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Tagalog Republic ( fil, Republika ng Katagalugan, more precisely "Republic of the Tagalog Nation/People"; es, República Tagala) is a term used to refer to two revolutionary governments involved in the Philippine Revolution against the
Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire ( es, link=no, Imperio español), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Hispánica) or the Catholic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Católica) was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its prede ...
and the
Philippine–American War The Philippine–American War or Filipino–American War ( es, Guerra filipina-estadounidense, tl, Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano), previously referred to as the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency by the United States, was an arm ...
. Both were connected to the '' Katipunan'' revolutionary movement.


Etymology

The term ''Tagalog'' commonly refers to both an ethno-linguistic group in the
Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...
and their language. ''Katagalugan'' often refers to the Tagalog-speaking regions of the island of
Luzon Luzon (; ) is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the Philippines archipelago, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, as ...
in the Philippine archipelago. However, the ''Katipunan'' secret society extended the meaning of these terms to all of the natives in the Philippine islands. The society's primer explains its use of ''Tagalog'' in a footnote: The revolutionary
Carlos Ronquillo Carlos may refer to: Places ;Canada * Carlos, Alberta, a locality ;United States * Carlos, Indiana, an unincorporated community * Carlos, Maryland, a place in Allegany County * Carlos, Minnesota, a small city * Carlos, West Virginia ;Elsewhere ...
wrote in his memoirs: In this respect, ''Katagalugan'' may be translated as the "Tagalog nation."
Andrés Bonifacio Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (, ; November 30, 1863May 10, 1897) was a Filipino Freemason and revolutionary leader. He is often called "The Father of the Philippine Revolution", and considered one of the national heroes of the Philippines ...
, a founding member of the ''Katipunan'' and later its supreme head (''Supremo''), promoted the use of ''Katagalugan'' for the Philippine nation. The term "Filipino" was then reserved for Spaniards born in the islands. By eschewing " Filipino" and "Filipinas" which had colonial roots, Bonifacio and his cohorts "sought to form a national identity." In 1896, the Philippine Revolution broke out after the discovery of the ''Katipunan'' by the authorities. Prior to the outbreak of hostilities, the Katipunan had become an open revolutionary government. The American historian
John R. M. Taylor John Rodgers Meigs Taylor (13 January 1865 – 31 March 1949) was a captain of the 14th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army. He was placed in charge of what became known as the Philippine Insurgent Records. That is, the collection of docu ...
, custodian of the ''Philippine Insurgent Records'', wrote: Several Filipino historians concur. According to
Gregorio Zaide Gregorio F. Zaide (May 25, 1907 – October 31, 1986) was a Filipino historian, author and politician from the town of Pagsanjan, Laguna in the Philippines. A multi-awarded author, Zaide wrote 67 books and more than 500 articles about history, ...
: Likewise, Renato Constantino and others wrote that the ''Katipunan'' served as a shadow government.. Influenced by
Freemasonry Freemasonry or Masonry refers to fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local guilds of stonemasons that, from the end of the 13th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities ...
, the ''Katipunan'' had been organized with "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership". For each province it involved, the Supreme Council coordinated provincial councils which were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level" and local councils, in charge of affairs "on the district or
barrio ''Barrio'' () is a Spanish word that means " quarter" or " neighborhood". In the modern Spanish language, it is generally defined as each area of a city, usually delimited by functional (e.g. residential, commercial, industrial, etc.), social, a ...
level".


