lielahti ( sv, Lielax) is a suburb in the city of Tampere, Finland, with important industrial and commercial facilities. Lielahti was annexed to the city in 1950 from Ylöjärvi parish. Lielahti lies about 7 kilometres west from the city centre. ...
in 1950, Aitolahti in 1966 and finally
Teisko Teisko () is a village and former municipality in Pirkanmaa region, Finland. It was consolidated in 1972 with Tampere, and at the same time Tampere got new districts: Kämmenniemi, Polso, Terälahti and Velaatta. Teisko's neighboring municipal ...
in 1972. The limit of 100,000 inhabitants was crossed in Tampere in 1950. Tampere was long known for its textile and metal industries, but these have been largely replaced by information technology and telecommunications during the 1990s. The technology centre Hermia in
Hervanta Hervanta is a large suburb, or satellite city, of Tampere in Finland, located next to Hallila some 10 km south of the city centre. Home to a population of over 26,000, Hervanta is best known for its prefabricated blocks of flats. The total ...
is home to many companies in these fields.
Yleisradio Yleisradio Oy ( Finnish, literally "General Radio Ltd." or "General Broadcast Ltd."; abbr. Yle ; sv, Rundradion Ab, italics=no), translated to English as the Finnish Broadcasting Company, is Finland's national public broadcasting company, found ...
started broadcasting its second television channel,
Yle TV2 Yle TV2 ( fi, Yle TV Kaksi; sv, Yle TV Två) is a Finnish television channel owned and operated by Yle. TV2 was launched in 1965 as the successor to the former television channels TES-TV (Tesvisio) and Tamvisio, and broadcasts public service ...
, in
Ristimäki Ristimäki is a neighbourhood in the city of Tampere, Finland, It is bordered on the north by Tohloppi, on the east by Epilänharju, on the west by Tesomajärvi and on the south by the Tampere-Pori railway. Mediapolis, YLE Yleisradio Oy ( ...
, Tampere in 1965, as a result of which Finland was the first of the Nordic countries to receive a second television channel, after Sweden's
SVT2 SVT2 (SVT Två; commonly referred to as Tvåan), is one of the two main television channels broadcast by Sveriges Television in Sweden. Launched in 1969 by Sveriges Radio, the channel was until the 1990s the most watched in Sweden for many years ...
started broadcasting only four years later. Tampere became a
university A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United Stat ...
city when the Social University moved from Helsinki to Tampere in 1960 and became the
University of Tampere The University of Tampere (UTA) ( fi, Tampereen yliopisto (Tay), ) was a public university in Tampere, Finland that was merged with Tampere University of Technology to create the new Tampere University on 1 January 2019. The university offered u ...
in 1966. In 1979, Tampere-Pirkkala Airport was opened from the center of Tampere on the side of the Pirkkala municipality. At the turn of the 1990s, Tampere's industry underwent a major structural change, as the production of Tampella's and Tampere's textile industry in particular was heavily focused on
bilateral trade Bilateral trade or clearing trade is trade exclusively between two states, particularly, barter trade based on bilateral deals between governments, and without using hard currency for payment. Bilateral trade agreements often aim to keep trade def ...
with the Soviet Union, but when it collapsed in 1991 the companies lost their main customers. As a result of the sudden change and the depression of the early 1990s, Finlayson and the Suomen trikoo had to reduce their operations sharply. Tampella went
bankrupt Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the debtor ...
. But although the change left a huge amount of vacant industrial space in the city center, in the early 2000s it was gradually put to other uses, with the current Tampere cityscape being characterized above all by strong IT companies, most notably
Nokia Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics corporation, established in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finland, i ...
's Tampere R&D units.


Geography

Tampere is part of the
Pirkanmaa Pirkanmaa (; sv, Birkaland; la, Birkaria, link=no), also known as ''Tampere Region'' in government documents, is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Satakunta, South Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Päijät-Häme, Kanta-Häme an ...
region and is surrounded by the
municipalities A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality'' may also mean the ...
of Kangasala,
Lempäälä Lempäälä (; Swedish also ) is a municipality in the Pirkanmaa region of Finland with inhabitants (). Lempäälä is located south of the city of Tampere. The municipality covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . The ...
,
Nokia Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics corporation, established in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finland, i ...
,
Orivesi Orivesi () is a town and a municipality of Finland. It is part of the Pirkanmaa region. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . The municipality official language is monoling ...
,
Pirkkala Pirkkala (; sv, Birkala) is a municipality of Finland. It is located some south-west from Tampere in the Pirkanmaa region. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is , which makes ...
,
Ruovesi Ruovesi is a municipality of Finland. It is located in the Pirkanmaa region. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . Neighbouring municipalities are Juupajoki, Mänttä-Vil ...
, and
Ylöjärvi Ylöjärvi () is a town and a municipality in the Pirkanmaa region, northwest of Tampere and north of the capital city Helsinki in Finland. The town has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population densit ...
. There are 180 lakes that are larger than 10,000 m2 (1 ha) in Tampere, and fresh water bodies make up 24% of the city's total area. The lakes have formed as separate basins from
Ancylus lake Ancylus Lake is a name given by geologists to a large freshwater lake that existed in northern Europe approximately from 9500 to 8000 years B.C being in effect one of various predecessors to the modern Baltic Sea. Origin, evolution and demise The ...
approximately 7500–8000 years ago. The northernmost point of Tampere is located in the Vankavesi
fjard A fjard ( sv, fjärd, ) is a large open space of water between groups of islands or mainland in archipelagos. Fjards can be found along sea coasts, in freshwater lakes or rivers. Fjard and fjord were originally the same word with the general mean ...
of
Teisko Teisko () is a village and former municipality in Pirkanmaa region, Finland. It was consolidated in 1972 with Tampere, and at the same time Tampere got new districts: Kämmenniemi, Polso, Terälahti and Velaatta. Teisko's neighboring municipal ...
, the southernmost at the eastern end of
Lake Hervanta A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, and distinct from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, although, like the much larger ...
, the easternmost at the northeast corner of Lake Paalijärvi of Teisko and the westernmost at the southeast corner of Lake Haukijärvi near the borders of Ylöjärvi and Nokia. The city center itself is surrounded by three lakes, Näsijärvi, Pyhäjärvi and much smaller
Iidesjärvi Iidesjärvi is a small lake in Tampere, Finland Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the nor ...
. Tampere region is situated in the
Kokemäki River Kokemäki (; sv, Kumo) is a town and municipality in the Satakunta Region of Finland. The town has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . Finland is constitutionally bi-lingual with a Swedis ...
drainage basin, which discharges into the Bothnian Sea through river which flows through
Pori ) , website www.pori.fi Pori (; sv, Björneborg ) is a city and municipality on the west coast of Finland. The city is located some from the Gulf of Bothnia, on the estuary of the Kokemäki River, west of Tampere, north of Turku and north- ...
, the capital of Satakunta region. The
bedrock In geology, bedrock is solid rock that lies under loose material ( regolith) within the crust of Earth or another terrestrial planet. Definition Bedrock is the solid rock that underlies looser surface material. An exposed portion of be ...
of Tampere consists of mica shale and
migmatite Migmatite is a composite rock found in medium and high-grade metamorphic environments, commonly within Precambrian cratonic blocks. It consists of two or more constituents often layered repetitively: one layer is an older metamorphic rock th ...
, and its building stone deposits are diverse: in addition to traditional
granite Granite () is a coarse-grained ( phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase. It forms from magma with a high content of silica and alkali metal oxides that slowly cools and solidifies un ...
, there is an abundance of
quartz diorite Quartz diorite is an igneous, plutonic ( intrusive) rock, of felsic composition, with phaneritic texture. Feldspar is present as plagioclase (typically oligoclase or andesine) with 10% or less potassium feldspar. Quartz is present at between 5 an ...
,
tonalite Tonalite is an igneous, plutonic ( intrusive) rock, of felsic composition, with phaneritic (coarse-grained) texture. Feldspar is present as plagioclase (typically oligoclase or andesine) with alkali feldspar making up less than 10% of the total ...
, mica shale and mica gneiss. One of the most notable geographical features in Tampere is the Pyynikki Ridge (''Pyynikinharju''), a large
esker An esker, eskar, eschar, or os, sometimes called an ''asar'', ''osar'', or ''serpent kame'', is a long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel, examples of which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North Ame ...
formed from
moraine A moraine is any accumulation of unconsolidated debris ( regolith and rock), sometimes referred to as glacial till, that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions, and that has been previously carried along by a glacier or ice sh ...
during the
Weichselian glaciation The Weichselian glaciation was the last glacial period and its associated glaciation in northern parts of Europe. In the Alpine region it corresponds to the Würm glaciation. It was characterized by a large ice sheet (the Fenno-Scandian ice sheet) ...
. It rises 160 meters above sea level and is said to be the largest gravel esker in the world. It is also part of Salpausselkä, a 200 km long ridge system left by the
ice age An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and gre ...
. The center of Tampere (''Keskusta''), as well as the
Pyynikki Pyynikki ( sv, Pynike) is a district and a nature reserve in Tampere, Finland. It is located in the Pyynikinharju ridge, between the city center and the western district of Pispala. Pyynikinharju is the highest esker An esker, eskar, esch ...
,
Ylä-Pispala Pispala is a city area 2.5 km from the centre of Tampere, Finland. It is located on the northern slope of Pispalanharju, the highest esker in Finland. Together with Pyynikki, Pispala is widely considered the most beautiful area of Tampere ...
and
Ala-Pispala Pispala is a city area 2.5 km from the centre of Tampere, Finland. It is located on the northern slope of Pispalanharju, the highest esker in Finland. Together with Pyynikki, Pispala is widely considered the most beautiful area of Tamper ...
districts, are located on the isthmus between Lake Pyhäjärvi and Lake Näsijärvi. The location of the city on the edge of the Tammerkoski
rapids Rapids are sections of a river where the river bed has a relatively steep gradient, causing an increase in water velocity and turbulence. Rapids are hydrological features between a ''run'' (a smoothly flowing part of a stream) and a ''cascade' ...
between two long waterways was one of the most important stimuli for its establishment in the 1770s. The streets of central Tampere form a typical grid pattern. On the western edge of the city center, there is a north–south park street,
Hämeenpuisto Hämeenpuisto is a street and public park in Tampere, Finland that is over in length. Its length and central location has earned the park the name "Central Park of Tampere". The park was designed by Carl Ludvig Engel in 1830. Originally the nam ...
("Häme Park" or "Tavastia Park"), which leads from the shore of Lake Pyhäjärvi near Lake Näsijärvi. The wide
Hämeenkatu Hämeenkatu is the main street of Tampere, Finland, located in the city center. The boulevard is roughly a kilometre long, and wide (driveway and sidewalk) at its widest point. Hämeenkatu is a boulevard, which begins from the east at the Tampe ...
street leads east–west from the
Tampere Central Station Tampere Central Station is a functionalist building in Tampere, Finland, designed by Eero Seppälä and Otto Flodin, completed in 1936. The station is one of the most important railway stations in Finland. In 2015, the Tampere Central Station was ...
to Hämeenpuisto and crosses Tammerkoski along the
Hämeensilta Hämeensilta (the ″Häme Bridge″) is a bridge in Tampere, Finland, crossing the Tammerkoski rapids. The main street of Tampere, Hämeenkatu, runs along the bridge, connecting the Kyttälä district to the western parts of the city center. Hä ...
bridge. Also along Hämeenkatu is the longest street in the city center,
Satakunnankatu Satakunnankatu is an east–west, busy street in the center of Tampere, Finland, which is one of the city's main streets. It starts from the vicinity of Tampere Cathedral on the east side of Tammerkoski, where it separates the Jussinkylä and Ky ...
, which extends from Rautatienkatu to Amuri, which crosses Tammerkoski along the
Satakunnansilta Satakunnansilta (the ″Satakunta Bridge″) is an old bridge in Tampere, Finland, that crosses the Tammerkoski rapids north of Hämeensilta. The bridge is part of the Satakunnankatu street and is used by both vehicle traffic and pedestrians. Th ...
bridge. The
Tampere Central Square The Tampere Central Square ( Finnish: Keskustori) is a public square in the centre of Tampere, Finland, along the main street Hämeenkatu. The Central Square is located on the western shore of Tammerkoski and many important buildings in Tampere ...
is located on the western shore of Tammerkoski, close to Hämeensilta. The traffic center of Tampere is the intersection of Itsenäisyydenkatu,
Teiskontie Teiskontie is a street and highway in Tampere, Finland. As its name implies, it runs from the center of Tampere towards Teisko, a former municipality connected to Tampere in 1972. To the east of the highway junction of Hervanta, it is part of H ...
, Sammonkatu, Kalevanpuisto park street, and
Kaleva Kaleva or Kalevi may refer to: * CWT Kaleva Travel, a travel management company based in Finland * Kalevi (mythology), the great king of Kainuu in Finnish, Karelian and Estonian mythology * ''Kaleva'' (wasp), a wasp genus in the subfamily Pteroma ...
and
Liisankallio Liisankallio is a district of Tampere, Finland. The district, formerly known as ''Tammelan vainio'' ("Tammela Field"), is located east of the Tammela and Tulli districts. To the north is the Petsamo district, to the east are Kaleva and Kalev ...
districts.


