A system of plant taxonomy, the Takhtajan system of plant classification was published by

Armen Takhtajan Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian ( hy, Արմեն Լևոնի Թախտաջյան; russian: Армен Леонович Тахтаджян; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan, Takhtadzhi︠a︡n or Takhtadzhian, pronounced takh-tuh-JA ...

, in several versions from the 1950s onwards. It is usually compared to the

Cronquist system The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) ...

. It admits

paraphyletic In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In ...

groups.

Systems

The first classification was published in Russian in 1954,and came to the attention of the rest of the world after publication of an English translation in 1958 as ''Origin of Angiospermous Plants''. Further versions appeared in 1959 (''Die Evolution der Angiospermen'') and 1966 (''Sistema i filogeniia tsvetkovykh rastenii''). The latter popularised Takhtajan's system when it appeared in English in 1969 (Flowering plants: Origin and dispersal). A further revision appeared in 1980.

1966 system

* Magnoliophyta (

Angiospermae Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

) p. 51 ** Class: Magnoliatae ( Dicotyledones) p. 51 ** Class: Liliatae ( Monocotyledones) p. 461 *** Subclass A: Alismidae p. 461 *** Subclass B:

Liliidae Liliidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being that it includes the family Liliaceae. Liliidae in Ta ...

p. 473 (was ''nom. nov.'') **** Superorder Lilianae p. 473 (was ''nom. nov.'') ***** Order

Liliales Liliales is an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae. The APG III system (2009) places ...

p. 473 ****** Family

Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair ...

p. 474 ****** Family

Xanthorrhoeaceae ''Xanthorrhoea'' () is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants endemic to Australia. Species are known by the name grass tree. Description All are perennials and have a secondary thickening meristem in the stem. Many, but not all, s ...

p. 476 ****** Family Aphyllanthaceae p. 476 ****** Family

Alliaceae Allioideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Alliaceae. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, '' Allium'' ...

p. 477 ****** Family

Agavaceae Agavoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Agavaceae. The group includes many well-known desert and dry-zone types, such as the agav ...

p. 478 ****** Family

Amaryllidaceae The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus '' Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryllis f ...

p. 480 ****** Family

Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeriaceae is a family of flowering plants, with 254 known species in four genera (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ), almost entirely native to the Americas, from Central America to southern South America. One species of '' Luzuriaga'' occurs in ...

p. 481 ****** Family

Haemodoraceae Haemodoraceae is a family of perennial herbaceous flowering plants with 14 genera and 102 known species. It is sometimes known as the "bloodwort family". Primarily a Southern Hemisphere family, they are found in South Africa, Australia and N ...

p. 482 ****** Family Hypoxidaceae p. 483 ****** Family Velloziaceae p. 483 ****** Family

Philesiaceae Philesiaceae is a family of flowering plants, including two genera, each with a single species. The members of the family are woody shrubs or vines endemic to southern Chile. The APG III system, of 2009 (unchanged from the APG II system of 2003 ...

p. 484 ****** Family Tecophilaeaceae p. 484 ****** Family

Cyanastraceae Tecophilaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. It consists of nine genera with a total of 27 species. The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG IV system of 2016 (unc ...

p. 485 ****** Family

Asparagaceae Asparagaceae, known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, '' Asparagus officinalis''. Those who live in the temperate ...

p. 486 ****** Family Smilacaceae p. 487 ****** Family

Stemonaceae The Stemonaceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants placed in the order Pandanales. The family consists of four genera with ca 37 known species distributed in areas with seasonal climate across Southeast Asia and tropical Australia ...

p. 487 ****** Family Dioscoreaceae p. 488 ****** Family Taccaceae p. 489 ****** Family Phylydraceae p. 491 ****** Family Pontederiaceae p. 490 ***** Order Bromeliales p. 492 ***** Order

Iridales Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) is an order of plants in modern classification systems such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web. The order takes its name from the type family Asparagaceae and is placed in t ...

p. 494 ***** Order

Zingiberales The Zingiberales are flowering plants forming one of four orders in the commelinids clade of monocots, together with its sister order, Commelinales. The order includes 68 genera and 2,600 species. Zingiberales are a unique though morphologi ...

p. 498 ***** Order Orchidales p. 505 **** Superorder Juncanae p. 510 *** Subclass C: Commelinidae p. 461 *** Subclass D:

Arecidae Arecidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being that it includes the family Arecaceae. Arecidae in t ...

p. 525

1997 system

As published in ''Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants'' * Division Magnoliophyta (2 classes, 17 subclasses, 71 superorders, 232 orders, 589 families ** Class

Magnoliopsida Magnoliopsida is a valid botanical name for a class of flowering plants. By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its circumscription can otherwise vary, being more inclusive or less inclusive depending upon the classif ...