Bonifacio

In the last days of August 1896, ''Katipunan'' members met in Caloocan and decided to start their revolt (the event was later called the "
Cry of Balintawak The Cry of Pugad Lawin ( tgl, Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin, es, Grito de Pugad Lawin) was the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire. In late August 1896, members of the '' Katipunan'' led by Andrés Bonifacio revolted ...
" or "Cry of
Pugad Lawin The Cry of Pugad Lawin ( tgl, Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin, es, Grito de Pugad Lawin) was the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire. In late August 1896, members of the ''Katipunan'' led by Andrés Bonifacio revolted som ...
"; the exact location and date are disputed). A day after the Cry, the Supreme Council of the Katipunan held elections, with the following results: The above was divulged to the Spanish by the ''Katipunan'' member
Pío Valenzuela Pío Valenzuela y Alejandrino (July 11, 1869 – April 6, 1956) was a Filipino physician and revolutionary leader. At the age of 23, he joined the society of Katipunan, a movement which sought the independence of the Philippines from Spanish ...
while in captivity.
Teodoro Agoncillo Teodoro Andal Agoncillo (November 9, 1912 – January 14, 1985) was a prominent 20th-century Filipino historian. He and his contemporary Renato Constantino were among the first Filipino historians renowned for promoting a distinctly nationali ...
thus wrote: Milagros C. Guerrero and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief of the revolutionaries. They assert: One name for Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation-state appears in surviving ''Katipunan'' documents: ''Haring Bayang Katagalugan'' ("Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People", or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation") - sometimes shortened into ''Haring Bayan'' ("Sovereign Nation"). ''Bayan'' may be rendered as "nation" or "people". The term ''haring bayan'' (sometimes ''haringbayan'') was Bonifacio's
neologism A neologism Ancient_Greek.html"_;"title="_from_Ancient_Greek">Greek_νέο-_''néo''(="new")_and_λόγος_/''lógos''_meaning_"speech,_utterance"is_a_relatively_recent_or_isolated_term,_word,_or_phrase_that_may_be_in_the_process_of_entering_com ...
which sought to express and adapt in native terms the Western concept of "republic", from Latin '' res publica'', meaning public thing or
commonwealth A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good. Historically, it has been synonymous with "republic". The noun "commonwealth", meaning "public welfare, general good or advantage", dates from the ...
. Since ''haring bayan'' means both "sovereign nation" and "sovereign people", where sovereign power is held by the nation/people, his concept was essentially democratic and republican in nature. Thus Bonifacio is named as the president of the "Tagalog Republic" in an issue of the Spanish periodical '' La Ilustración Española y Americana'' published in February 1897 (''"Andrés Bonifacio - Titulado "Presidente" de la República Tagala"''). Another name for Bonifacio's government was ''Repúblika ng Katagalugan'' (another form of "Tagalog Republic") as evidenced by a picture of a rebel seal published in the same periodical the next month. Official letters and one appointment paper of Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto reveal Bonifacio's various titles and designations, as follows: * President of the Supreme Council * Supreme President * President of the Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan / Sovereign Tagalog Nation * President of the Sovereign Nation, Founder of the Katipunan, Initiator of the Revolution * Office of the Supreme President, Government of the Revolution An 1897 power struggle at the Imus Assembly in
Cavite Cavite, officially the Province of Cavite ( tl, Lalawigan ng Kabite; Chavacano: ''Provincia de Cavite''), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon. Located on the southern shores of Manila Bay and southw ...
led to command of the revolution shifting at the Tejeros Convention, where a new insurgent government was formed with
Emilio Aguinaldo Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (: March 22, 1869February 6, 1964) was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who is the youngest president of the Philippines (1899–1901) and is recognized as the first president of the Philippine ...
as president. Bonifacio refused to recognize the new government after his election as Director of the Interior was questioned by
Daniel Tirona Daniel Tria Tirona (born Daniel Tirona y Tria July 22, 1864 — September 2, 1939) was a Filipino politician. He became infamous for causing divisions within the Philippine revolutionary movement and for insulting and maligning Andres Bonifacio ...
. This led to the
Acta de Tejeros The Acta de Tejeros was a document prepared on March 23, 1897 which proclaimed the events at the Tejeros Convention on March 22 to have been "disorderly and tarnished by chicanery." Signatories to this petition rejected the insurgent government ins ...
, the
Naic Military Agreement The Naic Military Agreement was a document prepared on April 18, 1897 in which a number of participants in the Tejeros Convention repudiated the convention results. This repudiation, which followed the Acta de Tejeros issued on March 23, would late ...
and Bonifacio's trial and execution.


Sakay

After Emilio Aguinaldo and his men were captured by the US forces in 1901, General Macario Sakay, a veteran ''Katipunan'' member, re-established in 1902 the Tagalog Republic ( tl, Republika ng Katagalugan, or ''Republika ng Kapuluang Katagalugan'', '' kapuluan'' referring to the entire Philippine archipelago, as in "Philippine Islands" or "Islas Filipinas") as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan government in contrast to Aguinaldo's Republic. Sakay was based in the mountains of Morong (today, the province of
Rizal Rizal, officially the Province of Rizal ( fil, Lalawigan ng Rizal), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon. Its capital is the city of Antipolo. It is about east of Manila. The province is named after Jos� ...
), and held the
presidency A presidency is an administration or the executive, the collective administrative and governmental entity that exists around an office of president of a state or nation. Although often the executive branch of government, and often personified by ...
with Francisco Carreón as
vice president A vice president, also director in British English, is an officer in government or business who is below the president (chief executive officer) in rank. It can also refer to executive vice presidents, signifying that the vice president is on ...
. In April 1904, Sakay issued a manifesto declaring Filipino right to
self-determination The right of a people to self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a '' jus cogens'' rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter's norms. It sta ...
at a time when support for
independence Independence is a condition of a person, nation, country, or state in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the stat ...
was considered a crime by the American colonial government. The republic ended in 1906 when Sakay and his leading followers surrendered on July 14 to the American authorities upon being promised amnesty and being convinced of the need for a Philippine Assembly as a peaceful "gate to liberty". Instead they were arrested days later at a welcoming reception party in Cavite, imprisoned at the Old Bilibid Prison in Manila, and the following year executed for
banditry Banditry is a type of organized crime committed by outlaws typically involving the threat or use of violence. A person who engages in banditry is known as a bandit and primarily commits crimes such as extortion, robbery, and murder, either as an ...
. Some of its survivors escaped to Japan to be joined with Artemio Ricarte, an exiled Katipunan veteran, and later returned to support the Second Philippine Republic, a client state of Japan, during World War II.


See also

* Tejeros revolutionary government * List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines


Notes


References

* * * * {{coord missing, Philippines Former countries in Philippine history Former unrecognized countries Former republics History of Calabarzon Philippine–American War Philippine Revolution States and territories established in 1896 States and territories disestablished in 1902 1896 establishments in the Philippines 1896 establishments in the Spanish East Indies 1903 disestablishments in the Philippines