Neighbourhoods and other subdivisions

The city of Tampere is divided into seven subdivisions, each of which includes the many districts and their suburbs. There are a total of 111 statistical areas in Tampere. However, the statistical areas made for Tampere's statistics do not fully correspond to the Tampere district division or the residents' perception of the districts, as the Amuri, Kyttälä and Tammela districts, for example, are divided into two parts corresponding to the official district division, and in addition to this, Liisankallio and
Kalevanrinne Kalevanrinne is a district of Tampere, Finland. It is located in the Sampo area between the districts of Kaleva and Järvensivu, bordering Liisankallio and Kalevanharju in the west, Hakametsä and Vuohenoja in the east. The city plan of Ka ...
are often considered to belong to the Kaleva district.


Climate

Tampere has a
Subarctic climate The subarctic climate (also called subpolar climate, or boreal climate) is a climate with long, cold (often very cold) winters, and short, warm to cool summers. It is found on large landmasses, often away from the moderating effects of an ocean, g ...
(
Köppen climate classification The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, nota ...
''Dfc'') bordering the
Humid continental climate A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freez ...
''Dfb'' climate zone. Winters are cold and the average temperature from December to February is below . Summers are cool to warm. On average, snow cover lasts 4–5 months from late November to early April. Considering it being close to the subarctic threshold and inland, winters are, on average, quite mild for the classification, as is the annual mean temperature.


Temperature records of Tampere

Temperature records of Tampere and the near-by Tampere–Pirkkala Airport: Highest temperatures at the Tampere–Pirkkala Airport by month since 1980: Lowest temperatures in Tampere: Lowest temperatures at the Tampere–Pirkkala Airport by month since 1980:


Cityscape


Revival and nationalism

Tampere has buildings from many architectural periods. Only the old stone church of Messukylä represents
medieval In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
building culture. Early 19th century
neoclassicism Neoclassicism (also spelled Neo-classicism) was a Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity. Neoclassicism ...
, in turn, is represented by the
Tampere Old Church The Tampere Old Church ( fi, Tampereen Vanha Kirkko; sv, Tammerfors gamla kyrka) is a wooden cross church opened in 1825 in Tampere, Finland near the Central Square. The old church is mainly used by the Swedish-speaking Lutheran congregation in ...
and its belfry. The
Gothic Revival Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic, neo-Gothic, or Gothick) is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. The movement gained momentum and expanded in the first half of the 19th century, as increasingly ...
buildings in Tampere that emerged from neoclassicism are the new Messukylä Church and the Alexander Church, and the
Renaissance Revival Renaissance Revival architecture (sometimes referred to as "Neo-Renaissance") is a group of 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range o ...
buildings are the Hatanpää Manor, the Tampere City Hall, the Ruuskanen House and Näsilinna. The
romantic nationalism Romantic nationalism (also national romanticism, organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of nationalism in which the state claims its political legitimacy as an organic consequence of the unity of those it governs. This includes ...
design can be seen in the Commerce House, the Tirkkonen House, the Palander House, the
Tampere Cathedral Tampere Cathedral ( fi, Tampereen tuomiokirkko, sv, Tammerfors domkyrka; originally known as St. John's Church) is a Lutheran church in Tampere, Finland, and the seat of the Diocese of Tampere. The building was designed in the National Romanti ...
, the Tampere Central Fire Station and the National Bank Building in Tampere. At an early stage, the use of
red brick A brick is a type of block used to build walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Properly, the term ''brick'' denotes a block composed of dried clay, but is now also used informally to denote other chemically cured cons ...
as a material in the industrial buildings along Tammerkoski, such as the Finlayson and
Tampella Oy Tampella Ab was a Finnish heavy industry manufacturer, a maker of paper machines, locomotives, military weaponry, as well as wood-based products such as packaging. The company was based mainly in the Naistenlahti district of the city o ...
factories, has left a strong imaginary mark on the city.


Functionalism and modernism

Post-
Art Nouveau Art Nouveau (; ) is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. The style is known by different names in different languages: in German, in Italian, in Catalan, and also known as the Modern ...
classicism was largely Nordic, during which the Laikku Culture House,
Hotel Tammer Radisson Blu Grand Hotel Tammer is a historic hotel built in 1929, situated near Tammerkoski rapids in central Tampere, Finland. History The Hotel Tammer is one of Finland's oldest operating hotels. The building is listed as a part of Tammerkos ...
, the Tuulensuu House and the Viinikka Church were built in Tampere. After functionalism became the prevailing style in the 1930s, the
Tampere Central Station Tampere Central Station is a functionalist building in Tampere, Finland, designed by Eero Seppälä and Otto Flodin, completed in 1936. The station is one of the most important railway stations in Finland. In 2015, the Tampere Central Station was ...
, the Tempo House, a bus station and the Kauppi Hospital were built in Tampere. There is no single accepted designation for the
post-war In Western usage, the phrase post-war era (or postwar era) usually refers to the time since the end of World War II. More broadly, a post-war period (or postwar period) is the interval immediately following the end of a war. A post-war period ...
style, but the key representatives of the reconstruction period are the Bank of Finland House, the Amurinlinna House and the Pyynikki Swimming Hall. The rationalist buildings of the modernist period are represented by the
University of Tampere The University of Tampere (UTA) ( fi, Tampereen yliopisto (Tay), ) was a public university in Tampere, Finland that was merged with Tampere University of Technology to create the new Tampere University on 1 January 2019. The university offered u ...
, the Tampere Central Hospital, Sampola, the School of Economics,
Ratina Stadium Tampere Stadium ( fi, Tampereen stadion), also known as Ratina Stadium ( fi, Ratinan stadion), designed by architect Timo Penttilä and completed in 1965, is a multi-purpose stadium in Tampere Tampere ( , , ; sv, Tammerfors, ) is a city ...
and the Kaleva Church. After this, diverse modernism will be represented by, among others, the
Metso Main Library Tampere Central Library ( Finnish: ''Tampereen kaupungin pääkirjasto'') is the main municipal library in Tampere, Finland. It is also known as ''Metso'' ('Capercaillie'), due to its resemblance to the bird, when viewed from above. The library ...
, the Hervanta Operations Center, the
Tampere Hall sv, Tammerforshuset , image = Tampere-talo panorama 2014.jpg , caption = Tampere Hall in June 2014 , former_names = , building_type = , architectural_style = Postmodernism , structural_system = , ...
, the university extension and
Nokia Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics corporation, established in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finland, i ...
's office building in Hatanpää. The city center of Tampere and also its western parts have been developed in a more modern direction since the 2010s, and the city aims to get the center to take on its future form by the 2030s. Plans have been drawn up for the Central Station area in particular in the form of the "Tampere Deck" project, in connection with which a new multi-purpose arena and
high-rise building A tower block, high-rise, apartment tower, residential tower, apartment block, block of flats, or office tower is a tall building, as opposed to a low-rise building and is defined differently in terms of height depending on the jurisdicti ...
s have been sent to the area. A light rail network has also been recently built in the
downtown ''Downtown'' is a term primarily used in North America by English speakers to refer to a city's sometimes commercial, cultural and often the historical, political and geographic heart. It is often synonymous with its central business district ...
area.
Artificial island An artificial island is an island that has been constructed by people rather than formed by natural means. Artificial islands may vary in size from small islets reclaimed solely to support a single pillar of a building or structure to those th ...
projects are planned on the shores of the lakes, which would create new
residential area A residential area is a land used in which housing predominates, as opposed to industrial and commercial areas. Housing may vary significantly between, and through, residential areas. These include single-family housing, multi-family resi ...
s for several thousand inhabitants. The projects are estimated to cost several billion euros.