Brongn. (1843) (

Dicotyledons The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group: namely, ...

) 11 subclasses, 55 superorders, 175 orders, 458 families *** Subclass Magnoliidae Novak ex Takht. (1967) *** Subclass Nymphaeidae J.W. Walker ex Takht. (1997) *** Subclass Nelumbonidae Takht. (1997) *** ... *** Subclass Asteridae Takht. (1967) *** Subclass Lamiidae Takht. ex Reveal (1993) ** Class Liliopsida Batsch (1802) (

Monocotyledons Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, ( Lilianae '' sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of ...

) 6 subclasses, 16 superorders, 57 orders, 131 families *** Subclass

Takht. (1967) **** Superorder Lilianae Takht. (1967) 14 orders ***** Order Melanthiales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992) ***** Order Colchicales Dumort. (1829) ***** Order Trilliales ''Takht.'' (1996) ***** Order

Perleb (1826) ****** Family

Juss., nom. cons. (1789) ****** Family Medeolaceae (S. Wats.) Takht. (1987) ***** Order Alstroemeriales Hutch. (1934) ***** .... ***** Order Asparagales Bromhead (1838) ***** Order Xanthorrhoeales Takth., nom. inval. (1997) ***** Order Hanguanales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992) **** Superorder Dioscoreanae Takht. ex Reveal & Doweld (1999) *** Subclass Commelinidae Takht. (1967) *** Subclass

Takht. (1967) *** Subclass

Alismatidae {{Short description, Subclass of flowering plants Alismatidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being th ...

Takht. (1967) *** Subclass Triurididae Takht. ex Reveal (1992) *** Subclass Aridae Takht. (1997)

2009 system

As published in ''Flowering Plants'' *

Phylum In biology, a phylum (; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclature ...

Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmerm. ex Reveal (1996) ** Class

Brongn. (1843) (

) p. 7 ** Class Liliopsida Scop. (1760) (

) p. 595 *** Subclass I:

p. 589 *** Subclass II:

Takht. (1966) p. 625 **** Superorder Lilianae Takht. (1966) ***** Order Melanthiales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992) ***** Order Trilliales Takht. (1996) ***** Order

Perleb (1826) ****** 1. Family Campynemataceae ****** 2. Family Colchicaceae ****** 3. Family Tricyrtidaceae ****** 4. Family Scoliopaceae p. 634 ****** 5. Family

Calochortaceae The Calochortoideae are a subfamily of monocotyledon perennial, herbaceous and mainly bulbous flowering plants in the lily family, Liliaceae. Approximately the same group of species has been recognized as a separate family, Calochortaceae, in a f ...

p. 634 ****** 6. Family

Juss., nom. cons. (1789) p. 634 ****** 7. Family Medeolaceae (S. Wats.) Takht. (1987) p. 634 ***** Order

Burmanniales Burmanniales Mart. (Burmanniales Blume, Burmanniales Heintze) was an order of monocotyledons, subsequently discontinued. Description Small perennial or annual mycorrhizal herbs that are achlorophyllous (lacking chlorophyll) and mycotroph ...

***** Order Alstroemeriales Hutch. (1934) ***** Order

Smilacales Smilacaceae, the greenbriers, is a family of flowering plants. While they were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, most recent botanists have accepted the two as distinct families, diverging around 55 million years ago dur ...

***** Order Orchidales ***** Order

***** Order Amaryllidales ***** Order Asparagales **** Superorder

Pandananae Pandanales, the pandans or screw-pines, is an order of flowering plants placed in the monocot clade in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web systems. Within the monocots Pandanales are grouped in the lilioid monocots wher ...

**** Superorder Dioscoreanae Takht., nom. inval. (1997) **** Superorder

Arecanae Arecales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely recognised only for the past few decades; until then, the accepted name for the order including these plants was Principes. Taxonomy The APG IV system of 2016 places Dasypogonac ...

*** Subclass III:

p. 693 *** Subclass IV: Commelinidae p. 699

References

Bibliography

* * * * * ; Works by Takhtajan * * * ** * * *

External links

* Takhtajan system a
CSDL, Texas
Also, at the Norton Brown Herbarium, Maryland (with an extensive listing of synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system)

Angiosperm Classification according to Armen Takhtajan, 1966
{{List of systems of plant taxonomy system, Takhtajan