Economy

The Tampere region,
Pirkanmaa Pirkanmaa (; sv, Birkaland; la, Birkaria, link=no), also known as ''Tampere Region'' in government documents, is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Satakunta, South Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Päijät-Häme, Kanta-Häme an ...
, which includes outlying municipalities, has around 509,000 residents, 244,000 employed people, and a turnover of 28 billion euros . According to the Tampere International Business Office, the area is strong in mechanical engineering and automation, information and communication technologies, and health and biotechnology, as well as pulp and paper industry education. Unemployment rate was 15.7% in August 2020. 70% of the areas jobs are in the service sector. Less than 20% are in the manufacturing sector. 34.5% of employed people live outside the Tampere municipality and commute to Tampere for work. Meanwhile, 15.6% of Tampere's residents work outside Tampere. In 2014 the largest employers were
Kesko sv, Kesko Abp , logo = Kesko logo.svg , logo_size = 150px , type = Julkinen osakeyhtiö , traded_as = , foundation = , location_city = Helsinki , location_country = Finland , key_people = Mikko Helander (President and CEO), Esa Kii ...
, Pirkanmaan Osuuskauppa,
Alma Media Alma Media Oyj is a Finnish media and digital service business company. Its best known products are ''Iltalehti'', ''Kauppalehti'', ''Talouselämä'', and . In addition to news services, the company's products provide information related to li ...
and Posti Group. According to a study carried out by the Synergos Research and Training Center of the
University of Tampere The University of Tampere (UTA) ( fi, Tampereen yliopisto (Tay), ) was a public university in Tampere, Finland that was merged with Tampere University of Technology to create the new Tampere University on 1 January 2019. The university offered u ...
, the total impact of tourism in the Tampere region in 2012 was more than 909 million euros. Tourism also brought 4,805 person-years to the region. The biggest single attraction in Tampere is the Särkänniemi
amusement park An amusement park is a park that features various attractions, such as rides and games, as well as other events for entertainment purposes. A theme park is a type of amusement park that bases its structures and attractions around a central ...
, which had about 630,000 visitors in 2016. In addition, in 2015, 1,021,151 overnight stays were made in Tampere
hotel A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. Facilities provided inside a hotel room may range from a modest-quality mattress in a small room to large suites with bigger, higher-quality beds, a dresser, a re ...
s. The number exceeded the previous record year with more than 20,000 overnight stays. All that makes Tampere the second most popular city in Finland after Helsinki in terms of hotel stays. Leisure tourism accounted for 55,4% of overnight stays and occupational tourism for 43,2%. The occupancy rate of all accommodation establishments with more than 20 rooms was 57,0%, while that of accommodation establishments in the whole country was 48,3%. Tampere's economic profit in 2015 was the worst of big Finnish cities. In 2016 the loss of the fiscal year was 18,8 million euros. In the city's economy, the largest revenues come from taxes and government contributions. In 2015, the city received 761 million euros in municipal
tax revenue Tax revenue is the income that is collected by governments through taxation. Taxation is the primary source of government revenue. Revenue may be extracted from sources such as individuals, public enterprises, trade, royalties on natural resour ...
. In addition, 61,4 million euros came from
corporate tax A corporate tax, also called corporation tax or company tax, is a direct tax imposed on the income or capital of corporations or analogous legal entities. Many countries impose such taxes at the national level, and a similar tax may be imposed a ...
es and 64 million euros from
property tax A property tax or millage rate is an ad valorem tax on the value of a property.In the OECD classification scheme, tax on property includes "taxes on immovable property or net wealth, taxes on the change of ownership of property through inher ...
es. Tax revenues have not increased as expected in the 2010s, although the city's population has increased. This has been affected by high
unemployment Unemployment, according to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is people above a specified age (usually 15) not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work during the refe ...
. Tampere is headquarters for Bronto Skylift, an aerial rescue and aerial work platform manufacturer.


Energy

In 2013, Tampereen Energiantuotanto, which is part of the Tampereen Sähkölaitos Group, generated 1,254 GWh of
electricity Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as describe ...
and 2,184 GWh of
district heating District heating (also known as heat networks or teleheating) is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location through a system of insulated pipes for residential and commercial heating requirements such as space heating ...
. The two units of the Naistenlahti's
power plant A power station, also referred to as a power plant and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Power stations are generally connected to an electrical grid. Many ...
generated a total of about 65% and the
Lielahti Lielahti ( sv, Lielax) is a suburb in the city of Tampere, Finland, with important industrial and commercial facilities. Lielahti was annexed to the city in 1950 from Ylöjärvi parish. Lielahti lies about 7 kilometres west from the city centre. ...
's power plant about 30% of the electricity production. In district heating production, the Naistenlahti power plant units accounted for 57% and the Lielahti power plant for 23%. Tampere's ten heating centers accounted for 21%. In 2013, the share of
natural gas Natural gas (also called fossil gas or simply gas) is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons consisting primarily of methane in addition to various smaller amounts of other higher alkanes. Low levels of trace gases like carbon d ...
in energy production was about 65%. Wood and
peat Peat (), also known as turf (), is an accumulation of partially Decomposition, decayed vegetation or organic matter. It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, Moorland, moors, or muskegs. The peatland ecosystem covers and ...
accounted for about 17%. In addition,
hydropower Hydropower (from el, ὕδωρ, "water"), also known as water power, is the use of falling or fast-running water to produce electricity or to power machines. This is achieved by converting the gravitational potential or kinetic energy of ...
and
oil An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is hydrophobic (does not mix with water) & lipophilic (mixes with other oils). Oils are usually flammable and surface active. Most oils are unsaturated ...
were used. Emissions from energy production have decreased in the 21st century due to the growth of renewable forms of production and the modernization of the Naistenlahti plant. In 2013, approximately 669,000 tonnes of
carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ( chemical formula ) is a chemical compound made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in the gas state at room temperature. In the air, carbon dioxide is t ...
emissions and 297 tonnes of
sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide (IUPAC-recommended spelling) or sulphur dioxide (traditional Commonwealth English) is the chemical compound with the formula . It is a toxic gas responsible for the odor of burnt matches. It is released naturally by volcanic a ...
emissions were generated.


Water and waste management

66,5% of Tampere's domestic water is
surface water Surface water is water located on top of land forming terrestrial (inland) waterbodies, and may also be referred to as ''blue water'', opposed to the seawater and waterbodies like the ocean. The vast majority of surface water is produced by pre ...
and 33,5%
groundwater Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in rock and Pore space in soil, soil pore spaces and in the fractures of stratum, rock formations. About 30 percent of all readily available freshwater in the world is groundwater. A unit ...
. 58% of the water was diverted to economic use and 13% to industrial use. In addition to Tampere, Tampereen Vesi manages water in
Pirkkala Pirkkala (; sv, Birkala) is a municipality of Finland. It is located some south-west from Tampere in the Pirkanmaa region. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is , which makes ...
. Almost all surface water comes from Lake Roine. In addition, Tampereen Vesi has four surface water plants in Lake Näsijärvi and five groundwater intakes. Tampereen Vesi is 96% responsible for the wastewater of Tampere, Kangasala, Pirkkala and
Ylöjärvi Ylöjärvi () is a town and a municipality in the Pirkanmaa region, northwest of Tampere and north of the capital city Helsinki in Finland. The town has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population densit ...
. In 2012, a total of 31,9 million cubic meters of
wastewater Wastewater is water generated after the use of freshwater, raw water, drinking water or saline water in a variety of deliberate applications or processes. Another definition of wastewater is "Used water from any combination of domestic, industrial ...
was treated in Tampere. The Viinikanlahti
treatment plant Water treatment is any process that improves the Water quality, quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking water, drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recrea ...
treats more than 75% of wastewater. Pirkanmaan Jätehuolto handles
waste management Waste management or waste disposal includes the processes and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitorin ...
in Tampere. It has waste treatment facilities in
Nokia Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics corporation, established in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finland, i ...
's Lake Koukkujärvi and Tampere's Lake Tarastenjärvi.


Demographics

Tampere has 238,671 inhabitants, making it the third most populous municipality in Finland and the tenth in the Nordics. The Tampere region, which has 410,689 inhabitants, is the second largest urban area after
Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...
. 8.6% of the population has a foreign background, which is lower than Helsinki and
Turku Turku ( ; ; sv, Åbo, ) is a city and former capital on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper (''Varsinais-Suomi'') and the former Turku and Pori Province (''Turun ja Porin lääni''; ...
but higher than
Oulu Oulu ( , ; sv, Uleåborg ) is a city, municipality and a seaside resort of about 210,000 inhabitants in the region of North Ostrobothnia, Finland. It is the most populous city in northern Finland and the fifth most populous in the country after ...
. The demographic structure of Tampere shows the city's position as a very popular place to
study Study or studies may refer to: General * Education ** Higher education * Clinical trial * Experiment * Observational study * Research * Study skills, abilities and approaches applied to learning Other * Study (art), a drawing or series of ...
, as the number of young adults is clearly higher than in other municipalities in the region. At the end of 2012, the population
dependency ratio The dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force (the ''dependent'' part ages 0 to 14 and 65+) and those typically in the labor force (the ''productive'' part ages 15 to 64). It is used to measure the press ...
was 45. About 17,3% of the population was over 65 years of age. Just over half of the population is women, as in the whole country. The population is fairly educated, with two-thirds of those over 15 having completed post-primary education. Tampere is Finland's largest monolingual Finnish-speaking municipality. In 2021, 1,321 Swedish-speakers lived in Tampere, ie their share of the Tampere population was about half a per cent. This is the second largest number of Swedish-speakers in monolingual Finnish-speaking municipalities after
Kaarina Kaarina (; sv, S:t Karins, i.e. " Saint Catherine's") is a small town and municipality of Finland. It is located in the Southwest Finland region and is a neighbouring town of Turku, which is the capital of Southwest Finland, therefore Kaarina ...
. Kaarina and Tampere are also the only monolingual Finnish-speaking municipalities with a separate Swedish-speaking congregation. In 1900, Swedish-speakers accounted for more than six per cent of Tampere's population and in 1950 for less than two per cent. Speakers of languages other than Finnish or Swedish account for 8.5% of the population, similar to the national average of 8.3%. The most spoken languages among them are Russian (1.3%),
Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
(1.0%),
Farsi Persian (), also known by its endonym Farsi (, ', ), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken an ...
(0.8%) and
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ...
(0.6%). At the end of 2018, there were a total of 140,039 dwellings in Tampere, of which 127,639 were permanently inhabited and 12,400 were not permanently inhabited. Of these, 74% were
apartment building An apartment (American English), or flat (British English, Indian English, South African English), is a self-contained housing unit (a type of residential real estate) that occupies part of a building, generally on a single story. There are ma ...
s, 14
detached house A stand-alone house (also called a single-detached dwelling, detached residence or detached house) is a free-standing residential building. It is sometimes referred to as a single-family home, as opposed to a multi-family residential dwelli ...
s, 10
terraced house In architecture and city planning, a terrace or terraced house ( UK) or townhouse ( US) is a form of medium-density housing that originated in Europe in the 16th century, whereby a row of attached dwellings share side walls. In the United St ...
s and 2% other residential buildings. Between 2002 and 2020, more than 40,000 new apartments have been completed in Tampere. Living space has been growing for a long time, although growth virtually came to a halt after 2008. The average living space at the end of 2012 was about 36,8 m2 per inhabitant, compared to about 19,2 m2 in 1970 and about 31,8 m2 in 1990. The average population of a dwelling in 2012 was about 1,8 inhabitants. For more than ten years, Tampere has been one of the most migratory municipalities, as in January–September 2021, more than 1,930 new residents moved to Tampere.
Nokia Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics corporation, established in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finland, i ...
, Kangasala and
Lempäälä Lempäälä (; Swedish also ) is a municipality in the Pirkanmaa region of Finland with inhabitants (). Lempäälä is located south of the city of Tampere. The municipality covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . The ...
, which are among Tampere's neighboring municipalities, have also been identified as the most migratory municipalities, which rose to the list of the 20 most attractive municipalities. Even during
COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identi ...
, Tampere has become Finland's most attractive area for internal migration, as Tampere gained the most migration gains in 2020.


Urban areas

In 2019, out of the total population of 238,140, 231,648 people lived in
urban areas An urban area, built-up area or urban agglomeration is a human settlement with a high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, ...
and 3,132 in sparsely populated areas, while the coordinates of 3,360 people were unknown. This made Tampere's degree of urbanization 98.7%. The urban population in the municipality was divided between three statistical urban areas as follows:


Education

The
comprehensive education Comprehensive may refer to: * Comprehensive layout, the page layout of a proposed design as initially presented by the designer to a client. *Comprehensive school, a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement ...
is given mainly in Finnish but the city has special bilingual groups where students study in Finnish and a second language (
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ...
,
French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
or
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...
). Furthermore, there is a private Swedish-speaking school in the Kaakinmaa district (Swedish Svenska samskolan i Tammerfors) that covers all levels of education from
preschool A preschool, also known as nursery school, pre-primary school, or play school or creche, is an educational establishment or learning space offering early childhood education to children before they begin compulsory education at primary sch ...
to
high school A secondary school describes an institution that provides secondary education and also usually includes the building where this takes place. Some secondary schools provide both '' lower secondary education'' (ages 11 to 14) and ''upper seconda ...
. There are three institutions of higher education in the Tampere area totaling 40,000 students: the university and two polytechnic institutions ( fi, ammattikorkeakoulu).
Tampere University Tampere University (, shortened TAU) is a Finnish university that was established on 1 January, 2019 as a merger between the University of Tampere and Tampere University of Technology. The new university is also the major shareholder of Tampere U ...
(TUNI) has over 20,000 students and is located in two campuses, one in the Kalevanharju district, close to the city centre, and one in
Hervanta Hervanta is a large suburb, or satellite city, of Tampere in Finland, located next to Hallila some 10 km south of the city centre. Home to a population of over 26,000, Hervanta is best known for its prefabricated blocks of flats. The total ...
, in the southern part of the city. The institution was formed in 2019 as a result of the merge of
University of Tampere The University of Tampere (UTA) ( fi, Tampereen yliopisto (Tay), ) was a public university in Tampere, Finland that was merged with Tampere University of Technology to create the new Tampere University on 1 January 2019. The university offered u ...
(UTA) and
Tampere University of Technology Tampere University of Technology (TUT) ( fi, Tampereen teknillinen yliopisto (TTY)) was Finland's second-largest university in engineering sciences. The university was located in Hervanta, a suburb of Tampere. It was merged with the University o ...
(TUT). TUNI is also the major shareholder of the
Tampere University of Applied Sciences Tampere University of Applied Sciences ( fi, Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu, TAMK) is a university of applied sciences (a polytechnic) in the region of Pirkanmaa, Finland. Together with Tampere University, TAMK constitutes the Tampere highe ...
(''Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu'', TAMK), a polytechnic counting about 10,000 students. The Police University College, the polytechnic institution serving all of Finland in its field of specialization, is also located in Tampere. Tampere University Hospital (''Tampereen yliopistollinen sairaala'', TAYS) in the Kauppi district, one of the main hospitals in Finland, is affiliated with Tampere University. It is a teaching hospital with 34 medical specializations. The Nurmi district in the northern part of city also houses the
Tampere Christian School Tampere ( , , ; sv, Tammerfors, ) is a city in the Pirkanmaa region, located in the western part of Finland. Tampere is the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries. It has a population of 244,029; the urban area has a population ...
(''Tampereen kristillinen koulu''), which operates on a co-Christianity, Christian basis and is maintained by the Adventist Church of Finland, offering free basic education based on Christian basic values and outlook on life for all grades of primary school.


Arts and culture

Tampere is known for its active cultural life. Some of the most popular writers in Finland, such as Väinö Linna, Kalle Päätalo, and Hannu Salama, hail from Tampere. These authors are known particularly as writers depicting the lives of working-class people, thanks to their respective backgrounds as members of the working class. Also from such a background was the poet Lauri Viita of the
Pispala Pispala is a city area 2.5 km from the centre of Tampere, Finland. It is located on the northern slope of Pispalanharju, the highest esker in Finland. Together with Pyynikki, Pispala is widely considered the most beautiful area of Tamper ...
district, which was also the original home of the aforementioned Hannu Salama. On 1 October, Tampere celebrates the annual Tampere Day ( fi, Tampereen päivä), which hosts a variety of public events.


Media

Tampere is a strong ''media city'', as the television center in Tohloppi and
Ristimäki Ristimäki is a neighbourhood in the city of Tampere, Finland, It is bordered on the north by Tohloppi, on the east by Epilänharju, on the west by Tesomajärvi and on the south by the Tampere-Pori railway. Mediapolis, YLE Yleisradio Oy ( ...
districts has had a nationwide
Yle TV2 Yle TV2 ( fi, Yle TV Kaksi; sv, Yle TV Två) is a Finnish television channel owned and operated by Yle. TV2 was launched in 1965 as the successor to the former television channels TES-TV (Tesvisio) and Tamvisio, and broadcasts public service ...
television channel since the 1970s, and Finnish radio, for example, began in Tampere when Arvi Hauvonen founded the first broadcasting station in 1923. Yle TV2 has its roots in Tamvisio, which was transferred to
Yleisradio Yleisradio Oy ( Finnish, literally "General Radio Ltd." or "General Broadcast Ltd."; abbr. Yle ; sv, Rundradion Ab, italics=no), translated to English as the Finnish Broadcasting Company, is Finland's national public broadcasting company, found ...
in 1964. ''Kakkoskanava'' ("Channel 2") has been a major influence in Tampere, and several well-known television programs and series have been shot in the city, such as TV comedies ''Tankki täyteen'', ''Reinikainen (television series), Reinikainen'' and ''Kummeli''. The Ruutu+ streaming service's popular crime drama television series ''Lakeside Murders'' ( fi, Koskinen), based on the ''Koskinen'' book series by Seppo Jokinen, is also produced and filmed in Tampere. The Tampere Film Festival, an annual international short film event, is held every March. Tampere has also served as a filming location for international film productions, most notably the 1993 British comedy film ''The Big Freeze (film), The Big Freeze'' and the 2022 American sci-fi film ''Dual (2022 film), Dual''. In 2014, ''Aamulehti'', which was published in Tampere and was founded in 1881, was the third largest newspaper in Finland in terms of circulation, after ''Helsingin Sanomat'' and ''Ilta-Sanomat''. The circulation of the magazine was 106,842 (2014). In addition, a free city newspaper ''Tamperelainen'' (literally translated "Tamperean", meaning person who live in Tampere) will be published in the city. In November 2016, the ''Tamperelainen'' was awarded the second best city newspaper in Finland. The city is also known as the home of the popular Hydraulic Press Channel on YouTube, which originates from a machine shop owned by Lauri Vuohensilta.


Food

A local food speciality is ''mustamakkara'', which resembles the black pudding of northern England. It is a black sausage made by mixing pork, pig's blood and crushed rye and flour and is stuffed into the intestines of an animal. It is commonly eaten with lingonberry sauce. Especially Tammelantori square in the district of Tammela is known for its ''mustamakkara'' kiosks. A newer Tampere tradition are ''munkki'', fresh sugary doughnuts that are sold in several cafés around Tampere, but most traditionally in Pyynikki observation tower. One of the specialties of Tampere's local barbecue dishes include the peremech ( fi, pärämätsi) based on traditional Tatars, Tatar food. It is a pie reminiscent of Karelian pasty with seasoned ground meat inside. In the 1980s, in addition to ''mustamakkara'' and barley bread, the old parish dish of Tampere was also called a potato soup, home-made small beer (''kotikalja''), a sweetened lingonberry porridge and a sweetened potato casserole (''Imelletty perunalaatikko''). Since 1991, the two-day fish market event (''Tampereen kalamarkkinat'') in Laukontori attracts as many as 80,000–100,000 visitors in year, and is held both in the spring on ''vappu'' and in the autumn on Tampere Day.


Music

Tampere is home to the Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra (''Tampere Filharmonia''), which is one of only two full-sized symphony orchestras in Finland; Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, the other one is located in
Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...
. The orchestra's home venue is the
Tampere Hall sv, Tammerforshuset , image = Tampere-talo panorama 2014.jpg , caption = Tampere Hall in June 2014 , former_names = , building_type = , architectural_style = Postmodernism , structural_system = , ...
, and their concerts include classical, popular, and film music. Tampere Music Festivals organises three international music events: Tampere Jazz Happening, The Tampere Jazz Happening each November, and in alternate years Tampere Vocal Music Festival, The Tampere Vocal Music Festival and the Tampere Biennale. Professional education in many fields of classical music, including performing arts, pedagogic arts, and composition, is provided by
Tampere University of Applied Sciences Tampere University of Applied Sciences ( fi, Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu, TAMK) is a university of applied sciences (a polytechnic) in the region of Pirkanmaa, Finland. Together with Tampere University, TAMK constitutes the Tampere highe ...
and Tampere Music school, Conservatoire. Tammerfest, Tampere's urban rock festival, is held every July. The Blockfest, which also takes place in Tampere during the summer months, is the largest hip hop music, hip hop event in the Nordic countries. The Tampere Floral Festival is an annual event, held each Summer. ''Manserock'' became a general term for rock music from Tampere, which was essentially rock music with Finnish lyrics. Manserock was especially popular during the 1970s and 1980s, and its most popular artists included Juice Leskinen, Virtanen, Kaseva, Popeda, and Eppu Normaali. In 1977, Poko Rekords, the first record company in Tampere, was founded. In the 2010s, there has been a lot of popular musical activity in Tampere, particularly in the fields of rock and Heavy metal music, heavy/black metal; one of the most important metal music events in Tampere is the Sauna Open Air Metal Festival. Some of the most popular bands based in Tampere include Negative (Finnish band), Negative, Uniklubi, and Lovex. Tampere also has an active electronic music scene. Tampere hosts an annual World of Tango Festival (''Maailmantango''), which is one of the most significant tango events in Finland next to the Tangomarkkinat of Seinäjoki.


Theatre

Tampere has a lengthy tradition of theater, with established institutions such as Tampere Workers' Theatre, Tampereen Työväen Teatteri, Tampere Theatre, Tampereen Teatteri, and Pyynikin Kesäteatteri, which is an open-air theatre with the oldest revolving auditorium in Europe. The longest-running directors of the Tampereen Teatteri include Eino Salmelainen and Rauli Lehtonen, and the Tampereen Työväen Teatteri has Kosti Elo, Eino Salmelainen and Lasse Pöysti. Tampere Theatre Festival, The Tampere Theatre Festival (''Tampereen teatterikesä'') is an international theatre festival held in the city each August. Tampere also has the Tampere Opera, founded in 1946. Tampere's other professional theaters are Teatteri Siperia; restaurant theater Teatteripalatsi; Teatteri Telakka, known for its artistic experiments; Ahaa Teatteri, which specializes in children's and young people's plays; puppet theater Teatteri Mukamas, and Tanssiteatteri MD, specializes in contemporary dance performances. In addition, there are also three Movie theater, cinemas in Tampere: two Finnkino's theaters, Cine Atlas and Finnkino Plevna, Plevna, and private Arthouse Cinema Niagara, which serves as the main venue for the Cinemadrome Festival, which presents Horror film, horror, Action film, action, Science fiction film, sci-fi, Trash film, trash, and other cult films. Local cinemas also included the historic Imatra (cinema), Imatra, formerly located in the Kyttälä district, which was completely destroyed on a fire in the midst of a 1924 film ''Wages of Virtue'' on 23 October 1927, killing 21 people.


Religion

As is the case with most of the rest of Finland, most Tampere citizens belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. One Lutheran church in Tampere is Finlayson Church in the Finlayson (district), district by the same name. Tampere also has a variety of other religious services spanning from traditional to Charismatic Christianity, charismatic. There are also some English speaking services, such as the Tampere English Service, an international community affiliated with the (''Tampereen helluntaiseurakunta''). English services of the International Congregation of Christ the King (ICCK) are organized by the Anglican Church in Finland and the Lutheran Parishes of Tampere. The Catholic parish of the Holy Cross also offers services in Finnish, Polish and English. Other churches may also have English speaking ministries. Tampere is the center of a the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, LDS stake (Latter Day Saints), stake (diocese). Other churches in Tampere are the Baptists in Finland, Baptist Church, the Evangelical Free Church, the Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland, the Finnish Orthodox Church and the Nokia Revival. There was an organized Jewish community until 1981. Though a small number of Jews remain in Tampere, organized communal life ended at that time. There are three registered Muslim communities in Tampere. The biggest of them being Tampere Islam Society with over 1500 members.


City rivalry with Turku

Tampere ostensibly has a long-standing mutual feud with the city of
Turku Turku ( ; ; sv, Åbo, ) is a city and former capital on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper (''Varsinais-Suomi'') and the former Turku and Pori Province (''Turun ja Porin lääni''; ...
, the first capital of Finland, and they tend to compete for the title of being the "second grand city of Finland" after
Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...
. This rivalry is largely expressed in jokes in one city about the other; prominent targets are the traditional Tampere food, ''mustamakkara'', the state of the Aura River (Finland), Aura River in Turku, and the regional accents. Tampere is well known as a food destination because of its food culture. Since 1997, students at Tampere have made annual excursions to Turku to jump on the market square, doing their part to undo the post-glacial rebound and push the city back into the Baltic Sea.


Main sights

One of the main tourist attractions is the Särkänniemi
amusement park An amusement park is a park that features various attractions, such as rides and games, as well as other events for entertainment purposes. A theme park is a type of amusement park that bases its structures and attractions around a central ...
, which includes the landmark Näsinneula tower, topped by a revolving restaurant. In addition to these, it used to house a dolphinarium. Other sites of interest are
Tampere Cathedral Tampere Cathedral ( fi, Tampereen tuomiokirkko, sv, Tammerfors domkyrka; originally known as St. John's Church) is a Lutheran church in Tampere, Finland, and the seat of the Diocese of Tampere. The building was designed in the National Romanti ...
, Tampere City Hall, Tampere Central Library ''Metso'' ("Western capercaillie, Capercaillie"), Kaleva Church (both designed by Reima Pietilä), Tampere Hall, the Tampere Hall (along
Hämeenkatu Hämeenkatu is the main street of Tampere, Finland, located in the city center. The boulevard is roughly a kilometre long, and wide (driveway and sidewalk) at its widest point. Hämeenkatu is a boulevard, which begins from the east at the Tampe ...
) for conferences and concerts, the Tampere Market Hall and historical Pyynikki observation tower. Tampere has at least seven
hotel A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. Facilities provided inside a hotel room may range from a modest-quality mattress in a small room to large suites with bigger, higher-quality beds, a dresser, a re ...
s, the most noteworthy of which are
Hotel Tammer Radisson Blu Grand Hotel Tammer is a historic hotel built in 1929, situated near Tammerkoski rapids in central Tampere, Finland. History The Hotel Tammer is one of Finland's oldest operating hotels. The building is listed as a part of Tammerkos ...
, Hotel Ilves, and Hotel Torni Tampere, Hotel Torni, the tallest hotel building in Finland. The Holiday Club, Holiday Club Tampere spa is also located in the Lapinniemi, Lapinniemi district on the shores of Lake Näsijärvi. There are also many significant shopping centers in the city center of Tampere and its suburbs; the most notable shopping centers are Ratina (shopping centre), Ratina, Koskikeskus (shopping centre), Koskikeskus, DUO (Tampere), DUO, Like (shopping mall), Like, and Tullintori. Tampere is also home to one of the last museums in the world dedicated to
Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1 ...
. The museum is housed in the
Tampere Workers' Hall Tampere Workers' Hall (also known as the Puistotorni, ''The Park Tower'') is a conference and congress centre in Kaakinmaa, Tampere, Finland, located in the corner between Hämeenpuisto and Hallituskatu. It was built in 1900 by the Tampere Worke ...
(along Hallituskatu (Tampere), Hallituskatu) where during a subsequent Bolshevik conference in the city, Lenin met Joseph Stalin for the first time. Lenin moved to Tampere in August 1905, but eventually fled for Sweden in November 1907 when being pursued by the Russian Okhrana. Lenin would not return to any part of the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War ...
until ten years later, when he heard of the start of the Russian Revolution of 1917. There are many museums and galleries, including: * The Vapriikki Museum Centre which includes the Natural History Museum of Tampere, Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame, Finnish Museum of Games, Post Museum and the ''Shoe Museum'' * Hatanpää Manor and Hatanpää Arboretum * The Näsilinna Palace * Tampere Art Museum * Tampere Lenin Museum * The Moomin Museum, about Moomins * Rupriikki Media Museum * Spy Museum in Siperia * Workers' housing museum in Amuri. * Finland's largest glass sculpture, owned by the City of Tampere, "Timo Sarpaneva#Glass, Pack Ice / The Mirror of the Sea" by the renowned artist Timo Sarpaneva, was installed in the entrance lobby of the downtown shopping mall KoskiKeskus until it was moved to a warehouse.


Pispala

Pispala is a ridge located between the two lakes. It is divided into
Ylä-Pispala Pispala is a city area 2.5 km from the centre of Tampere, Finland. It is located on the northern slope of Pispalanharju, the highest esker in Finland. Together with Pyynikki, Pispala is widely considered the most beautiful area of Tampere ...
("Upper Pispala") and
Ala-Pispala Pispala is a city area 2.5 km from the centre of Tampere, Finland. It is located on the northern slope of Pispalanharju, the highest esker in Finland. Together with Pyynikki, Pispala is widely considered the most beautiful area of Tamper ...
("Lower Pispala"). It's the highest gravel ridge in the world, raising above Lake Pyhäjärvi and around above sea level. It was used to house the majority of industrial labour in the late 19th and early 20th century, when it was part of Pirkkala, Suur-Pirkkala and its successor Nokia, Finland, Pohjois-Pirkkala. It was a free area to be built upon by the working-class people working in Tampere factories. It joined Tampere in 1937. Currently it is a residential area undergoing significant redevelopment and together with neighbouring
Pyynikki Pyynikki ( sv, Pynike) is a district and a nature reserve in Tampere, Finland. It is located in the Pyynikinharju ridge, between the city center and the western district of Pispala. Pyynikinharju is the highest esker An esker, eskar, esch ...
it forms an important historical area of Tampere.


Events


Sports

Tampere's sporting scene is mainly driven by ice hockey. The first Finnish ice hockey match was played in Tampere, on the ice of
Pyhäjärvi Pyhäjärvi (1993–1995 ''Pyhäsalmi'') is a town and municipality in the south of Northern Ostrobothnia region, Finland. Pyhäjärvi also borders the Northern Savonia and Central Finland regions. The town belongs to the subregion of Nivala–Ha ...
. Tampere is nicknamed the hometown of Finnish ice hockey. Three exceptional ice hockey teams come from Tampere: Tappara, Ilves and KOOVEE (ice hockey), KOOVEE. Especially both Tappara and Ilves have had a great impact on Finnish ice hockey culture and are among the most successful teams in Finland; of these, Ilves was the first Tampere-based hockey team to win the 1935–36 SM-sarja season, 1935-1936 Finnish championship. The Finnish ice hockey museum, and the first ice hockey arena to be built in Finland, the Tampereen jäähalli, Hakametsä arena, are both located in Tampere. Construction of a new main ice hockey arena, Nokia Arena (Tampere), Tampere Deck Arena, began in 2018, and was first opened to the public on 3 December 2021, although the official opening date was on 15 December. The name of the new arena was supposed to be ''UROS LIVE'', but due to the financial difficulties of the sponsor behind it, the name was abandoned. After that,
Nokia Corporation Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics corporation, established in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finland, i ...
was chosen as the new sponsor on 19 November 2021, and the arena was renamed as ''Nokia Arena''. The arena served as the main venue for the 2022 IIHF World Championship. Like ice hockey, association football is also a popular sport in Tampere. Ilves (football), Ilves, the professional football club of Tampere, alone has over 4,000 players in its football teams, while Tampere boasts over 100 (mostly junior) football teams. Basketball is another popular sport in Tampere; the city has three basketball teams with big junior activity and one of them, Tampereen Pyrintö (basketball), Tampereen Pyrintö, plays on the highest level (Korisliiga) and was the Finnish Champion in 2010, 2011, and 2014. Tampere Saints is the American football club in the city, that won division 2 in 2015 and plays in the Vaahteraliiga, Maple League (division 1) in summer 2017. Tampere has a baseball and softball club, the Tampere Tigers, which plays in the Baseball Finnish Championship Series, top division of Finnish baseball. In addition to all of the above, volleyball, wrestling and boxing are also among Tampere's best-known sports. Tampere hosted some of the Football at the 1952 Summer Olympics, preliminaries for the 1952 Summer Olympics, the 1965 World Ice Hockey Championships and was co-host of the EuroBasket 1967. The city also hosted two ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships, canoe sprint world championships, in 1973 and 1983. In 1977, Tampere hosted the World Rowing Junior Championships and in 1995 the Senior World Rowing Championships. Recently, Tampere was the host of the 10th European Youth Olympic Festival on 17–25 July 2009 and the 2010 World Ringette Championships on 1–6 November at Hakametsä arena. Tampere will host the 2023 European Masters Games from 26 June to 9 July.


Concerts

Ratina Stadium Tampere Stadium ( fi, Tampereen stadion), also known as Ratina Stadium ( fi, Ratinan stadion), designed by architect Timo Penttilä and completed in 1965, is a multi-purpose stadium in Tampere Tampere ( , , ; sv, Tammerfors, ) is a city ...
of Tampere, in the Ratina (district), district by the same name, has served as the venue for many of the most significant concerts, most notably in connection with the ''Endless Forms Most Beautiful World Tour'' in 2015 by the band Nightwish. Other noteworthy tours from other bands held at Ratina Stadium include Iron Maiden (''Somewhere Back in Time World Tour'', 2008), Bruce Springsteen (''Working on a Dream Tour'', 2009), AC/DC (''Black Ice World Tour'', 2010), Red Hot Chili Peppers (''I'm with You World Tour'', 2012), Bon Jovi (''Because We Can (concert tour), Because We Can World Tour'', 2013), Robbie Williams (''The Heavy Entertainment Show Tour'', 2017) and Rammstein (''Rammstein Stadium Tour'', 2019).


Transport

Tampere is an important railroad hub in Finland and there are direct railroad connections to, for example,
Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...
,
Turku Turku ( ; ; sv, Åbo, ) is a city and former capital on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper (''Varsinais-Suomi'') and the former Turku and Pori Province (''Turun ja Porin lääni''; ...
and the Port of Turku,
Oulu Oulu ( , ; sv, Uleåborg ) is a city, municipality and a seaside resort of about 210,000 inhabitants in the region of North Ostrobothnia, Finland. It is the most populous city in northern Finland and the fifth most populous in the country after ...
, Jyväskylä, and
Pori ) , website www.pori.fi Pori (; sv, Björneborg ) is a city and municipality on the west coast of Finland. The city is located some from the Gulf of Bothnia, on the estuary of the Kokemäki River, west of Tampere, north of Turku and north- ...
. Every day about 150 trains with an annual total of 8 million passengers arrive and depart in the Tampere Central Station, Tampere Central Railway Station, which is located in the city center. There are also frequent bus connections to destinations around Finland. To the south of Tampere, there is the Tampere Ring Road, which is important for car traffic and which is part of Finnish highways number Finnish national road 3, 3 (on the west side) and number Finnish national road 9, 9 (on the east side). The main stretch of the ring road sees over 50,000 vehicles per day, and, according to the ELY Centre of Pirkanmaa, the western part of the ring road is the busiest road in Finland, if highway and ring road connections in the Helsinki metropolitan area are excluded. There are also plans for another ring road project that would run from Pirkkala to Tampere's
Hervanta Hervanta is a large suburb, or satellite city, of Tampere in Finland, located next to Hallila some 10 km south of the city centre. Home to a population of over 26,000, Hervanta is best known for its prefabricated blocks of flats. The total ...
and possibly in the future to Kangasala.
Teiskontie Teiskontie is a street and highway in Tampere, Finland. As its name implies, it runs from the center of Tampere towards Teisko, a former municipality connected to Tampere in 1972. To the east of the highway junction of Hervanta, it is part of H ...
, which runs east of the city center, is part of Highway 12 in the direction of Lahti. This highway also runs through the center of Tampere under the name Paasikiven–Kekkosentie, below the downtown as the Tampere Tunnel, which is the longest road tunnel built in Finland for car traffic. Tampere is served by Tampere–Pirkkala Airport, located in neighboring municipality
Pirkkala Pirkkala (; sv, Birkala) is a municipality of Finland. It is located some south-west from Tampere in the Pirkanmaa region. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is , which makes ...
some southwest of the city, and it replaced the former Härmälä Airport, which was closed in 1979. The current airport is connected to the city centre of Tampere by bus route 103, and to that of Pirkkala by bus route 39. The public transport network in Tampere currently consists of a bus network and two lines of Tampere light rail, city's light rail, operating from 9 August 2021. The Tampere Bus Station, designed by Jaakko Laaksovirta and Bertel Strömmer, representing Functionalism (architecture), functionalist architecture, was completed in 1938, being the largest bus station in the
Nordic countries The Nordic countries (also known as the Nordics or ''Norden''; lit. 'the North') are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. It includes the sovereign states of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sw ...
at the time, and between 1948 and 1976, the city also had an extensive trolleybus network, which was also the largest trolleybus system in Finland. As of 2017, commuter rail service on the railroad lines connecting Tampere to the neighbouring towns of
Nokia Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics corporation, established in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finland, i ...
and
Lempäälä Lempäälä (; Swedish also ) is a municipality in the Pirkanmaa region of Finland with inhabitants (). Lempäälä is located south of the city of Tampere. The municipality covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . The ...
is being established. In 2015, the Port of Tampere, the charter port area carrying passengers on the shores of Lake Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi (Tampere region), Lake Pyhäjärvi, was the busiest inland waterway in Finland in terms of the number of passengers (71,750). A partial explanation for the high number of passengers can be found in the summer traffic to the Viikinsaari island in Lake Pyhäjärvi, where people travel for an excursion or various cultural events such as watching a summer theater. Domestic passenger and connecting vessel traffic was only busier in the Finnish sea area in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, between mainland Finland and Åland in the Archipelago Sea. In the 2010s, Tampere has made efforts to invest in the smooth running of Utility cycling, cycling and walkability. Thanks to it, the city was awarded the title of "Cycling Municipality of the Year" in 2013. According to a survey conducted in 2015, the attractiveness of both cycling and walking had increased during 2014 and 2015. In any case, during the 21st century, the growth of bicycle traffic has been clearly faster than the growth of the city's population, and the number of cycles has increased by an average of about 2% per year.


Distances to other cities

*
Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...
– *
Hämeenlinna Hämeenlinna (; sv, Tavastehus; krl, Hämienlinna; la, Tavastum or ''Croneburgum'') is a city and municipality of about inhabitants in the heart of the historical province of Tavastia and the modern province of Kanta-Häme in the south of ...
– * Joensuu – * Jyväskylä – * Kuopio – * Lahti – * Lappeenranta – *
Oulu Oulu ( , ; sv, Uleåborg ) is a city, municipality and a seaside resort of about 210,000 inhabitants in the region of North Ostrobothnia, Finland. It is the most populous city in northern Finland and the fifth most populous in the country after ...
– *
Pori ) , website www.pori.fi Pori (; sv, Björneborg ) is a city and municipality on the west coast of Finland. The city is located some from the Gulf of Bothnia, on the estuary of the Kokemäki River, west of Tampere, north of Turku and north- ...
– * Seinäjoki – *
Turku Turku ( ; ; sv, Åbo, ) is a city and former capital on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper (''Varsinais-Suomi'') and the former Turku and Pori Province (''Turun ja Porin lääni''; ...
– * Vaasa –


Government

In 2007, Tampere switched to a new model of government. Since then, a mayor and four deputy mayors have been chosen for a period of four years by the City Council of Tampere, city council. The mayor also becomes the seat of the city council for the duration of the tenure. Tampere was the first Finnish municipality to be elected mayor. However, the mayor does not have an official relationship with the municipality; the mayor serves as chairman of the city board and directs the municipality's activities, and the mayor's duties are defined in the city government's bylaws. Because the mayor and deputy mayors are trustees, they can be removed by the council if they lose the majority trust. For the first two years, Timo P. Nieminen, representing the
National Coalition Party sv, Samlingspartiet , leader1_title = Chairman , leader1_name = Petteri Orpo , leader2_title = Deputy chairs , leader2_name = Antti HäkkänenElina ValtonenAnna-Kaisa Ikonen , merger = Finnish Party, Young Finn ...
from 2007 to 2012, served as mayor. In 2013, Anna-Kaisa Ikonen of the same party was elected mayor. As of 1 June 2017, the number of deputy mayors decreased from four to three. Lauri Lyly (SDP (Finland), SDP) was elected Mayor of the City of Tampere for the period 2017–2021 at the City Council meeting on 12 June 2017.


Mayors over time

* Kaarle Nordlund 1929–1943 * Sulo Typpö 1943–1957 * Erkki Lindfors 1957–1969 * Pekka Paavola 1969–1985 * Jarmo Rantanen 1985–2007 * Timo P. Nieminen (National Coalition Party, kok.) 2007–2012 * Anna-Kaisa Ikonen (National Coalition Party, kok.) 2013–2017 * Lauri Lyly (Social Democratic Party of Finland, sd.) 2017–2021 * Anna-Kaisa Ikonen (National Coalition Party, kok.) 2021–present


Notable people


Born before 1900

* Emil Aaltonen (1869—1949), industrialist and philanthropist * Emanuel Aromaa (1873—1933), politician * Eero Berg (1898–1969), long-distance runner and Olympic gold medalist * Minna Canth (1844–1897), author and social activist * Minna Craucher (1891–1932), socialite and spy * James Finlayson (1772–1852), Scottish Quakers, Quaker and industrialist * Väinö Hakkila (1882–1958), politician * Gustaf Idman (1885–1961), diplomat and a non-partisan Minister of Foreign Affairs (Finland), Minister of Foreign Affairs * Alma Jokinen (1882-1939), politician * Feliks Kellosalmi (1877-1939), politician * Augusta Laine (1867-1949), teacher of home economics and politician * Frans Oskar Lilius (1871-1928), politician * Wivi Lönn (1872–1966), architect * Kaapo Murros (1875–1951), journalist, lawyer, writer and politician * Juho Kusti Paasikivi (1870–1956), the Prime Minister of Finland and the President of Finland, 7th President of Finland * Aaro Pajari (1897–1949), Major General and the Knight of the Mannerheim Cross * Arvo Pohjannoro (1893–1963), Lutheran clergyman and politician * Anders Rajala (1891–1957), wrestler * Julius Saaristo (1891–1969) track and field athlete and Olympic gold medalist * Matti Schreck (1897–1946), banker and film producer * Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1888–1964), author and Nobel laureate * Bertel Strömmer (1890–1962), architect * Vilho Tuulos (1895–1967), triple jumper, long jumper and Olympic gold medalist * August Wesley (1887–?), journalist, trade unionist and revolutionary


Born after 1900

* Jonne Aaron (born 1983), singer * Sinikka Antila (born 1960), lawyer and diplomat * Aleksander Barkov (born 1995), Finnish-Russian professional ice hockey player * Anu Bradford (born 1975), Finnish-American author and law professor * Johanna Debreczeni (born 1980), singer * Henrik Otto Donner (1939–2013), composer and music personality * Anna Falchi (born 1972), Finnish-Italian model and film actress * Mauri Favén (1920–2006), painter * Jussi Halla-aho (born 1971), politician and former leader of the Finns Party * Roope Hintz (born 1996), professional ice hockey player * Anja Ignatius (1911–1995), violinist and music educator * Seppo Jokinen (born 1949), author * Viljo Kajava (1909–1998), author and poet * Tapani Kalliomäki (born 1970), stage and film actor * Glen Kamara (born 1995), professional footballer * Jorma Karhunen (1913–2002), Finnish Air Force Flying ace, ace and the Knight of the Mannerheim Cross * Leo Kinnunen (1943–2017), Formula One driver * Urpo Lahtinen (1931–1994), journalist and magazine publisher, founder of ''Tamperelainen'' * Mika Koivuniemi (born 1967), bowling coach and professional ten-pin bowling, ten-pin bowler * Kiira Korpi (born 1988), figure skater * Patrik Laine (born 1998), professional ice hockey player * Väinö Linna (1920–1992), author * Jyrki Lumme (born 1966) professional hockey player * Tiina Lymi (born 1971), actress, director, screenwriter and author * Taru Mäkelä (born 1959), film director and screenwriter * Eeva-Liisa Manner (1921–1995), poet, playwright and translator * Sanna Marin (born 1985), politician, current leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland, Social Democratic Party and current Prime Minister of Finland * Sakari Mattila (born 1989), professional footballer * Matthau Mikojan (born 1982), rock musician, singer, guitarist and songwriter * Pate Mustajärvi (born 1956), rock singer * Mikko Nousiainen (born 1975), actor * Teppo Numminen (born 1968), professional ice hockey player * Luka Nurmi (born 2004), racing driver * Erno Paasilinna (1935–2000), author and journalist * Pekka Paavola (born 1933), politician and Minister of Justice (Finland), Minister of Justice * Oiva Paloheimo (1910–1973), author, poet and aphorist * Veijo Pasanen (1930–1988), actor * Sakari Puisto (born 1976), politician * Raisa Räisänen (1983–?), still missing 16-year-old girl, who was Presumption of death, declared dead in absentia in 2007 * Matti Ranin (1926–2013), actor * Leo Riuttu (1913–1989), actor * Seela Sella (born 1936), actress * Heikki Silvennoinen (born 1954), musician and actor * Kikka Sirén (1964–2005), pop and schlager singer * Jukka Tapanimäki (1961–2000), software developer and game programmer * Armi Toivanen (born 1980), actress * Jussi Välimäki (born 1974), rally driver * Lauri Viita (1916–1965), poet * Sofia Vikman (born 1983), politician * Olavi Virta (1915–1972), singer * Hans Wind (1919–1995), fighter pilot, flying ace and the Knight of the Mannerheim Cross * Aki Yli-Salomäki (born 1972), composer, music critic and music journalist


International relations

Tampere is Town twinning, twinned with: * Chemnitz, (Germany) * Essen, (Germany) * Kaunas, Lithuania * Kyiv, Ukraine * Klaksvík, Faroe Islands * Kópavogur, Iceland * Linz, Austria * Łódź, Poland ''(since 1996)'' * Miskolc, Hungary * Norrköping, Sweden * Odense, Denmark * Olomouc, Czech Republic * Brașov, Romania * Tartu, Estonia * Trondheim, Norway ''(since 1946)'' * Guangzhou, China Tampere has two additional "friendship cities": * León, Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua * Mwanza, Tanzania


See also

*
Battle of Tampere The Battle of Tampere was a 1918 Finnish Civil War battle, fought in Tampere, Finland from 15 March to 6 April between the Whites and the Reds. It is the most famous and the heaviest of all the Finnish Civil War battles. Today it is particular ...
* ''Mustamakkara'' * Nokia, Finland *
Pirkkala Pirkkala (; sv, Birkala) is a municipality of Finland. It is located some south-west from Tampere in the Pirkanmaa region. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is , which makes ...
*
Ratina Stadium Tampere Stadium ( fi, Tampereen stadion), also known as Ratina Stadium ( fi, Ratinan stadion), designed by architect Timo Penttilä and completed in 1965, is a multi-purpose stadium in Tampere Tampere ( , , ; sv, Tammerfors, ) is a city ...
* Särkänniemi * Tammerkoski * Tampere Deck Arena * Tampere Film Festival * Tampere Tigers


Notes


References

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language=fi , archive-date=2020-10-17 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017040658/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/t/J3q1ImhID/Tilinpaatos_2015_kv_16.05.2016.pdf {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.fi/ytoteto/kaupunkimittaus/maastotietopalvelu/tresijainti/wgs84.htm , url-status=dead , title=Kaupungin maantieteellinen asema EUREF-FIN-koordinaattijärjestelmässä , publisher=City of Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2016-11-05 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105054436/http://www.tampere.fi/ytoteto/kaupunkimittaus/maastotietopalvelu/tresijainti/wgs84.htm {{cite web , url=https://www.tampere.fi/en/city-of-tampere/organisation/central-administration/international-relations/twin-cities.html , url-status=deviated , date=2016-02-15 , title=Twin Cities , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006194818/https://www.tampere.fi/en/city-of-tampere/organisation/central-administration/international-relations/twin-cities.html , archive-date=2018-10-06 , 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archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831184516/https://www.tampere.fi/varhaiskasvatus-ja-koulutus/esiopetus-ja-perusopetus/kaksikielinen-esi-ja-perusopetus.html {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere-talo.fi/Ooppera/English.htm , url-status=deviated , title=Tampereen ooppera , archive-date=2007-02-07 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207025302/http://www.tampere-talo.fi/Ooppera/English.htm {{cite web , url=http://tilastot.mbnet.fi/html/tampere_pirkkala.html , title=Tampere, Härmälä keskilämpötilat 1961- , access-date=2022-07-25 , language=fi {{cite web , url=http://www.pirkanmaa.fi/wp-content/uploads/Tampere-Region-2017_basic-information.pdf , url-status=deviated , title=Tampere Region — The Council of Tampere Region 2017 , archive-date=2020-08-08 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808003749/http://www.pirkanmaa.fi/wp-content/uploads/Tampere-Region-2017_basic-information.pdf {{cite web , 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url=http://www.tampere.chamber.fi/incoming_jl/pirkanmaan_talous_eng_2007.pdf , url-status=dead , title=The Economy in the Tampere Region , publisher=Tampere International Business Office , archive-date=2008-09-09 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909222105/http://www.tampere.chamber.fi/incoming_jl/pirkanmaan_talous_eng_2007.pdf {{cite web , url=http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934 , url-status=dead , title=Trondheims offisielle nettsted – Vennskapsbyer , language=no , website=trondheim.com , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927054554/http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934 , archive-date=2011-09-27 {{cite web , url=https://www.tuni.fi/en/news/together-we-are-greater , title=Together we are greater , website=www.tuni.fi , publisher=
Tampere University Tampere University (, shortened TAU) is a Finnish university that was established on 1 January, 2019 as a merger between the University of Tampere and Tampere University of Technology. The new university is also the major shareholder of Tampere U ...
, date=2018-12-13 , access-date=2022-07-25
{{cite web , url=http://www.students.tut.fi/~eto/turunsanomat06.pdf , url-status=dead , title=Kymmenettä kertaa Turkua upottamassa , date=2006-04-21 , website=students.tut.fi , language=fi , archive-date=2011-10-03 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003214742/http://www.students.tut.fi/~eto/turunsanomat06.pdf {{cite web , url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/fi.htm , url-status=deviated , title=United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations (UN/LOCODE)- (FI) Finland , website=unece.org , archive-date=2020-02-18 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218025142/http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/fi.htm {{cite book , first=Mikko , last=Uola , title=Mitä Missä Milloin 1979 , year=1978 , page=198 , publisher=Otava (publisher), Otava , isbn=951-1-04873-2 , language=fi {{cite news , title=Below budget and on schedule: Tampere tramway inaugurated! , url=https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/below-budget-and-on-schedule-tampere-tramway-inaugurated/ , website=Urban Transport Magazine , date=2021-08-08 , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=https://webpages.tuni.fi/koskivoimaa/kaupunki/1918-40/asema38.html , title=Pohjoismaiden suurin linja-autoasema , last=Keskinen , first=Jouni , website=
Tampere University Tampere University (, shortened TAU) is a Finnish university that was established on 1 January, 2019 as a merger between the University of Tampere and Tampere University of Technology. The new university is also the major shareholder of Tampere U ...
, language=fi
{{cite web , url=http://www.uta.fi/utain/2003s/16/6153.html , url-status=deviated , title=Tampere ei avaudu tutkijoille , date=2003-11-19 , last=Kumpu , first=Ville , work=Utain – Tampereen yliopiston toimittajakoulutuksen viikkolehti , publisher=
University of Tampere The University of Tampere (UTA) ( fi, Tampereen yliopisto (Tay), ) was a public university in Tampere, Finland that was merged with Tampere University of Technology to create the new Tampere University on 1 January 2019. The university offered u ...
, language=fi , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050326164055/http://www.uta.fi/utain/2003s/16/6153.html , archive-date=2005-03-26
{{cite web , url=https://www.uusiteknologia.fi/2020/07/02/nokia-kannykoiden-tutkimuskeskus-tampereelle/ , title=Nokia-kännyköiden tutkimuskeskus Tampereelle , work=Uusi Teknologia , date=2020-07-02 , access-date=2022-07-25 , language=fi {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.fi/kirjastotjaarkistot/kaupunginarkisto/nayttelyarkisto/vaakunat.html , url-status=deviated , title=Tampereen vaakunat , language=fi , website=City of Tampere , archive-date=2014-08-10 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810164423/http://www.tampere.fi/kirjastotjaarkistot/kaupunginarkisto/nayttelyarkisto/vaakunat.html {{cite web , url=https://www.vakoilumuseo.fi/spy-museum/ , title=Spy Museum , website=vakoilumuseo.fi , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=http://www.tampere.fi/ekstrat/hallinto/aloite/07/38.htm , url-status=dead , title=38 § Erkki Axénin ja Peter Löfbergin ym. valtuustoaloite vanhan Arvid von Cedervallin suunnitteleman vaakunan käyttöönottamiseksi , date=2007-01-17 , publisher=City of Tampere , language=fi , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929154958/http://www.tampere.fi/ekstrat/hallinto/aloite/07/38.htm , archive-date=2008-09-29 {{cite web , url=http://www.visitfinland.com/travel-trade/newsletter/finlands-tallest-hotel-can-now-found-tampere/ , url-status=deviated , title=Finland's tallest hotel can now be found in Tampere , publisher=Visit Finland , date=2014-11-20 , archive-date=2017-09-29 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929184753/http://www.visitfinland.com/travel-trade/newsletter/finlands-tallest-hotel-can-now-found-tampere/ {{cite web , url=http://visittampere.fi/article/blockfest , url-status=deviated , title=Blockfest 2016 , publisher=Visit Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2016-09-18 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918210331/http://visittampere.fi/article/blockfest {{cite web , url=https://visittampere.fi/en/articles/tampere-deck-arena/ , url-status=deviated , title=Tampere Deck Arena , publisher=Visit Tampere , archive-date=2020-08-09 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809000058/https://visittampere.fi/en/articles/tampere-deck-arena/ {{cite web , url=https://visittampere.fi/en/events/tampere-film-festival/ , url-status=deviated , title=Tampere Film Festival , publisher=Visit Tampere , archive-date=2021-05-17 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517083342/https://visittampere.fi/en/events/tampere-film-festival/ {{cite web , url=https://visittampere.fi/en/news/worlds-most-hipster-cities-revealed-tampere-ranked-number-26/ , url-status=deviated , publisher=Visit Tampere , title=World's most hipster cities revealed: Tampere ranked number 26! , archive-date=2020-06-11 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611075118/https://visittampere.fi/en/news/worlds-most-hipster-cities-revealed-tampere-ranked-number-26/ {{cite web , url=https://visittampere.fi/tapahtumat/tampereen-kalamarkkinat/ , url-status=deviated , publisher=Visit Tampere , title=Tampereen kalamarkkinat , language=fi , archive-date=2022-03-12 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312154052/https://visittampere.fi/tapahtumat/tampereen-kalamarkkinat/ {{cite web , url=http://visittampere.fi/article/top-10-kesaetapahtumat , url-status=deviated , title=Top 10 Kesätapahtumat , publisher=Visit Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2016-10-21 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021000124/http://visittampere.fi/article/top-10-kesaetapahtumat {{cite web , url=https://visittampere.fi/artikkelit/kun-pyynikilla-leivottiin-maailman-paras-munkki/ , url-status=deviated , title=Kun Pyynikillä leivottiin maailman paras munkki , last=Stenroos , first=Päivi , date=2018-04-27 , publisher=Visit Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2019-11-12 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112235018/https://visittampere.fi/artikkelit/kun-pyynikilla-leivottiin-maailman-paras-munkki/ {{cite web , url=https://visittampere.fi/artikkelit/teollinen-perinto/ , url-status=deviated , title=Punatiilinen perintö , year=2018 , publisher=Visit Tampere , language=fi , archive-date=2022-03-19 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319091440/https://visittampere.fi/artikkelit/teollinen-perinto/ {{cite book , first=Väinö , last=Voionmaa , year=1929 , title=Tampereen historia 2 , language=fi , publisher=City of Tampere {{cite web , url=https://www.vr.fi/cs/vr/en/gettingtherefast , url-status=deviated , title=Now Finland is even faster - VR , website=www.vr.fi , archive-date=2018-05-29 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529055815/https://www.vr.fi/cs/vr/en/gettingtherefast {{cite book , first=Pekka , last=Vuosara , title=Kantapöydässä , publisher=Linkosuo , year=2004 , isbn=9789529178698 , language=fi {{cite news , url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/04/19/the-man-who-loves-to-crush-things-and-his-growing-audience-of-people-who-love-to-watch/ , title=Welcome to the 'Hydraulic Press' YouTube channel, a truly crushing experience , last=Sensenig , first=Kate , date=2016-04-19 , newspaper=The Washington Post , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite web , url=http://weatheronline.co.uk , website=weatheronline.co.uk , title=weatheronline.uk , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-5788249 , title=Poko Rekords 30 vuotta -näyttely avautuu Tampereella , work=YLE , date=2007-05-29 , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6333550 , title=Ahtojäälle ei ole helppo löytää uutta kotia , work=YLE , date=2012-10-14 , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6249419 , title=Kastike koukuttaa kanansiipien kavereita , last=Vesanummi , first=Mari , work=YLE , date=2012-08-10 , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6529611 , title=Tampere valittiin vuoden pyöräilykunnaksi , last=Matson-Mäkelä , first=Kirsi , work=YLE , date=2013-03-08 , language=fi , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7839337 , title=Pirkanmaan suurimmat yritykset: Kaupan jätti nappasi ykköspaikan kansainväliseltä yhtiöltä , work=YLE , language=fi , date=2015-03-02 , access-date=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finlands_longest_road_tunnel_opens/9293310 , title=Finland's longest road tunnel opens , work=YLE , date=2016-11-15 , accessdate=2022-07-25 {{cite news , url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9694432 , title=Kumpi on kovempi, Turku vai Tampere? 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Further reading

* {{cite book , author=Mari Lind, Kimmo Antila & Antti Liuttunen , title=Tammerkoski ja kosken kaupunki , location=Tampere , publisher=Vapriikki , year=2011 , language=fi * {{cite book , author=Harry Lönnroth , title=Tampere kieliyhteisönä , year=2009 , publisher=SKS , isbn=978-952-222-119-3 , language=fi


External links

{{Commons * {{Official website
Visit Tampere – The official Tampere Region visitor website

Virtual City Guide: VirtualTampere.com

Tampere – so much more than the sauna capital of the world
– Visit Finland * Megan Starr
15 Quirky and Alternative Things to Do in Tampere, Finland
– Megan & Aram (''Meganstarr.com''), 1 December 2021.
1952 Summer Olympics official report
{{Webarchive , url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411091045/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1952/OR1952.pdf , date=11 April 2008 pp. 62–3.
Tammerkoski Heritage
– Town's Industrial Heritage Portal
CSSA Tampere Ry

Lunch restaurants in Tampere
* {{Wikivoyage-inline * {{cite EB1911, wstitle=Tammerfors {{Inline audio {{Geographic location , Centre = Tampere , N =
Ruovesi Ruovesi is a municipality of Finland. It is located in the Pirkanmaa region. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . Neighbouring municipalities are Juupajoki, Mänttä-Vil ...
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Orivesi Orivesi () is a town and a municipality of Finland. It is part of the Pirkanmaa region. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . The municipality official language is monoling ...

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Lempäälä Lempäälä (; Swedish also ) is a municipality in the Pirkanmaa region of Finland with inhabitants (). Lempäälä is located south of the city of Tampere. The municipality covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . The ...
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Pirkkala Pirkkala (; sv, Birkala) is a municipality of Finland. It is located some south-west from Tampere in the Pirkanmaa region. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is , which makes ...
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Nokia Nokia Corporation (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics corporation, established in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finland, i ...
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Ylöjärvi Ylöjärvi () is a town and a municipality in the Pirkanmaa region, northwest of Tampere and north of the capital city Helsinki in Finland. The town has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population densit ...
{{Navboxes, list= {{Pirkanmaa {{50 most populous Nordic urban settlements {{50 most populous Finnish municipalities {{1952 Summer Olympic venues {{Olympic venues football {{Finland topics {{Authority control Tampere Populated lakeshore places in Finland Venues of the 1952 Summer Olympics Cities and towns in Finland Inland port cities and towns in Finland Grand Duchy of Finland Olympic football venues Populated places established in 1779 1779 establishments in Europe 18th-century establishments in Finland